Histort Exam #1 terms

Civil Service Reform

(CAA) , Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government. Republican party, Mugwumps supported this

US policies - Native Americans

-fundamental differences -manifest destiny *Indian policies -removal -reservation -allotment

sharecropping

-which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. -a tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rest -have nothing/furnished w food, clothes was preferred by African-Americans to gang labor, because they were less subject to supervision

The Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

The American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

populist platform

8 hour work day, graduated income tax, RRs to return land not used to build RRs so farmers could get cheap under Homestead Act, silver, government ownership of RR/telephone/telegraph, farm warehouses, direct election of senators

Granger laws

A set of laws set in midwest states, designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates.

Spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Exodusters

African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Vertical Integration

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.

settlement house movement

Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence The war lasted only four months and resulted in fewer than 400 U.S. battle casualties the "splendid little war"

Coxey's Army

Jacob Coxey led a march of unemployed Ohioans from Cincinnati to Washington, DC, where leaders of the group urged Congress to pass public works legislation for the federal government to hire unemployed workers to build roads and other public projects.

Mukrakers

Journalists who specialized in uncovering corruption and scandal

The Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to pull all types of workers in one union began as a secret fraternal organization

Crop Lien System

Merchants extended credit to tenants based on their future crops, but high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debts.

Cripple Creek Strike

Mine owners wanted to lengthen the workday from 8 to 10 hours. The Western Federation of Miners (WFM) threatened to strike all mines working more than 8 hours. With the support of local businessman and Governor Waite, the WFM won. (1894) atypical (unusual) because it was successful

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Railroad Strike of 1877

Railroad workers throughout the U.S. went on strike to protest the lowering of their salaries; when more than a hundred people died during violence related to the strike, Hayes used federal troops to suppress the uprisings.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Separate but equal argued that segregated facilities did not discriminate

The money debate

Silverites argued that using gold alone for currency hindered economic growth

Redeemers

Southern Democrats who seized political control of the South after the end of Reconstruction they were merchants, planters, and business entrepreneurs

Homestead Strike

Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers

Anthracite Coal Strike

The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 was one of America's largest industrial strikes and threatened a national coal shortage. The unions were willing to negotiate but the coal miners refused to participate in the conciliation process until President Roosevelt intervened. The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 resulted in a victory for the hard-coal miners with a 10% increase in wages and an hours reduction in their working day.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. survival of the fittest

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the US had a "God-given" right (and responsibility) to aggressively spread the values of white civilization and expand the nation from ocean to ocean

Progressivism

The willingness to use the government to achieve these ends marked a definitive break with the anti-regulatory attitude of the Gilded Age belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems, inequalities, or inequities facing the nation.

populist

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898 sugar ultimately led the United States in part to annex the Hawaiian islands

Dollar Diplomacy

William Taft- U.S. foreign policy that emphasized economic investment and loans from American banks, rather than direct military intervention

Laissez-faire

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism political machine

The Philippine War

an armed conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries. The conflict arose from the struggle of the first Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States. lasted from 1899 to 1903, in which 4,200 Americans and over 100,000 Filipinos perished longer and bloodier than spanish american war

"Range Wars"

between large cattle ranchers opposed by small holders and farmers disputes over water rights or grazing rights and cattle ownership

Subtreasury Plan

ensure equitable international exchange

"Open Door" policy

established by Secretary of State John Hay regarding China to ensure that all countries be allowed to trade freely with China and other countries

The election of 1876

fraud in florida, lousiana, south carolina

Horizontal integration

holding company, absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Compromise of 1877

informal agreement between southern Democrats and allies of the Republican Rutherford Hayes to settle the result of the 1876 presidential election and marked the end of the Reconstruction era. -ends slavery and Hayes becomes president 1877

Settlement houses

neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities

Disfranchisement from black men(in the South)

poll taxes and literacy tests -cant vote until you pay property taxes

New South Ideology

promoted southern industry and economic development -forest products-yellow pine -dangerous low paying jobs -company stores -metals and minerals- iron, coal, tobacco, -mechanization

comstock load

silver rush in Nevada that causes thousands to move and settle there

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite, appealing to ordinary people

the gospel of wealth

the rich had great responsibility in society

Free Silver

the unlimited production of silver coins

what typically triggered the lynch violence of southern white mobs?

the victim's alleged sexual conduct

silverites

thought gold hindered economic growth

What did Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute emphasize?

vocational job education

Ghost Dance

was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians