History 12 Final Exam review

A definition for socialism is: a society in which means of production, distribution, and exchange are controlled by the free market and private individuals rather than the government.

False

A new youth culture exploded in American popular culture, resulting in a group of conventional writers collectively known as the Beat Generation or Beatniks.

False

A young Theodore Roosevelt joined the "Rough Tiders" a voluntary cavalry unit that left from Florida to fight in Cuba.

False

African-Americans benefited tremendously from President Roosevelt's New Deal.

False

After the gut-wrenching carnage of World War I, many Americans retreated toward aggressiveness by supporting involvement in the conflagrations burning in Europe and Asia.

False

Although Kennedy's lead in electoral votes was more comfortable at 303 to 219, the Republican Party's victory did not translate in Congress, where Republicans lost a few seats in both houses. As a result, Kennedy entered office in 1961 without the mandate necessary to achieve the ambitious agenda he would refer to as the New Frontier.

False

America's consumer economy did not impact or shape how Americans experienced culture or how they interacted with one another.

False

As the automobile became more popular and more reliable, more people traveled less frequently and attempted lesser distances.

False

Bush's election signaled Americans' no longer embraced Reagan's conservative program and further evidenced the utter disarray of the Democratic Party.

False

By 1872, the American economy was superior to the economies of Great Britain and France.

False

By the end of WWII, Ho Chi Minh had grown more capitalist and formed a stronger bond with the United States.

False

Christian conservatives felt comfortably represented under new wave liberalism.

False

Common incentives for imperialism are: Economic, Nationalistic, Military, and Religious.

False

Confrontational protests, marches, boycotts, and sit-ins did not accelerate in the 1960's.

False

Democratic challenger Richard Nixon played on the fears that social order was crumbling, and ran on a platform of "law and order" and a vague plan to end the war.

False

During the Paris Peace Conference, President Wilson presents his 12 Point Plan which emphasises that empires help control nations and sea trade.

False

During the Paris Peace Conference, the Allied powers were interested on rebuilding postwar Europe with the help of Germany and German input.

False

FDR's New Deal created the Home Owners' Lease Corporation (HOLC).

False

For many Americans, the violent clashes outside the convention hall reinforced their belief that civil society was not unraveling.

False

From 1870-1920, immigration records were at an all time low. Less than 2 million immigrants emigrated to the United States.

False

Harvard economist and public intellectual John Kenneth Galbraith argued that the U.S. economy alongside the USSR, based on an almost hedonistic consumption of luxury products, would inevitably lead to economic inequality.

False

In July 1975, the House Judiciary Committee approved a bill to impeach the president. Nixon resigned before the full House could vote on impeachment. He became the second American president to resign from office.

False

In June of 1916, the United States Congress established the Selective Service Act in which young men and women could selectively volunteer for military service.

False

In his first 100 days in office, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was highly cautious to make any bold decisions or act quickly to address the Great Depression.

False

In the summer of 1932, a group of military veterans marched towards Washington demanding for equal voting rights.

False

Joseph Stalin ruled over Communist China from 1924-1953.

False

June 7, 1944 (D-Day) American, and French forces landed along the beaches of Normandy to fight German occupation.

False

Lynching was not a common practice in the South. It rarely took place, and if it did, it was done in secret.

False

Manifest Destiny is a 20th century belief that granted indigenous people in North and South America to travel across continents preaching their faith.

False

Manufacturers often avoided hiring children because of the many child labor laws that prohibited child labor in the workplace.

False

Many Democrats were not dismayed by Jimmy Carter's policies.

False

Many White Republicans wanted to take back control of state and local governments and used their reclaimed power to disenfranchise African Americans and pass "Jim Crow" laws segregating schools, transportation, employment, and various public and private facilities.

False

Muckrakers were lawyers who exposed business practices, poverty, and corruption.

False

National politics in the 1920s were dominated by the Democratic Party, which held not only the presidency but both houses of Congress as well.

False

Northern African Americans migrated South hoping to escape racism and seek new job opportunities.

