History exam #2

What united the authors Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald in the 1920s?

Both were deeply disillusioned with conservative American politics and materialism.

Assess the state of individual American financial savings by the end of the 1920s

By the end of the 1920s, the majority of American families had no savings whatsoever.

Which of the following statements would have been prosecuted under the Sedition Act of 1918? A. "I like German music." B. "We may lose this war." C. "I call on you to boycott the draft." D. "Conscientious objectors deserve to be shot." E. "Heil Hitler."

C. "I call on you to boycott the draft."

All of the following statements about Emilio Aguinaldo are true EXCEPT: A. Aguinaldo led the Filipino armed struggle for independence against Spain. B. Aguinaldo led the Filipinos in the war against the United States. C. Aguinaldo believed that Filipinos could only govern themselves with U.S. assistance. D. Aguinaldo opposed American imperialism. E. Aguinaldo argued that the United States was betraying its own values by annexing the Philippines

C. Aguinaldo believed that Filipinos could only govern themselves with U.S. assistance.

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship Progressives had with civil liberties up to and during much of World War I?

Civil liberties had never been a major concern for Progressives.

As a consequence of the sinking of the Maine,

Congress authorized President McKinley's request for $50 million in defense funds.

Which of the following was the reason for U.S. control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines?

Control of strategic gateways from which to project American naval and commercial power

What broad popular sentiments did the Ku Klux Klan express in the 1920s?

Control of the nation should be returned to native-born Protestants

Which of the following assessments of the Roosevelt Corollary is accurate? A. It represented a vow to defend the Western Hemisphere against European intervention. B. It signaled to Japan that the United States was the predominant military power in the Pacific. C. It was a warning to Central and South American nations to accept a colony-like status vis-à-vis the United States. D. It held that the United States had the right to exercise an international police power. E. The Roosevelt Corollary strongly limited the sovereignty of Canada.

D. It held that the United States had the right to exercise an international police power. E. The Roosevelt Corollary strongly limited the sovereignty of Canada.

Which statement about the Red Scare is FALSE? A. Officials believed that labor strikes were connected to the Russian Revolution. B. The government deported hundreds of immigrant radicals. C. It eroded Mitchell Palmer's career as an anticommunist government agent. D. It resulted in a wave of sympathy for persecuted workers. E. It all but destroyed the IWW and the Socialist Party

D. It resulted in a wave of sympathy for persecuted workers.

All of the statements about Prohibition during the 1920s are true EXCEPT: A. Prohibition reduced American consumption of alcohol. B. Prohibition was violated by many Americans. C. Prohibition led to widespread corruption among law officials. D. Prohibition led to large profits for the owners of speakeasies and for the bootleggers who supplied them. E. Religious fundamentalists opposed Prohibition on the grounds that it violated freedom.

E. Religious fundamentalists opposed Prohibition on the grounds that it violated freedom

All of the following statements about the 1924 Immigration Act are true EXCEPT: A. the 1924 Immigration Act reflected the Progressive desire to improve the quality of democratic citizenship and to employ scientific methods to set public policy. B. the 1924 Immigration Act satisfied the demands of large farmers in California, who relied heavily on seasonal Mexican labor, by not setting limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphere. C. the 1924 Immigration Act barred immigration from Asia. D. the 1924 Immigration Act limited immigration from Europe. E. the 1924 Immigration Act sought to ensure that more immigrants came from southern Europe than from northern Europe

E. the 1924 Immigration Act sought to ensure that more immigrants came from southern Europe than from northern Europe

President William McKinley justified U.S. annexation of the Philippines on all of the following grounds EXCEPT: A. the United States needed to civilize Filipinos. B. the United States needed the islands for business and trade. C. the United States believed the Filipinos were not ready for self- government. D. the United States needed to Christianize the Filipinos. E. the United States needed to ensure that the Philippines became an in de pen dent democracy.

