history chapter 1-14

How did the enclosure movement contribute to a justification for English colonization in the Americas?

"Masterless men" could regain freedom and economic independence through land ownership in the Americas. (Economic freedom through land ownership and the possibility of passing it on to one's children was the main lure for emigrants from England to the Americas.)

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Anglo-Powhatan Wars?

Along with starvation and disease, the wars led to a decline in the influx of settlers to me Chesapeake. (The massacre of scores of Powhatans in the Second Anglo-Powhatan War led to a shift in the balance of power in the Chesapeake as more English settlers emigrated to the area.)

What was a major consequence of the Pueblo revolt in 1860

Although defeated and driven out of New Mexico, the Spanish returned with a more accommodating policy toward the Pueblo Indians (the Spanish learned a lesson from their defeat in 1680 and returned to NM with a more tolerant attitude toward traditional religious practices and made fewer demands on Indian labor)

What role did religion play in influencing Europeans to look for a route to Asia across the Atlantic

Christian Western Europe hoped ocean trade would circumvent the Muslim intermediaries on traditional trade routes (the desire to eliminate Islamic intermediaries and win control of the lucrative trade for Christian Western Europe and inspired the quest for a direct route to Asia)

Which statements best describe the artists intended message about queen elizabeths rule of England

England sought imperial power in the americas, in part to protect it from Spanish control. Elizabeth 1 is a good and strong ruler, capable of leading the increasingly powerful English kingdom (With Queen Elizabeth gesturing toward the New World in front of scenes commemorating an important naval victory against a hated enemy, this painting communicates that England has grand ambitions and Elizabeth is the monarch who will see them through.)

Which of the following is a characteristic of the early relationship between English settlers and their Native neighbors?

English settlers tended to let their livestock roam freely which was often detrimental to Native crops. (English settlers depleted forests, fenced in more and more land, and let their pigs and cattle roam freely, trampling Native cornfields.)

Which of the following was NOT a feature of indentured servitude?

Indentured servants were guaranteed economic autonomy when their contracts expired. ("Freedom dues" were often not sufficient to enable recipients to secure land and economic independence.)

In what way we're west African societies like those in native North America

Like native North Americans , west Africans embraced a variety of political systems (like native Americans , west Africans spoke dozens of different languages and lived under a variety of political systems )

How did ideas about freedom and liberty debated in England during the English Civil War find expression in their North American colonies?

Maryland institutionalized the prindiole of religious toleration and guaranteed all Christians the "free exercise" of religion. (Maryland adopted an Act Concerning Religion, which institutionalized the principle of religious toleration.)

How did the even balance of male to female settlers in New England contribute to the colony's uniqueness?

More women meant more families and a rapid increase in the population compated to other English colonies. ( Because of the even sex ratio and New England's healthier climate, the population grew rapidly, doubling every twenty-seven years.)

In general what was the relationship between native peoples and the land upon which they lived

Most native peoples saw land as something to be used in common, not owned by an individual or family (few , if any, native societies believed a piece of land could be fenced off and allotted forever to a single individual or family)

Why was the establishment and maintenance of a stable family life difficult in Virginia?

Most women came to Virginia as indêntured servants and could look forward only to a life of hard labor in the tobacco fields and early death. (The high death rate, unequal ratio between the sexes, and late age of marriage for those who found partners produced a society with large numbers of single men, widows, and orphans.)

Which of the following was not a characteristic of native societies in general

Native societies tended to be more exclusivist in their religious practices (native North American religions were inclusivity , allowing adherents to incorporate new religious beliefs and practices)

Which of the following was a manifestation of growing commercialization in early New England?

New England assumed a growing role within * the British empire based on trade. ( New England merchants shipped and marketed the staples of their own and other colonies to markets in the West Indies, Europe, and Africa.)

how did early European exploration and settlement of North America create an environment for significant changes in the cultures involved

Opportunities for freedom for some newcomers were made possible by the restriction of freedom for others (conquest and settlement of North America came at the price of exploitation and enslavement of native and African peoples)

In 1508, the Spanish established the first permanent colony in what is now the US . Where was it located

Puerto Rico (now a commonwealth of the US, PR was established in 1508 and governed by Juan prince de Leon)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Puritanism?