False

On August 6 and 9 of 1945, President Roosevelt ordered the first atomic bombs to be dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leaving over 120,000 Japanese civilians dead and officially ending WWII.

False

On June 17, 1973, five men were arrested inside the offices of the Republican National Committee (RNC) in the Watergate Complex in downtown Washington, D.C. After being tipped off by a security guard, police found the men attempting to install sophisticated bugging equipment.

False

Prior to the Gilded Age, workers had not attempted to form unions.

False

Reagan also accused his opponent of failing to confront the Soviet Union and vowed steep decreases in military spending.

False

Reeling from the war's growing unpopularity, on March 31, 1968, President Johnson announced on national television that he would seek reelection.

False

Saloons and theaters, where the anti-war movements originated, were hotbeds for protests.

False

Salt Lake City brought together a mass of black people energised by race pride, military service in World War I, the urban environment, and, for many, ideas of Pan-Africanism or Garveyism.

False

Similar to Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X also advocated for non-violent measures and peaceful protests.

False

Steel tycoon Andrew Carners and John. D. Rockefeller were examples of American Titans.

False

Taylorism, the practice of scientific management, did not increase the efficiency of manufacturing and slowed down mass production of goods and services.

False

The 1920's gave all women from different certain races, ages, and socioeconomic classes the chance to express new modes of representing femininity.

False

The 1960 Greensboro sit-ins were revolutionary because only white-American activists sat at segregated lunch counters in an act of defiance, refusing to leave until being served and willing to be ridiculed, attacked, and arrested if they were not.

False

The Allies in WWI were comprised of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.

False

The American military prison in Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, "Gitmo," was well known for its fair treatment and detentions of prisoners

False

The Bay of Pigs was a failed military invasion sponsored by Castro's administration.

False

The Bush Doctrine was a policy in which the United States would choose to not make war on any regime or terrorist organisation that posed a threat to the United States or to U.S. citizens. Instead, the government would engage in political dialogue to help de escalate tensions.

False

The Church of Jesus Christ Latter Day Saints (Mormons) was a uniquely British religion, one that reflected Protestant doctrines.

False

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 abolished voting discrimination in federal, state, and local elections.

False

The Ku Klux Klan was "founded" as the military arm of the Republican party.

False

The Paris Peace Accords in June 1973 marked the official end of U.S. force commitment to the Vietnam War.

False

The President of the United States at the start of WWII was Harry Truman.

False

The Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1937-1940, Neville Chamberlain, practice the policy of appearance toward the rising threat of Adolf Hitler, hoping to avoid conflict.

False

The Progressive era was a period of only political reform aiming to change congressional and judicial policies in the government

False

The U.S. embargo against Japan was successful and did put an end to Japanese expansionism and militarism.

False

The U.S. government imposed formal censorship on the press during Vietnam, and the White House and military used press briefings and interviews to paint an accurate image of the war.

False

The bison population in the Great Plains increased drastically as a result of Eastern settlers.

False

The dot-com boom did not fuel enormous economic growth and substantial financial speculation to find the next Google or Amazon.

False

The election of Jimmy Carter in 1976 brought a Republican to the White House for the first time since 1969.

False

The invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan was the shortest war in American history.

False

The programs of the First Hundred Days and the New Deal stabilised the American economy and even brought the unemployment rate exceptionally low.

False

When Iraq invaded the small but oil-rich nation of Kuwait in 1993, Congress did not grant President Bush approval to intervene.

False

Wild West shows only depicted the horrific battles and conflicts between Native Americans and American settlers.

False

Winston Churchill, as Prime Minster of Great Britain from 1940-1945, was responsible for spreading Communism and securing Marxist ideology across Europe.

False

World War I took place May 12, 1913-June 18, 1919.

False

18 million American soldiers served in WWII, about 10 million were drafted, and roughly 417,000 were killed.

True

2 major industries that fuelled the new western economy were ranching (introduction of cowboy's) and railroads (the Transcontinental railroad).

True

6As the political relationship between Cuba and the United States disintegrated, the Castro government became more closely aligned with the Soviet Union. This strengthening of ties set the stage for the Cuban Missile Crisis, perhaps the most dramatic foreign policy crisis in the history of the United States.