E. the United States needed to ensure that the Philippines became an independent democracy.

During World War I, Americans reacted to German-Americans and Germans in all of the following ways EXCEPT: A. "sauerkraut" became "liberty cabbage." B. "hamburger" was changed to "liberty sandwich." C. the director of the Boston Symphony was imprisoned for playing the works of German composers. D. the teaching of foreign languages was restricted in many states. E. the federal government barred German immigration to the United States.

E. the federal government barred German immigration to the United States.

Labor unions lost members in the 1920s for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. companies supported propaganda campaigns that linked unions with socialism. B. companies began to adopt a program of "welfare capitalism." C. labor unions were tarnished by the 1919 labor upsurge. D. some corporations began to provide employees with pensions and medical insurance. E. through collective bargaining, labor unions had secured a national eight-hour day.

E. through collective bargaining, labor unions had secured a national eight-hour day.

Why did many people in eastern Europe consider Woodrow Wilson a "popular saint"?

His criticism of imperialism helped eastern European peoples carve out new independent nations

Which of the following is true of both the Venezuelan crisis and the Cuban crisis?

In both instances, the United States insisted that it would set the rules of conduct in the Western Hemisphere.

Which of the following stated that the Constitution did not fully apply to the territories recently acquired by the United States?

Insular Cases

Which of the following became the world's leader in office supplies in the 1920s?

International Business Machines

Who wrote The Melting Pot and gave a popular name to the immigrants' process of assimilation and adaptation in the United States?

Israel Zangwill

How did eugenics shape public policy during World War I?

It provided anti- immigrant sentiment with an air of professional expertise.

Assess the impact of the bombing of the New York Stock Exchange in September 1920.

It triggered the notorious raids against radical labor organizations.

Why did World War I threaten to tear the women's suffrage movement apart?

Many suffragists had been associated with opposition to American involvement in the war.

Which city was considered the "capital" of black America in the 1920s?

New York

Who was sentenced to death in a controversial criminal trial?

Nicola Sacco

Which group was first identified with the term "illegal alien"?

Southern and Eastern Europeans

Which of the following was a consequence of race-based explanations for expansion by United States leaders?

Such explanations justified domination and war, and thus downplayed the usefulness of diplomacy.

Assess the way in which the Committee on Public Information presented its message to encourage Americans to remain loyal and support the war effort?

The CPI packaged its appeals in the language of social cooperation and an expanded democracy

War time repression of dissent and free speech culminated in:

The Red Scare.

Had the Teller Amendment been applied to the Philippines and Cuba, how would it have changed the Spanish-American War?

The United States would have been barred from annexing the Philippines

Why did World War I transform Western civilization so profoundly?

The mass slaughter of World War I was hard to reconcile with the optimist claim that Western civilization was the triumph of reason and human progress.

Why did new industries in electronics and chemicals increase their productivity and output so significantly in the 1920s?

They successfully applied Ford's moving assembly line technology.

How did World War I and the rhetoric of freedom shape the labor movement and workers' expectations?

War time rhetoric inspired hopes for social and economic justice.

The administration of which president was plagued with scandals?

Warren Harding

During the Scopes trial, Clarence Darrow, the defense lawyer, questioned whom as a supposedly expert witness about the Bible?

William Jennings Bryan

Assess the effectiveness of President Woodrow Wilson's response to Mexico's Civil War

Wilson's attempts to teach Mexican people how to select good men only led to the war spilling over into the United States

Why did cigarettes become known as "torches of freedom" during the 1920s?

Women began to smoke cigarettes as an expression of personal freedom

"Banned in Boston" referred to:

a book ban in the city, including books by Ernest Hemingway

President Harding's call for a return to normalcy meant:

a call for the regular order of things, without Progressive reform.

According to Andre Siegfried, what did Americans consider to be a "sacred acquisition"?

a standard of living

On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war:

against Germany, "to make the world safe for democracy."

During the 1920s:

an estimated 40 percent of the population remained in poverty.

Senators opposing America's participation in the League of Nations:

argued that it would threaten to deprive the country of its freedom of action.

In their 1929 study, Middletown, Robert and Helen Lynd:

argued that leisure and consumption had replaced political involvement.

The Platt Amendment:

authorized the United States to intervene militarily in Cuba.

