History final

Mikbail Gorbachev's perestroika reform program included which of the following? a. Privatization of state-run businesses b. Less autonomy for the individual republics of the Soviet Union c. Multi candidate elections for Communist Party posts d. Legalizing all political parties

c. Multi candidate elections for Communist Party posts

Which of the following encouraged the European powers to surrender their African colonies? a. The European powers determined that it was time to live up to their b. Enlightenment ideals The United States encouraged decolonization, but the USSR opposed it c. The treaty ending World War 2 called for immediate decolonization d. The European powers were too deep in debt to invest more on pacifying the discontented Africans

The European powers were too deep in debt to invest more on pacifying the discontented Africans

During the 1950's, Americans expressed anxiety about communism in which of the following ways? a. Anticommunist rhetoric led to attacks on civil liberties of individuals suspected of being communists or communist sympathize b. Hollywood produced fewer movies than before because so many directors, stars, and writers were blacklisted c. Americans bought more consumer goods, which were usually made in the United States d. American society became more egalitarian so that communism would be less appealing

a. Anticommunist rhetoric led to attacks on civil liberties of individuals suspected of being communists or communist sympathize

Which of the following issues led to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union? a. Each lad expanding overseas empires imagined on one another, creating borderland conflicts b. They had diametrically opposed political and economic ideologies c. They had been on opposing sides during World War 1 and 2 d. They both wanted to colonize western europe's former colonies

a. Each lad expanding overseas empires imagined on one another, creating borderland conflicts

Why did Egypt emerge as a potent symbol of pan-Arab nationalism in 1956? a. Egypt's military under Nasser was able to reclaim the Suez Canal from the British, French, and Israelis b. Because Egypt was the site of the oldest civilization in the region , it had great prestige c. Egypt was the site of origin of the Muslim Brotherhood, which soon came to power after they overthrow the king d. Egypt had been the capital of the last Muslim Caliphate; so it was the symbolic home of pan-Arab sentiments

a. Egypt's military under Nasser was able to reclaim the Suez Canal from the British, French, and Israelis

Which of the following was an outcome of the end of colonial rule in sub-Saharan Africa? a. Ethnic and religious rivalries that colonial rule had previously kept in check came to the surface b. Many postcolonial states were divided into smaller, ethnically homogeneous, political units c. Armed conflicts that started with the Cold War quickly died out d. Rigid dictatorship stifled cultural and economic innovation

a. Ethnic and religious rivalries that colonial rule had previously kept in check came to the surface

How did the Korean War transform Japan's relationship with the winners of World War 2? a. Japan became and important ally of the United states in the fight against communism b. Japan became an important ally of the Soviet Union in the fight to expand communism c. Japan once again became a strong, aggressive, neocolonial power d. Japan used the korean war as an opportunity to attempt to redress the war crimes it had committed in World War 2

a. Japan became and important ally of the United states in the fight against communism

How did South Africa achieve majority rule? a. South Africa achieved majority rule through negotiations between the ruling minority government and african liberation activists, followed by free elections b. South Africa achieved majority rule through a process of mediation led by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), followed by free elections c. South Africa chieved maority rule through forcible seizure of power by liberation activists, followed by free elections d. South Afrca schieved majority rule through a negotiated transition brokered by the United States and the Soviets, followed by free elections

a. South Africa achieved majority rule through negotiations between the ruling minority government and african liberation activists, followed by free elections

Which of the following is a reason why some First World powers supported South Africa during the 1950's and 1960's? a. South Africa was anticommunist b. South Africa was a strategic military and commercial cutpost c. South Africa had developed a democratic society d. South Africa, especially Johannesburg, was an important center for global finance

a. South Africa was anticommunist

Which of the following first tested President Truman's containment policy? a. The Berlin blockade b. The Bombing of Nagasaki c. The Marshall Plan d. The Siege of Stalingrad

a. The Berlin blockade

Which Cold War event brought the world closest to nuclear war? a. The Cuban Missile Crisis b. The Bay of Pigs invasion c. The Prague Spring d. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu

a. The Cuban Missile Crisis

Why did Stalin believe that the Soviet Union deserved to dominate eastern Europe? a. The Soviet Union had refrained from using nuclear weapons in Europe, and should be rewarded b. The Soviet Union had been promised control of eastern Europe at the Yalta conference c. The Soviet Union had sacrificed so many people in the war against fascism d. The Soviet Union had more money than did the United States to rebuild the devastated region after the war

a. The Soviet Union had refrained from using nuclear weapons in Europe, and should be rewarded