True

A common pattern during the Gold Rush that ultimately resulted in ghost towns was boom, bust, decay, and death.

True

A former law professor and community activist, Obama became the first African American candidate to ever capture the nomination of a major political party.

True

Although Reagan declared that government was the main problem, he focused less on eliminating government than on redirecting government to serve new ends.

True

Although the Republican Party had previously been committed to "free labor," it was also an ardent supporter of American business.

True

Although the Stock Market Crash of 1929 stunned the nation, it exposed the deeper, underlying problems with the American economy of the 1920s. Instead, the crash exposed a great number of factors that, when combined with the financial panic, sank the American economy into the greatest of all economic crises.

True

American intelligence agencies quickly identified the radical Islamic militant group al-Qaeda, led by the wealthy Saudi Osama bin Laden, as the perpetrators of the attack.

True

American public opinion was divided about the decision to enter the war. Passed by Congress in May 1918 and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson, the Sedition Act of 1918 amended the Espionage Act of 1917 to include greater limitations on wartime dissent.

True

Americans were captivated by the 1960 race between Republican vice president Richard Nixon and Democratic senator John F. Kennedy, two candidates who pledged to move the nation forward and invigorate an economy experiencing the worst recession since the Great Depression.

True

Anti-Vietnam war protests burning draft cards and occupied government buildings.

True

As a result of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States joined the war on behalf of the Allies. Furthermore, internment camps were built to round Japanese-Americans and forcibly relocate them into government controlled territories.

True

As the Depression spread, public blame settled on President Herbert Hoover and the conservative politics of the Republican Party.

True

As the German empire rose in power and influence at the end of the 19th century, skilled diplomats maneuvered this disruption of traditional powers and influences into several decades of European peace.

True

As the new decade ensued, the 1920's brought with it the chance for African Americans to seriously self-reflect on their identity.

True

As the war deteriorated, the Johnson administration escalated American involvement by deploying hundreds of thousands of troops to prevent the communist takeover of the south.

True

Banks and private lenders were fearful of lending to homeowners within redlined districts.

True

Benito Mussolini was a fascist Italian leader who had risen to power in the 1920s.

True

Between 1990 and 2010, the proportion of foreign-born individuals in the United States grew from 7.9 percent to 12.9 percent, and the number of undocumented immigrants tripled from 3.5 million to 11.2.

True

By 1930, as moviemaking became more expensive, a handful of film companies took control of the industry. Immigrants, mostly of Jewish heritage from central and Eastern Europe, originally "invented Hollywood" because most turn-of-the-century middle- and upper-class Americans viewed cinema as lower-class entertainment.

True

By the 2008 election, with Iraq still in chaos, Democrats were ready to embrace the antiwar position and sought a candidate who had consistently opposed military action in Iraq, Senator Barack Obama.

True

By the end of April 1945, both Mussolini and Hitler were dead and the Axis powers officially surrendered on May 8, 1945 effectively ending the war.

True

By the end of the war, more than 4.7 million American men had served in all branches of the military: four million in the army, six hundred thousand in the navy, and about eighty thousand in the Marine Corps. The United States lost over one hundred thousand men (fifty-three thousand died in battle, and even more from disease). Their terrible sacrifice, however, paled before the Europeans'. After four years of brutal stalemate, France had suffered almost a million and a half military dead and Germany even more. Both nations lost about 4 percent of their population to the war. And death was not done.

True

Capitalism is an economic system based on capital (money) and is determined by the free market choices of consumers, not the government.

True

Carter's opponent in the general election was Ronald Reagan, a former Hollywood actor who had served two terms as governor of California.

True

Championing German racial supremacy, fascist government, and military expansionism, Hitler rose to power and, after aborted attempts to take power in Germany, became chancellor in 1933 and the Nazis conquered German institutions.

True

Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution through natural selection in his On the Origin of Species. British sociologist and biologist Herbert Spencer, however, applied Darwin's theories to society and popularized the phrase survival of the fittest.