Puritans emphasized prayers, good works, and offerings over leading a good life and prospering economically. (Like Calvinists, Puritans believed worldly success--leading a good life and prospering economically-might well be indications of God's grace.)

Even though Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States, its existence was nearly short-lived. What is the main reason for its survival?

Rigorous military discipline, as exemplified by John Smith and his immediate successors, held the colony together. (Smith imposed a regime of forced labor on company lands, leading colonists to abandon the search for gold, grow their own food, and find a marketable commodity: tobacco.)

Why did the utilization of enslaved Africans for labor evolve slowly in North America compared to other areas in the western Atlantic world?

Slaves cost more than indentured servants, and the high death rate among fobacco workers made it economically disadvantageous to pay for a lifetime of labor. (Slaves cost more than indentured servants who, when laboring in the tobacco fields, suffered a persistently high death rate.)

Which of the following was not a distinguishing feature of the Dutch colony of new Netherland

The Dutch were unwilling to respect native sovereignty and refused to abide by native percepts for trade

What role did religion play in fostering England's imperial ambitions in the seventeenth century?

The English believed the Indians of the Americas desired freedom from the tyrannies of the Pope. ( Correct Richard Hakluyt's assertion that Indians were "crying out" for freedom from Spanish oppression met with popular support from the anti-Catholic English citizenry.)

How did early French interactions with native Americans differ from those of the Spanish

The French strove to form negotiated alliances with native communities , not to enslave or overpower them with brute force( the French and their native Allie's worked out the most enduring alliances between Indians and Europeans in colonial North America)

What was the main objective of Spanish policy toward native Americans

The Spanish wanted Indians to turn away from savargery and become obedient , catholic subjects of the crown (Spain claimed that the main goal of colonization was to save Indians from heathenism and to prevent them from falling under the sway of Protestantism)

What does this engraving suggest were European perceptions of the Taínos in the late fifteenth century? There may be more than one correct answer.

The Tainos had a less complex society . The tainos looked and behaved differently than Europeans (The Spanish, like other European nations in the 1490s, linked ideas about conquest, religion, and territorial expansion. Columbus's landing in the Caribbean was seen by those of his time as an opportunity to "save" the Indigenous peoples by converting them to Catholicism, while at the same time, increasing the commercial interests and influence of Spanish merchants and Spanish royalty.)

Chapter 2 What was paradoxical about the settlement of America in the seventeenth century

The liberties and freedoms enjoyed by European colonists came at the expense of land appropriation from native peoples and in many cases the importation of enslaved laborers (freedom and lack of freedom expanded together in 17th century America )

What was one enduring legacy from early Spanish explorations of the new world

The word "Indian" used first by Columbus, persisted as a generic term for native peoples in the western hemisphere (Columbus used the word Indian to describe the peoples he encountered in the Caribbean)

What was one outcome of the Colombian exchange

Untold numbers of native peoples succumbed to deadly European diseases like smallpox (Although the total # of deaths is difficult to determine, the result of exposure to european disease in native populations was devastating)

European competition for dominance in the new world necessarily included the continual struggle of native peoples to maintain their sovereignty in the face of savage warfare and disease

Western European empires were positioned to challenge one another for control over parts of the continent , while Indians were positioned to use trade and diplomacy to pit European empires against one another and further their own people's sovereignty and prosperity (European competition for dominance in the new world necessarily included the continual struggle of native peoples to maintain their sovereignty in the face of savage warfare and disease)

How was the nature of the relationship between the colonists and Native Americans of New England different from that experienced by the Jamestown settlers and their Powhatan neighbors?

Whereas Wahunsonacock saw Jamestown as one of the many towns under his rule, the Wampanoags of New England sought alliance with the Puritans in order to change the balance of power in the region. (The Wampanoags in Massachusetts agreed to an alliance with the Pilgrims, in which they would help to feed and defend Plymouth in exchange for the Pilgrims help in fighting the Wampanoags' enemies.)

How did New Englanders such as Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson threaten the established order of Puritan New England?

Williams emphasized putting one's own judgment or faith above the teachings of the church. (Williams believed that individuals should be allowed to follow their consciences wherever they led.)