history, chapter 21

Robert Boyle

-discovered the relationship between the volume of a gas and the pressure exerted it

Isaac Newton

-formulated law of motion and gravitation -founded the science of light -invented calculus

Nicholas Copernicus

-proposed that the Earth and the other planets move around the sun

Antoine Lavoisier

-worked out the theory of combustion -invented the system of naming chemical elements

which three philosophers were most important in the first half of the eighteenth century

Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot

in order to please the Russian ___, Catherine did not enact reform; she took strong measures against Russian ___, and their conditions worsened

nobility; peasants

successor

one that follows, especially to a throne or an office

natural rights should be ____ by an _____ ruler

protected; enlightened

who were Haydn and Mozart

wrote classical musical in the 18th century

Maria Winkelmann

-discovered a comet -complied significant observations about the planets

what two reasons did Mary Wollstonecraft present for giving women equal rights

1. women can reason and use their intellect the same as men 2. all enlightenment ideas talk about equality

who explained laissez-faire in The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

To what extent did the ideas of the enlightenment influence the politics of the 18th century Europe

It created different branches of government. This helped with the idea of one ruler not having all the power

Austria's ______ implemented racial reforms; he abolished _____ and eliminated the death penalty

Joseph II; serfdom

how did Locke's and Newton's ideas influence Enlightenment intellectuals

Locke said everyone was born with a blank mind and that people were molded by experiences. Newton said that the world operated according to natural law

in the system of enlightened ______, rulers tried to follow Enlightenment principles while keeping their royal _____

absolutism; powers

what is the universal law of gravitation

all objects in the universe are connected using a force that is proportional to the product of their masses

social contract

an agreement between a community and its ruler that defines and limits the rights and duties of each

how did renaissance intellectuals view mathematics

believed it was the key to understanding the nature of things in the universe

why did Francis Bacon develop and promote it

believed that science should improve people's lives and to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade

how did Galileo revolutionize the field of astronomy

discovered sunspots, mountains on the moon and 4 moons around Jupiter, this destroyed Ptolemy's teachings

where was Earth in Ptolemy's conceptions of the universe

earth at the center (geocentric)

what did the philosophers mean when they talked about Natural Law governing things like the economy, government, and the relationship between the sexes

every human should have equal rights, no matter what they look like or what religion they are

both Frederick William I and Frederick II stressed service to the ______ enlarged the Prussian ______

king; army

deism

religious philosophy based on reason and law

explain why inductive reasoning is necessary to the scientific method

scientists use inductive reasoning in the scientific method to create hypothesis and theories.

the enlightened absolutists were guided mostly by their interest in the power and welfare if their ____

state

what instruments made scientific discoveries possible and helped ideas spread quickly

telescope, microscope and the printing press

where was Earth in Copernicus's conceptions of the universe

the earth revolved around the sun and the moon revolved around the earth (heliocentric)

explain the federal system's separation of powers

the federal system's separation of powers refers to the division of the power in the central government

enlightened absolutism

the idea that monarchs could govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal power

what do Margaret Cavendish and Mary Wollstonecraft have in common

they both argued that all women should have equal rights as men

natural rights are ___ that all people ___ _____ simply because they are ____

things; should have; human

what does laissez-faire mean

"to let (people) do (what they want)"; the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone

Galileo Galilei

-discovered moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and mountains on the Earth's moon -formulated the law on falling bodies

Johannes Kepler

-discovered that planets have elliptical orbits around the sun -worked out laws governing the speed of planetary orbits

William Harvey

-figured out how blood circulates through the body

Francis Bacon

-formulated the scientific method -proposed that science is inductive -believed that science should improve people's lives

Margaret Cavendish

-speculated on the nature of the atom -criticized the idea that science could help humans master nature -argued that females should be educated

René Descartes

-stated that reason is the source of knowledge -proposed that mind and matter are separate

Andreas Vesalius

-wrote the first anatomy textbook

according to The Wealth of Nations, what were the three main functions of the government

1. protect society from invasion 2. defend citizens from injustice 3. keep up public works that individuals could not alone afford

____ the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762 to ____, knew the works of the Enlightenment philosophies

Catherine; 1796

Imagine that Francis Bacon and Margaret Cavendish were talking about the role of science. What might they say about the following statement? "Science will be the salvation of the human race. It is the only way humans can truly build a better future for themselves."

Francis Bacon would agree with this statement because he believed that science will improve people's lives. Margaret Cavendish would disagree because she was very critical of the idea that science could help humans master nature

who discovered the universal law of gravitation

Isaac Newton

how did Enlightenment philosophy affect government and society

It encouraged ideas like natural law and social contracts. It made government and society challenge each other

how did the scientific revolution change the way Europeans viewed the universe and the place of human beings in it

The scientific revolution helped humans to understand what was happening in the world around them. It helped them to see that the balls of light in the sky were really materials of gasses.

philosopher

an eighteenth-century writer and thinker

salons

gatherings of thinkers held at a prominent person's house

explain the difference between a geocentric and a heliocentric view of the universe

geocentric-earth at the center heliocentric-sun at the center

how did the rise of rationalism pave the way for the Scientific Revolution

helped people make better and more reasonable hypothesis

what did William Harvey discover

how blood circulates through the body

why was Antoine Lavoisier important

invented a system of naming chemical elements. he may have been the founder of modern chemistry

what is the scientific method

it is a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

the term laissez-faire literally means "to let (people) do (as they choose)." Explain how laissez-faire illustrates the principle of letting people do what they want

laissez-faire lets the people choose their own actions without the government getting involved

how does Rousseau's The Social Contract describe liberty

liberty is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for general will because it represents what is best for the entire community