The anti- German crusade included which of the following measures?

banning German music

The Nineteenth Amendment:

barred states from using sex as a qualification for voting

Supporters of the Anti-Imperialist League:

believed that American energies should be directed at home, not abroad.

The leaders who guided American foreign relations between 1865 and 1914

believed that exertion of American influence abroad would help maintain prosperity at home

As president, Woodrow Wilson:

believed that the export of U.S. manufactured goods went hand in hand with the spread of democracy.

"The Great Migration" refers to:

blacks moving from the South to the North.

The Spanish-American War:

brought the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico under U.S. control

What did Calvin Coolidge believe was the chief business of the American people?

business

Railroads were to the late nineteenth century what ___________ were to the 1920s

cars

Besides the family, the institutions most supportive of separate ethnic identities for immigrants were:

churches

The Roosevelt Corollary:

claimed the right of the United States to act as a police power in the Western Hemisphere.

The "white man's burden":

comes from a poem by Rudyard Kipling

Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis:

crafted an intellectual defense of civil liberties during the 1920s

From 1914 to 1916, U.S. intervention in Mexico:

demonstrated the weaknesses of Wilson's foreign policy.

Cultural pluralism:

described a society that accepted ethnic diversity

Jeannette Rankin, the first woman elected to Congress:

did not support U.S. entry into World War I.

Most American deaths in the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War were caused by

disease

During his presidency, Woodrow Wilson:

dismissed numerous black federal employees.

The flapper:

epitomized the change in standards of sexual behavior.

During World War I, federal powers:

expanded greatly

Agriculture in the 1920s:

experienced declining incomes and increased bank foreclosures

During the 1920s, American multinational corporations:

extended their reach throughout the world

The Ku Klux Klan:

flourished in the early 1920s, especially in the North and West.

During the 1920s: (2)

government polices reflected the pro- business ethos of the decade.

During the age of empire, American racial attitudes:

had a global impact

In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court:

held that the Constitution did not fully apply to the territories acquired by the United States during the Spanish-American War.

In the 1920s, movies, radios, and phonographs:

helped create and spread a new celebrity culture.

Theodore Roosevelt's taking of the Panama Canal Zone is an example of

his belief that civilized nations had an obligation to establish order in an unruly world.

Which phrase accurately describes the scene in Paris upon Woodrow Wilson's arrival?

huge, enthusiastic crowds

Between 1901 and 1920, the United States intervened militarily numerous times in Caribbean countries:

in order to protect the economic interests of American banks and companies

The Harlem Renaissance:

included writers and poets such as Langston Hughes and Claude McKay.

During World War I, the federal government:

increased corporate and individual income taxes.

In his piece in The Crisis, W. E. B. Du Bois states that the United States is a shameful land for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. it lynches. B. it disfranchises its own citizens. C. it under employs its workers. D. it encourages ignorance. E. it insults blacks.

it under employs its workers.

In response to the Russian Revolution that led to the creation of the communist Soviet Union, the United States:

joined Allied efforts to overturn its government.

What were the National Catholic Welfare Council and the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith lobbying for in the 1920s?

laws prohibiting discrimination against immigrants by employers, colleges, and government agencies

The Boxer Rebellion against foreign presence in China

led the imperialist nations, including the United States, to send troops to China

During the 1890s, leaders who favored economic expansion but not the annexation of overseas territory

lost ground to those who advocated imperialism.

The Scopes trial illustrated a divide between:

modernism and fundamentalism

Woodrow Wilson's moral imperialism in Latin America produced:

more military interventions than any other president before or since.

The Industrial Workers of the World and most of the Socialist Party:

opposed the war

The Zimmermann Telegram:

outlined the German plan for an attack on the United States by Mexico

The Scopes trial of 1925:

pitted creationists against evolutionists.

Birth of a Nation was a film that:

portrayed the Civil War and Reconstruction, exalting the Ku Klux Klan

The primary intent of the Open Door notes of 1899 and 1900 was to

protect American commercial interests in China.

The Fourteen Points attempted to:

provide a peace agenda to create a new world order.

