history, chapter 21
Robert Boyle
-discovered the relationship between the volume of a gas and the pressure exerted it
Isaac Newton
-formulated law of motion and gravitation -founded the science of light -invented calculus
Nicholas Copernicus
-proposed that the Earth and the other planets move around the sun
Antoine Lavoisier
-worked out the theory of combustion -invented the system of naming chemical elements
which three philosophers were most important in the first half of the eighteenth century
Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot
in order to please the Russian ___, Catherine did not enact reform; she took strong measures against Russian ___, and their conditions worsened
nobility; peasants
successor
one that follows, especially to a throne or an office
natural rights should be ____ by an _____ ruler
protected; enlightened
who were Haydn and Mozart
wrote classical musical in the 18th century
Maria Winkelmann
-discovered a comet -complied significant observations about the planets
what two reasons did Mary Wollstonecraft present for giving women equal rights
1. women can reason and use their intellect the same as men 2. all enlightenment ideas talk about equality
who explained laissez-faire in The Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith
To what extent did the ideas of the enlightenment influence the politics of the 18th century Europe
It created different branches of government. This helped with the idea of one ruler not having all the power
Austria's ______ implemented racial reforms; he abolished _____ and eliminated the death penalty
Joseph II; serfdom
how did Locke's and Newton's ideas influence Enlightenment intellectuals
Locke said everyone was born with a blank mind and that people were molded by experiences. Newton said that the world operated according to natural law
in the system of enlightened ______, rulers tried to follow Enlightenment principles while keeping their royal _____
absolutism; powers
what is the universal law of gravitation
all objects in the universe are connected using a force that is proportional to the product of their masses
social contract
an agreement between a community and its ruler that defines and limits the rights and duties of each
how did renaissance intellectuals view mathematics
believed it was the key to understanding the nature of things in the universe
why did Francis Bacon develop and promote it
believed that science should improve people's lives and to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade
how did Galileo revolutionize the field of astronomy
discovered sunspots, mountains on the moon and 4 moons around Jupiter, this destroyed Ptolemy's teachings
where was Earth in Ptolemy's conceptions of the universe
earth at the center (geocentric)
what did the philosophers mean when they talked about Natural Law governing things like the economy, government, and the relationship between the sexes
every human should have equal rights, no matter what they look like or what religion they are
both Frederick William I and Frederick II stressed service to the ______ enlarged the Prussian ______
king; army
deism
religious philosophy based on reason and law
explain why inductive reasoning is necessary to the scientific method
scientists use inductive reasoning in the scientific method to create hypothesis and theories.
the enlightened absolutists were guided mostly by their interest in the power and welfare if their ____
state
what instruments made scientific discoveries possible and helped ideas spread quickly
telescope, microscope and the printing press
where was Earth in Copernicus's conceptions of the universe
the earth revolved around the sun and the moon revolved around the earth (heliocentric)
explain the federal system's separation of powers
the federal system's separation of powers refers to the division of the power in the central government
enlightened absolutism
the idea that monarchs could govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal power
what do Margaret Cavendish and Mary Wollstonecraft have in common
they both argued that all women should have equal rights as men
natural rights are ___ that all people ___ _____ simply because they are ____
things; should have; human
what does laissez-faire mean
"to let (people) do (what they want)"; the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone
Galileo Galilei
-discovered moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and mountains on the Earth's moon -formulated the law on falling bodies
Johannes Kepler
-discovered that planets have elliptical orbits around the sun -worked out laws governing the speed of planetary orbits
William Harvey
-figured out how blood circulates through the body
Francis Bacon
-formulated the scientific method -proposed that science is inductive -believed that science should improve people's lives
Margaret Cavendish
-speculated on the nature of the atom -criticized the idea that science could help humans master nature -argued that females should be educated
René Descartes
-stated that reason is the source of knowledge -proposed that mind and matter are separate
Andreas Vesalius
-wrote the first anatomy textbook
according to The Wealth of Nations, what were the three main functions of the government
1. protect society from invasion 2. defend citizens from injustice 3. keep up public works that individuals could not alone afford
____ the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762 to ____, knew the works of the Enlightenment philosophies
Catherine; 1796
Imagine that Francis Bacon and Margaret Cavendish were talking about the role of science. What might they say about the following statement? "Science will be the salvation of the human race. It is the only way humans can truly build a better future for themselves."
Francis Bacon would agree with this statement because he believed that science will improve people's lives. Margaret Cavendish would disagree because she was very critical of the idea that science could help humans master nature
who discovered the universal law of gravitation
Isaac Newton
how did Enlightenment philosophy affect government and society
It encouraged ideas like natural law and social contracts. It made government and society challenge each other
how did the scientific revolution change the way Europeans viewed the universe and the place of human beings in it
The scientific revolution helped humans to understand what was happening in the world around them. It helped them to see that the balls of light in the sky were really materials of gasses.
philosopher
an eighteenth-century writer and thinker
salons
gatherings of thinkers held at a prominent person's house
explain the difference between a geocentric and a heliocentric view of the universe
geocentric-earth at the center heliocentric-sun at the center
how did the rise of rationalism pave the way for the Scientific Revolution
helped people make better and more reasonable hypothesis
what did William Harvey discover
how blood circulates through the body
why was Antoine Lavoisier important
invented a system of naming chemical elements. he may have been the founder of modern chemistry
what is the scientific method
it is a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence
the term laissez-faire literally means "to let (people) do (as they choose)." Explain how laissez-faire illustrates the principle of letting people do what they want
laissez-faire lets the people choose their own actions without the government getting involved
how does Rousseau's The Social Contract describe liberty
liberty is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for general will because it represents what is best for the entire community