True

Clinton presided over a booming economy fueled by emergent computing technologies. Personal computers had skyrocketed in sales, and the Internet became a mass phenomenon.

True

Despite Republican vows of fiscal discipline, both the federal government and the national debt ballooned.

True

Dollar diplomacy offered a less costly method of empire and avoided the troubles of military occupation. Washington worked with bankers to provide loans to Latin American nations in exchange for some level of control over their national fiscal affairs.

True

Economic and social changes in late 19th and 20th centuries allowed women to challenge and change traditional gender norms and expectations.

True

Europe's major powers were still struggling with the aftereffects of World War I when the global economic crisis spiraled much of the continent into chaos and led to WWII.

True

FDR's New Deal created the Home Owners' Lease Corporation (HOLC).

True

Fascism (comes from the Italian word for bundle of sticks) is a political ideology in which total power is given to a dictator and individual freedoms are denied.

True

For many Americans in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Arkansas who were "baked out, blown out, and broke" after the Great Depression, their only hope was to travel west to California, whose rains still brought bountiful harvests and—potentially—jobs for farmworkers. It was an exodus. Oklahoma lost 440,000 people, or a full 18.4 percent of its 1930 population, to outmigration.

True

Galbraith noted, the Affluent Society had fundamental flaws. The new consumer economy that lifted millions of Americans into its burgeoning middle class also reproduced existing inequalities.

True

George H. W. Bush was a World War II veteran, president of a successful oil company, chair of the Republican National Committee, director of the CIA, and member of the House of Representatives from Texas.

True

Immigrants formed diasporas and community centers, often congregating in specific neighbourhoods within urban or city areas.

True

In 1911 the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in Manhattan caught fire leaving 71 workers injured and 146 workers dead. Events such as the Triangle Shirtwaist fire convinced many Americans of the need for reform.

True

In 1938, Germany annexed Austria and set its sights on the Sudetenland, a large, ethnically German area of Czechoslovakia. Britain and France, alarmed but still anxious to avoid war, agreed in return for a promise to stop all future German aggression. They thought that Hitler could be appeased, but it became clear that his ambitions would continue pushing German expansion. In March 1939, Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia and began to make demands on Poland. Britain and France promised war. And war came.

True

In November 1973, Nixon appeared on television to inform Americans that energy had become "a serious national problem" and that the United States was "heading toward the most acute shortages of energy since World War II."

True

In his first term, Clinton set out an ambitious agenda that included an economic stimulus package, universal health insurance, a continuation of the Middle East peace talks initiated by Bush's secretary of state James A. Baker III, welfare reform, and a completion of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to abolish trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

True

In response to the continued influx of immigrants and the vocal complaints of anti-immigration activists, policy makers responded with such initiatives as Operation Gatekeeper and Hold the Line, which attempted to make crossing the border more prohibitive.

True

Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated at the request of the German military leaders and the new democratic government agreed to an armistice (cease-fire) on November 11, 1918.

True

Malcolm X was the most well known leaders of African nationalism.

True

Many black Americans of the Progressive Era fought to change their life conditions. Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois vied for leadership among African American activists debating strategies for the uplifting black Americans.

True

Many white southern business and political leaders who imagined a New South that could turn its back to the past by embracing industrialisation and diversified agriculture.

True

Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican publisher and labor organiser who arrived in New York City in 1916. He built the largest black nationalist organisation in the world, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and inspired Pan-Africanism promote racial pride, encourage black economic independence, and root out racial oppression in Africa and the Diaspora.

True

Martin Luther King Jr. became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement, who is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience.

True

More libertarian in its economics and more politically forceful in its conservative religious principles than the moderate brand of conservatism popular after World War II, the New Right had by the 1980s evolved into the most influential wing of the Republican Party.

True

Most farm households adopted traditional divisions of labor: men worked in the fields and women managed the home and kept the family fed. Both were essential.

True

Nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV).

True

New means of production spawned new systems of labor. The growing scale of economic enterprises in the manufacturing and textile industries from 1870-1900 increasingly disconnected owners from their employees and day-to-day business operations. To handle their vast new operations, owners turned to managers.