"Americanization":

refers to the process of assimilation.

American foreign policy during the 1920s:

reflected the close relationship between government and business.

In response to immigration restrictions and the Klan, southern and eastern Europeans:

reinvented themselves as ethnic Americans

The Treaty of Versailles:

required Germany to pay more than $33 billion in reparations.

Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy rhetoric focused on:

self-determination.

The Fourteen Points:

sought to establish the right of national self-determination

During World War I, most Progressives:

supported U.S. entry into the war.

In contrast to the expansion of the 1890s, U.S. interests in Alaska originated in a desire for:

territory.

The policy of U.S. neutrality was:

tested by both the British and Germans.

When Eugene Debs was sentenced under the Espionage Act, what did he tell the jury?

that Americans in the past who spoke out against colonialism, slavery, or the Mexican War were not indicted or charged with treason

Which act restricted the freedom of speech by authorizing the arrest of anyone who made "false statements" that might impede military success?

the Espionage Act

The trial and execution of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti demonstrated that:

the Red Scare extended into the 1920s.

The Teller Amendment stated that:

the United States would not annex Cuba

Captain Alfred T. Mahan argued that the nation's economic well-being depended on

the building of an efficient navy to protect American shipping.

Which issue became the focus of the 1928 presidential race?

the fact that Alfred Smith was Catholic

For the feminist woman in the 1920s, freedom meant:

the right to choose her lifestyle.

The Teapot Dome scandal involved

the secretary of the interior, who received money in exchange for leasing government oil reserves to private companies.

The annexation of the Hawaiian Islands was preceded by

the seizure of Hawaii's government, which was plotted by American sugar growers and carried out with the assistance of American troops.

Eugenics is:

the study of the supposed mental characteristics of different races.

In 1919:

there was much unrest and many strikes

Most Progressives saw World War I as a golden opportunity because:

they hoped to disseminate Progressive values around the globe

In the presidential election of 1916, Woodrow Wilson:

used the campaign slogan "He Kept Us Out of War."

Calvin Coolidge had won national fame for:

using state troops against striking Boston policemen in 1919

American territorial expansionism:

was a feature of American life since well before independence.

The Committee on Public Information:

was a government agency that sought to shape public opinion.

The Red Scare:

was an intense period of political intolerance.

The Philippine War:

was far longer and bloodier than the Spanish-American War.

In 1899, President William McKinley explained in an interview with Methodist Church leaders that his decision to annex the Philippines:

was in part based on his desire to educate and uplift the Filipinos.

The Treaty of Versailles: (2)

was never ratified by the United States Senate

U.S. control of the Panama Canal Zone:

was part of Theodore Roosevelt's policy of intervention in Central America

After the 1890s, American expansionism:

was partly fueled by the need to stimulate American exports.

World War I:

was rooted in European geopolitical rivalries.

Dollar Diplomacy:

was used by William Howard Taft instead of military intervention

As war broke out in Europe, Americans:

were deeply divided.

During the 1920s, consumer goods:

were frequently purchased on credit.

The Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918):

were the first federal restrictions on free speech since 1798.

"Slumming" meant:

whites going to Harlem's dancehalls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies.

In 1928, Herbert Hoover:

won the presidency because of his reputation and the nation's prosperity.

Journalists who worked for newspapers like William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal, which sensationalized events to sell papers, were called:

yellow journalists.

What triggered the surge of conservative governments in central Europe at the end of World War I?

A worldwide revolutionary upsurge

Many forces predisposed Ku Klux Klan members to accept the group's exclusionary message without much analysis. These forces included all of the following EXCEPT: A. Coolidge's economic policies. B. the 1915 film release of Birth of a Nation. C. "100 percent Americanism," which developed during World War I. D. the 1921 and 1924 Immigration Acts. E. the rise of fundamentalism.

A. Coolidge's economic policies

Which of the following elements of President Wilson's Fourteen Points most resembled the commissions Progressives had instituted back home? A. The League of Nations. B. The right to free trade. C. The readjustment of colonial claims. D. The principle of self-determination for all nations. E. The "guilt clause" for Germany.