Which of the following was the main reason why the United States became involved in the conflict between north and south Vietnam? a. The United States supported South Vietnam because it feels spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia b. The United States supported North Vietnam because it admire ho's nationalist goals c. The United states felt it could be a neutral arbitrator in the region, since the United States had not been a colonial power in the region d. The United States became involved in order to get access to petroleum reserves off the eastern coast of Vietnam

a. The United States supported South Vietnam because it feels spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980's and the Prague Spring in 1968? a. The goal of Solidarity was to overcome socialism, while the Prague Spring sought to reform it b. Solidarity had government support, while the Prague Spring was outlawed by the government c. Both were crushed by Soviet tanks d. Both led to their countries breaking out of the Warsaw Pact

a. The goal of Solidarity was to overcome socialism, while the Prague Spring sought to reform it

What part did the Sykes-Picot agreements play in The Modern Middle East? a. The secret treaty between the British and French caused distrust of the Western powers by Arabs promised independence during WW1 b. The secret treaty between the Dutch and French caused distrust of Western powers by Arabs promised independence during WW1 c. The secret treaty between the Soviets and French caused distrust of the Western powers by Zionists promised independence during WW1

a. The secret treaty between the British and French caused distrust of the Western powers by Arabs promised independence during WW1

Which of the following led European Jews to migrate to Palestine during the first half of the twentieth century? a. They believed that returning to their place of origin would lead to self-determination b. They sought assimilation into an existing regional semetic culture c. They wished to create a new European colony in the Middle East, to replace to replace the Ottoman Empire d. They hoped to learn Palestinian agricultural techniques, in order to achieve economic success

a. They believed that returning to their place of origin would lead to self-determination

Why did many African Leaders think that Africa would move swiftly to a special African form of socialism following decolonization? a. They believed that the common African traditions that informed negritude would enable them to embrace social justice and equality b. They believed that they had been most prosperous under, and wanted to return to, Islamic-caliphates c. They believed that the colonial experience had provided them with strong economic principles to begin independence d. They believed that the model provided by the First World was best suited to African conditions

a. They believed that the common African traditions that informed negritude would enable them to embrace social justice and equality

During the Cold War, what did the United States and the Soviet Union expect from Third World countries? a. They expected them to join one or the other of the two opposing Cold War camps b. They expected them to encourage world peace and nuclear disarmament c. They expected them to remain politically neutral d. They expected them to adapt elements from First World and Second World political philosophies to their own specific circumstances

a. They expected them to join one or the other of the two opposing Cold War camps

In post-World War 2 western Europe, the "woman question" concerned what new problem? a. Women were making gains in the workplace, but without a proportional decrease in domestic responsibility b. Women were being advised to focus on their lives around acquiring a husband and children c. Women were more likely to by sympathetic to communism than were men d. More women were moving into the workplace, but there were not enough available jobs to accommodate them

a. Women were making gains in the workplace, but without a proportional decrease in domestic responsibility

Which of the following European claims did the systematic implementation of the Nazi genocide challenge? a. Europeans had claimed that social Darwinism supported their racial superiority b. Europeans had claimed that science, technology, and an efficient bureaucracy would make life better for all c. Europeans had claimed that liberal capitalism was the most efficient government and economic system d. Europeans had claimed that their democratic political system was superior to all others

b. Europeans had claimed that science, technology, and an efficient bureaucracy would make life better for all