True

Nixon became the first American president to visit communist China (1971) and the first since Franklin Roosevelt to visit the Soviet Union (1972).

True

No scandal did more to unravel public trust than Watergate.

True

On August 28, 1963 the March on Washington called for civil rights legislation, school integration, an end to discrimination by public and private employers, job training for the unemployed, and a raise in the minimum wage.

True

On February 15, 1898, the U.S.S. Maine exploded killing 250 American sailors. Although disingenuous "yellow journals" capitalized on the outrage blaming the Spanish fleet for the explosion, it is now presumed that the explosion was caused by fire on board.

True

On May 17, 1954, after two years of argument, re-argument, and deliberation, Chief Justice Earl Warren announced the Supreme Court's decision on segregated schooling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). The court found by a unanimous 9-0 vote that racial segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

True

On the morning of December 7, 1941 Japan launched a surprise attack on American naval base Pearl Harbor in Hawaii killing over 2,400 Americans.

True

On the morning of September 11, 2001, nineteen operatives of the al-Qaeda terrorist organisation hijacked four passenger planes on the East Coast. American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 8:46 a.m.

True

One in office, President Nixon began turning America away from the policy of active, anti communist containment, and toward a new strategy of détente.

True

One of the most notable events of the Nixon-Kennedy presidential campaign was their televised debate in September, the first of its kind between major presidential candidates.

True

One problem with herd/mob mentality is that people can be influenced by their peers to adopt certain behaviours on a largely emotional, rather than rational, basis.

True

One underlying cause for WWI was shifting economic and political ideologies.

True

Other underlying causes of WWI were the rise of nationalism and the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 by a Serbian nationalist.

True

Perhaps no single issue contributed more to public disillusionment than the Vietnam War.

True

Postwar prosperity facilitated, and in turn was supported by, the ongoing postwar baby boom. From 1946 to 1964, American fertility experienced an unprecedented spike.

True

Promoted by national security advisor and eventual secretary of state Henry Kissinger, détente sought to stabilize the international system by thawing relations with Cold War rivals and bilaterally freezing arms levels.

True

Pure Communist societies are stateless, classless, and moneyless.

True

Reagan ran as a staunch fiscal conservative and a Cold War hawk, vowing to reduce government spending and shrink the federal bureaucracy.

True

Roosevelt's Fireside Chats were an ingenious marketing tool that helped Americans feel connected to the president and eased their fears about the future.

True

So much of the energy and character of the sixties emerged from the civil rights movement, which won its greatest victories in the early years of the decade.

True

Socialism, Marxism, and Communism derive their roots from Karl Marx (1818-1883) a German-Jewish philosopher and economist.

True

Still thinking that Bush would be unbeatable in 1992, many prominent Democrats passed on a chance to run, and the Democratic Party nominated a relative unknown, Arkansas governor Bill Clinton.

True

The "Indian wars," so mythologized in western folklore, were a series of sporadic, localized, and often brief engagements between U.S. military forces and various Native American groups.

True

The 2000 election pitted Vice President Albert Gore Jr. against George W. Bush, the twice-elected Texas governor and son of the former president.

True

The Albany Movement included elements of a Christian commitment to social justice in its platform, with activists stating that all people were "of equal worth" in God's family and that "no man may discriminate against or exploit another."

True

The Congress of the United States declared war on Germany on April 4, 1917. The nation entered a war three thousand miles away with a small and unprepared military.

True

The Farmers Alliance, who at one point boasted about 1,500,000 members, was eventually absorbed into the Populist political party.

True

The Geneva Peace Conference partitioned Vietnam into 2 sections: a Chinese/Soviet backed Vietnam in the North and an American backed Vietnam in the South.

True

The Great Society was a set of domestic programs launched by Lyndon B. Johnson from 1964-65 to eliminate poverty and racial injustice. Although some programs launched worked and are still around today, like Medicare and Medicaid, most did not. Sadly, the long-term impact on minority community families is still visible today.