A. The League of Nations.

Which statement about the Spanish-American War is TRUE? A. The war lasted only four months and resulted in less than 400 U.S. battle casualties. B. Congress indicated that it was going to war to annex Cuba. C. The war came as little surprise given the fact that William McKinley campaigned in 1896 on a platform favoring imperial expansion. D. Admiral Dewey secured Manila Bay by defeating the Spanish in a bloody three-day battle. E. The treaty that ended the war granted U.S. citizenship to the peoples of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

A. The war lasted only four months and resulted in less than 400 U.S. battle casualties

Those who advocated the acquisition of an American empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century espoused which of the following ideas? A. When the United States intervenes and remakes the societies of weaker nations, it is extending the benefits of liberty and prosperity to less fortunate people. B. Because the American empire will be built by peaceful means, there is no need for expansion of the navy. C. American involvement in other lands will be confined to the sharing of American technology and will be initiated only at the request of foreign peoples. D. In acquiring colonies abroad, the United States must allow the peoples of those lands to shape their own economic and political destiny

A. When the United States intervenes and remakes the societies of weaker nations, it is extending the benefits of liberty and prosperity to less fortunate people.

All of the following statements about Woodrow Wilson's political ideology and policies are true EXCEPT: A. Wilson believed that people under colonial rule deserved immediate independence. B. The Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination reverberated across the globe. C. Wilson inspired countries in Asia and Africa to ask for self-determination and equality. D. Wilson saw American soldiers leading the rest of the world to liberty. E. Wilson supported the American annexation of the Philippines.

A. Wilson believed that people under colonial rule deserved immediate independence.

Wilson's Fourteen Points included all of the following principles EXCEPT: A. an end to colonization. B. self-determination for all nations. C. freedom of the seas. D. open diplomacy. E. free trade.

A. an end to colonization.

All of the following statements about the Great Steel Strike of 1919 are true EXCEPT: A. the strike involved mostly nonimmigrant workers. B. the strike was centered in Chicago. C. the strike involved 365,000 workers. D. workers demanded union recognition. E. workers won an eight-hour day

A. the strike involved mostly nonimmigrant workers.

How was American life different in the 1920s than in the years prior?

Although Americans worked hard in an increasingly industrial world, they also enjoyed more vacations.

Why did Americans celebrate the Spanish-American War?

Americans experienced the war as an occasion for national reconciliation between North and South.

How did fundamentalist Christians define freedom in the 1920s?

As voluntary adherence to moral liberty

All of the following statements about the Palmer Raids are true EXCEPT: A. the Palmer Raids were part of the Red Scare. B. George Creel oversaw the Palmer Raids. C. over 5,000 people were arrested during the Palmer Raids. D. the government deported hundreds of radicals. E. the Palmer Raids sparked a new interest in civil liberties

B. George Creel oversaw the Palmer Raids.

Which of the following trends of the 1920s did fundamentalists support? A. The easing of restrictions on immigration. B. The prohibition of liquor sales. C. Military interventionism. D. Socialism. E. Increasing income taxes on the wealthy.

B. The prohibition of liquor sales.

Which statement about politics in the 1920s is FALSE? A. Voter turnout had fallen dramatically since the turn of the century. B. Women took an active role in national politics, mostly with the Republican Party. C. Republicans controlled the White House and supported pro- business policies. D. The South was dominated by the Democratic Party. E. Congress restricted certain groups of people from entering the United States.

B. Women took an active role in national politics, mostly with the Republican Party.

Which would NOT be considered a characteristic of a flapper? A. had bobbed hair B. advocated temperance C. used birth control D. wore short skirts E. smoked in public

B. advocated temperance

America's empire in the early twentieth century was all of the following EXCEPT: A. economic. B. territorial. C. cultural. D. intellectual. E. commercial.

B. territorial.

African- Americans migrated north during the Great Migration for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. the prospect of higher wages. B. the opportunity to help other blacks protest. C. escaping the threat of lynching. D. the prospect of being able to vote. E. being able to educate their children.

B. the opportunity to help other blacks protest.