Which of the following is a cause why historians have described World War 2 as a total global conflict? a. World War 2 led to significant transformations of all the major prewar forms of government b. Fighting in World War 2 took place on three continents and included soldiers from all continents except Antarctica c. All countries in the world were involved in the war, suffering severe financial losses and dislocation to their economies d. Class, race, and gender boundaries were dissolved by the needs of total war in all the combating nations

b. Fighting in World War 2 took place on three continents and included soldiers from all continents except Antarctica

What was the goal of the Marshall Plan? a. Its goal was to build an "iron curtain" across the center of Europe, blocking the expansion of communism b. Its goal was to limit the appeal of communism in Europe by providing grants for reconstruction to democratic governments c. Its goal was to ensure that eastern European states would have communist governments, providing a buffer between the USSR and Germany d. Its goal was to humiliate the Soviets by showing how little resources the Soviets could muster to rebuild Europe

b. Its goal was to limit the appeal of communism in Europe by providing grants for reconstruction to democratic governments

How did Japan justify its conquest of neighboring territory during World War 2? a. Japan claimed that its conquests were protecting East Asia from American colonial aggression b. Japan claimed that it was driving out European imperialists and establishing "Asia for the Asians" c. Japan claimed that if it failed to take over, Europeans would extend their colonial presence into the region d. Japan claimed that conquest was necessary in order to forestall the spread of world communism

b. Japan claimed that it was driving out European imperialists and establishing "Asia for the Asians"

Which of the following was a response to Khrushchev's speech in 1956 attempting to separate Stalinism from true communism? a. Supports of Stalin attempted to regain control of the Politburo b. Polish and Hungarian intellectuals tried to break away from strict communist controls c. The Soviet army commanders withdrew troops from eastern Europe d. The politburo gave orders to have Stalin's supporters quietly poisoned to avoid open disunity among the communist elite

b. Polish and Hungarian intellectuals tried to break away from strict communist controls

Which of the following is a reason that communism lost its appeal in post-World War 2 western Europe? a. Communist political parties were outlawed in western European countries b. Strong economic growth led to increased standards of living and expanded access to services like education and health care c. Observes who visited the Soviet Union were able to observe and report on the differences between communist theory and Soviet practice d. European had successfully prosecuted Nazis and fascists, so saw nothing to be gained from another authoritarian system such as communism

b. Strong economic growth led to increased standards of living and expanded access to services like education and health care

Which of the following is a reason why the Algerian War of Independence chocked French Citizens and colons? a. The colons controlled Algeria's best land and finances b. The French government had declared that Algeria was not a colony, but and integral part of France c. France had already granted independence to all of its other African colonies d. The colonies introduces terror tactics to force the population to choose between them and the nationalists

b. The French government had declared that Algeria was not a colony, but and integral part of France

During the 1970's and 1980's, which of the following most significantly weakened the Soviet bloc? a. Some of the Soviet bloc member-states defected to the Balkan alliance b. The Soviet bloc's western rivals outpaced the bloc economically c. Religious warfare broke out within the Soviet bloc d. Border disputes devastated the Soviet bloc

b. The Soviet bloc's western rivals outpaced the bloc economically

Which of the following groups of Africans led anticolonial movements immediately following World War 2? a. Religious leaders, rural peasants, and urban artists b. Urban unemployed, former servicemen, western-educated indigenous elites c. Current and former members of colonial legislatures d. Primary school dropouts unable to find gainful employment

b. Urban unemployed, former servicemen, western-educated indigenous elites

How did the Arab-Israeli War of 1947-1948 help shatter the legitimacy of Arab ruling elites? a. Arab ruling elites did not have the funds to make adequate provision for large numbers of Palestinian refugees b. Arab ruling elites counseled caution in challenging the partition, but their military fought anyway c. Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations' partition d. Arab states lacked sufficient diplomatic training to effectively challenge the United Nations' partition

c. Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations' partition

Which of the following is a similarity between the decolonization of Algeria and South Africa? a. Both countries suffered violent civil wars to end colonial control b. Both countries were independent before the end of World War 2 c. Both countries had large numbers of European settlers, which prevented a smooth transfer of power d. Both countries had large numbers of indigenous people in the civil service and military, making transition to independence easier

c. Both countries had large numbers of European settlers, which prevented a smooth transfer of power