True

The Gulf War was a swift victory for the United States.

True

The Haymarket riot is an example of a strike.

True

The Homestead Act of 1862 granted male citizens the opportunity to acquire federally owned land in the West, cultivate it, a build a farming community.

True

The New Right was a powerful political movement.

True

The Red Scare after WWI was caused by the fear that communists in the United States would begin to infiltrate the social and political realms of American life after the Russian Revolution.

True

The Treaty of Versailles laid the groundwork for WWII to take place.

True

The Treaty of Versailles was a compromise that included demands for German reparations, provisions for the League of Nations, and the promise of collective security.

True

The United States could have given the Philippines the independence they had long fought for, but, instead, at the behest of President William McKinley, the United States occupied the islands and from 1899 to 1902 waged a bloody series of conflicts against Filipino insurrectionists that cost far more lives than the war with Spain.

True

The Vietnam War profoundly influenced domestic politics. Moreover, it poisoned many Americans' perceptions of their government and its role in the world.

True

The Vietnam War, the most controversial American war, was a by-product of the Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States.

True

The Women's Movement (Suffragettes) were able to secure equal voting rights through the passing of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

True

The dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the world's only remaining superpower. Global capitalism seemed triumphant.

True

The popularity of rock 'n' roll had not yet blossomed into the countercultural musical revolution of the coming decade, but it provided a magnet for teenage restlessness and rebellion.

True

The primary political and economic ideologies at odds with one another were socialism, communism, Marxism, and capitalism.

True

The relationship between Cuba and the United States deteriorated rapidly after Fidel Castro overthrew the corrupt regime of Fulgencio Batista. On October 19, 1960, the United States instituted a near-total trade embargo to economically isolate the Cuban regime, and in January 1961, the two nations broke off formal diplomatic relations.

True

The rising emphasis on spending and accumulation nurtured a national ethos of materialism and individual pleasure. These impulses were embodied in the figure of the flapper, whose bobbed hair, short skirts, makeup, cigarettes, and carefree spirit rejecting the old Victorian values of desexualised modesty and self-restraint.

True

The signature piece of President Roosevelt's Second New Deal came in 1935 with the Social Security Act, which provided for old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and economic aid, based on means, to assist both the elderly and dependent children.

True

The treaty also established a German War Guilt clause demanding that Germany pay reparations to the Allied power for their financial loss during WWI.

True

The war drastically changed American work, leisure, education and family life across the states. There were massive migrations, changes in gender roles, and a rise of women participating in war and war time efforts.

True

There were four main reasons for Americans to migrate from the East to settle in the West: Gold Rush, leather goods, to exercise religious freedom, and to seek new land.

True

Under the New Deal, the Emergency Banking Act (written by bankers) allowed banks to reopen under stricter federal guidelines and regulations.

True

Vietnam was the first "living room war."

True

Well aware of domestic pressure to wind down the war, Nixon sought, on the one hand, to appease antiwar sentiment at the same time appeal to the so-called silent majority of Americans who still supported the war.

True

When Reconstruction regimes attempted to grant freedpeople full citizenship rights, anxious whites struck back. From their fear, anger, and resentment they lashed out, not only in organized terrorist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan but in political corruption, economic exploitation, and violent intimidation.

True

While Hitler marched across Europe, the Japanese continued their war in the Pacific. In 1939 the United States dissolved its trade treaties with Japan and the following year cut off supplies of war materials by embargoing oil, steel, rubber, and other vital goods. It was hoped that economic pressure would shut down the Japanese war machine.

True

While there is no direct evidence that Nixon ordered the Watergate break-in, the White House and Nixon's administration launched a massive cover-up.

True

With the discovery of new energy sources and manufacturing technologies, industrial output of the 1920's flooded the consumer market with a range of consumer products such as ready-to-wear clothing, convenience foods, and home appliances.

True

World War II began September 1, 1939 and ended on September 2, 1945

True

the first American bombs hit Baghdad on March 20, 2003. Several hundred thousand troops moved into Iraq and Hussein's regime quickly collapsed. Baghdad fell on April 9.

True