Which of the following accurately compares the Germans and Japanese during the 1930's and 1940's? a. Both encouraged veneration of the emperor b. The Germans, but not the Japanese, forced large numbers of prisoners of war (POW's) and conquered people to work for their war efforts c. Both developed theories of racial superiority d. The Japanese, but not the Germans, behaved brutally toward the peoples of the territories they conquered

c. Both developed theories of racial superiority

Under what circumstances did the Cold War become a "hot" war? a. It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union became involved in armed conflict b. It became a hot war when the Soviet Union enforced its will on its eastern European satellite states c. It became a hot way when the United States and the Soviet Union arrested their Third World allies and encouraged proxy wars d. It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union established foreign military bases in Third World countries

c. It became a hot way when the United States and the Soviet Union arrested their Third World allies and encouraged proxy wars

In comparison with life in First World countries , which of the following best describes life for ordinary people in Second World countries? a. Higher standards of living but lower levels of economic security b. Greater social egalitarianism and more opportunities for self-expression c. Lower standards of living but higher levels of economic security d. Higher standards of living but greater demands for military and community service

c. Lower standards of living but higher levels of economic security

Why did communism appeal to many Europeans after World War 2? a. The USSR offered a large amount of aid for economic and military redevelopment throughout Europe b. Capitalism failed to provide adequate supplies of weapons to protect them from German invasion c. Many eastern Europeans, reacting to the horrors of fascism, looked to the Soviets for solutions to rebuild society d. The Society Union demonstrated how effective communism was at protecting human rights

c. Many eastern Europeans, reacting to the horrors of fascism, looked to the Soviets for solutions to rebuild society

Which of the following saved Chinese communists from being overwhelmed by Nationalist forces in the Chinese Civil War? a. The Soviet Union changed its support from the Nationalists to the communists b. The Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-sheck died suddenly, throwing the Nationalist army into disarray c. The japanese invasion diverted Nationalist troops from pursuing the communists into the Chinese interior d. The nationalist army was diverted to fight against the Germans, who had hopes of conquering China

c. The japanese invasion diverted Nationalist troops from pursuing the communists into the Chinese interior

Following World War 2, which of the following emerged as the prevailing global political organization? a. The multiethnic empire b. The warsaw pact c. The nation-state d. The european economic community

c. The nation-state

Multinational corporations had which of the following impacts on Third World countries? a. They removed raw materials, and then left the local government to clean up the mess b. They provided important technical knowledge that Third World countries could use to build their industrial bases c. They expanded countries' agricultural and manufacturing sectors, but impeded the growth of local firms d. They allowed Third World countries to free themselves from dependence on the institutions of international capitalism

c. They expanded countries' agricultural and manufacturing sectors, but impeded the growth of local firms

For which of the following reasons did President Harry Truman authorize use of the atomic bomb in 1945? a. Germany refused to surrender, even though the Soviets, British, and Americans were converging on Berlin b. Truman feared that if he did not use the bomb, the Russians would continue their drive to spread communism into western Europe c. The bomb had never been tested, and scientists needed to if the theory behind it was valid d. An Allied invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands of American lives, since the Japanese had vowed to defend the main islands to the last man, woman, and child.

d. An Allied invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands of American lives, since the Japanese had vowed to defend the main islands to the last man, woman, and child.

In which of the following ways was the Prague Spring in 1968 similar to the Hungarian uprising in 1956? a. Both were attempts to undercut the Marshall Plan in eastern Europe b. Both were primarily revolts conducted according to the principles of nonviolent civil disobedience c. Both were responding to the Cultural Revolution d. Both attempts to decrease communist authoritarianism in eastern Europe were crushed by the Soviet military

d. Both attempts to decrease communist authoritarianism in eastern Europe were crushed by the Soviet military

Which of the following led to the internal migration of 12 million South Asians in 1947? a. Millions of South Asians moved from rural poverty to seek better lives in urban center b. Millions of people returned from overseas British controlled plantations and factories to seek independent incomes in the new India c. Millions of dalits, the lowest caste in India, moved from Hindu provinces to Muslim provinces, where they were promised equality under law d. Both hindus and muslims left their homes to relocated to the new countries, India or Pakistan, after more than a million people were killed in religious conflicts

d. Both hindus and muslims left their homes to relocated to the new countries, India or Pakistan, after more than a million people were killed in religious conflicts

Which of the following techniques did Hitler use to create his racially based new world order? a. He relied on the other governments voluntary cooperation with his New World Order b. He authorized a land invasion of India to block supplies of petroleum from reaching the British c. He assisted the Soviets in creating their own concentration camps to house those deemed racially inferior d. He set up governments that complied with deportation orders for Jews

d. He set up governments that complied with deportation orders for Jews

Which of the following was an effect of U.S. president Richard Nixon's decision to take the dollar off the gold standard? a. The Japanese yen gained strength in currency markets with a corresponding decline in the value of the Swiss franc b. Nation-states such as Italy and Britain tied their currencies to the U.S. dollar c. Second World nations found it harder to get loans from First World banks d. International financial institutions escaped the control of national political authorities

d. International financial institutions escaped the control of national political authorities

Which of the following reflects the Chinese Communist Party's approach toward women? a. It rejected women's rights in order to build support with the patriarchal Chinese peasantry b. It subordinated women's individual rights to the rights of the family as an institution c. It believed that women were selfish to demand more rights during the war with japan d. It freed woman from oppressive laws and customs as part of its government

d. It freed woman from oppressive laws and customs as part of its government

Which of the following was one of the principal causes of World War 2? a. The germans and the russians has a long-standing agreement to divide the world between them b. The great depression led to decreased military spending in Germany and Japan. Which invited aggression from their neighbors c. Communism failed to expand its presence in europe d. Resentment lingered over the punitive treaties imposed after World War 1

d. Resentment lingered over the punitive treaties imposed after World War 1

During the 1980's, which of the following was an effect of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan? a. Soviet citizens marched in support of the military invasion b. India tested new nuclear weapons in fear of further Soviet expansion c. The Soviet army developed new weapons, which were later used to crush the Polish Solidarity movement d. The Soviet army lost prestige in the stalemate that developed

d. The Soviet army lost prestige in the stalemate that developed

Which of the following factors led to the failure of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward in 1958? a. Peasants refused to cooperate in communal living because it conflicted with traditional Chinese values b. First World corporations refused to buy any of the items produced in the local Chinese communal factories c. The Red Guards were not behind the Great Leap Forward and undercut its effectiveness d. The communes failed to provide enough food to avoid famine and the manufactured goods were inferior

d. The communes failed to provide enough food to avoid famine and the manufactured goods were inferior

Which of the following contributed to the globalization of the late twentieth century world? a. The growth of empires b. The cold war c. The increasing primacy of the nation-state d. The emergence of a unified world market

d. The emergence of a unified world market

Which of the following accurately depicts the Vietnamese intelligentsia under French rule? a. The Vietanmese intelligentsia rejected western culture and returned to traditional Shinto values b. The Vietnamese intelligentsia were granted land and mining concessions to ensure their loyalty c. Western-educated Vietnamese living overseas strongly supported the colonial government d. Western-educated Vietnamese worked as clerks, teachers, and petty officials, but had few opportunities for advancement

d. Western-educated Vietnamese worked as clerks, teachers, and petty officials, but had few opportunities for advancement

Which of the following people provided the model for protest that Martin Luther King Jr. adopted in his pursuit of civil rights? a. Gandhi b. T. E. Lawrence c. Kipling

in his pursuit of civil rights? a. Gandhi