History II - Chapter 23
blitzkrieg
"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939
Douglas MacArthur
(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.
Benito Mussolini
(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.
lend-lease act
(1941) A law giving FDR the power to sell, transfer, exchange, or lease military equipment to any country to hep it defend itself against the Axis Powers.
iron curtain
(HT) , Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe between communist and democratic nations
fascist leaders
-Dictators who lead the country, (-Germany: Hitler) and were empowered by the loyalty of the people; promised to end the Great Depression in the 30's..
Atlantic Charter
1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war
Pearl Harbor
7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.
What happened as a result of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor?
7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.
Battle of Coral Sea
A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia. Fought on May 7-8 1942; Caused heavy losses on both sides; Japanese won a tactical victory because they sank US carrier Lexington; Americans claimed a strategic victory by stopping Japan's drive towards Australia
Who was Adolf Hitler? How did he rise to power?
A german dictator that believed he could solve his countries problems . H leads a political party called the Nazis. , took over Germany. Became the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed in uniting all German speaking people. racial purity, and leben sraum(living space). broke down the democratic Wiemar republic and installed a totalitarian government.
Winston Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
**(F)Why did totalitarian states rise after WWI, and what did they do?
A totalitarian government seeks to control not only all economic and political matters but the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population. Economic collapses; people are vulnerable to strong, dictator rulers. Because of hard times people are willing to give up their rights for prosperity and glory.
neutrality act of 1939
Act that allowed nations at war to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid cash and carried the merchandise on their own ships
Axis Powers
Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.
Munich Pact
An agreement in 1938 that attempted to prevent large-scale war by granting German chancellor Adolf Hitler his demand for control over the Sudetenland, a German-populated region bordering Czechoslovakia. Instead it verified Hitler's theory that the West would not interfere in eastern Europe, gave him time to rebuild an army, an emboldened him to continue the invasions - beginning with Czechoslovakia just months later - that led to WWII.
Bataan Death March
April 1942, American soldiers were forced to march 65 miles to prison camps by their Japanese captors. It is called the Death March because so may of the prisoners died en route.
**(F) How did the US react to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?
At first, we tried to stay "neutral" by sending supplies to the Allies, but not offering military support at the time. Then the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and we declared war of them. It was not until after Germany subsequently declared war on us (along with Japan and Italy) that we reciprocated. America tried to cling to its isolationist tendencies espoused in the Monroe Doctrine and in Washinton's Farewell Address.
After World War I, what kind of government was set up in Germany? Who became the country's leader?
At the end of the First World War, Germany became a democracy. The Weimar Republic. In the 1930's the Nazi party rose to power as the country continued to suffer from the great depression. Adolf Hitler.
Why did Hitler decide to call off Operation Sealion?
Because of the difficulty of crossing the channel. An invasion of England at that time, late 1940, would have needed a massive naval force & air superioity. Hitler had neither. In the east, against Russia he had air superiority & needed no navy at all.... It is obvious from the success the Germans had in 1941 & 42 against the Russians that had the Germans been able to cross the Channel then their land forces would have been very difficult for the British to defeat, but the difficulties of the sea crossing remain, compare & contrast with Overlord in 1944 going the other way..... Massive naval force & total air cover.
How much lend-lease aid had the US provided by the time the US declared war on Japan?
Congress appropriated 13 billion dollars for the lend-lease program by October 28, 1941, but the movement of goods was slow.
How did Hitler feel about war?
For dictator Adolf Hitler, war was an ennobling experience. War united a nation, demanded righteous sacrifices and culminated in territorial acquisitions.
What did FDR think of Japan's aggression?
He had opposed it and criticized it. His solution for stopping aggression involved an informal alliance of the peace loving nations, but he did not suggest what steps the peacefl nations should take in quarantining the aggressive oneces. His speech was criticized and therefore the president backed away from his more interventionist stance.
Spanish Civil War
In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.
What was Japan's prirmary goal in taking part in WWII?
Japan wanted to expand its empire and attacked Allied colonies to gain their territory as well as to get their resources. When they attacked the US and Allied colonies, it was in order to obtain the resources needed to fuel their military machine. World War II for Japan began long before Hitler's incursion into Poland. Japan was actually engaging in the same activities which were the underlying causes of World War I: Imperialism/colonialism; exploitation and was also engaging in its own form of genocide in Korea and China, among other places.
tripartite pact
Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy signed in September 1940, by which each pledged to declare war on any nation that attacked any of them
antisemitic
Prejudice or hostility towards Jews
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) The 1917 communist revolution in the Soviet Union produced the first totalitarian state, headed by Vladimir Lenin. In 1924, Joseph Stalin took his place as the Communist Party's head
The miracle of Dunkirk
Setting its eyes on France, Germany had tried to to take it. A few tactiacla German mistaeks gave Britain enough time to evacuate its froces from the frence port of Dunkirk. . if britain had not mistaked it's doubtful if Britain could have.
Why do you think the League of Nations chose to follow a policy of "appeasement" towards the aggressor nations in the 1930's?
The agreements establishing the League of Nations did not provide it with any legal clout in terms of enforcement of international law. Thus it was bound to fail. The League did not have a policy of 'appeasement' but could only sit and watch when diplomatic intervention in international matters had failed. Thus the League could not intervene in hot spots on the planet in a physical manner. After World War II there were agreements made which gave the United Nations far more utilitarian methods to intervene in international affairs than the League ever had. The United Nations has sent 'peace keeping' forces into various parts of the world to quell violence.
Anschluss
The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.
**(F)How did Americans react to events in Europe and Asisa in the early years of WWII?
They were shcocked by Japanese and German aggression. They remained divided over involvemnent in another war-still fighting the despair of the Great Depression. Not afraid that totalitarian aggression would cause trouble but afraid that they might be drawn into it. Americans didnt want to be a part of the war, until the stories of German camps come to light, then the public supports the war effort, after entering it was all hands on deck, every citizen did something to aid the war effort.
Hideki Tojo
This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944
WAC
U.S. army group established during WWII so that women could serve in non-combat roles; it was organized during World War II but is no longer a separate branch
totalitarianism
a type of government in which a single party or leader controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people.
What did italy, germany, and japan have in common in the 1930s?
a.They overturned traditional governments and established democracies. b.They were economic giants and together controlled world trade. c.They sought to solve their nations' problems through conquest. d.They angered other nations by their persecution of the Jews.
Douglas MacArthur - Philippines
an Allied General who commanded army units in the south Pacific. He used island-hopping to return to the Philippines, which were conquered by the Japanese in 1942.
appeasement
granting concessions to a potential enemy to maintain peace.
What was the Spanish Civil War?
huge navy fleat of ships, sent by Spain to trying to attack England. Spain ended up broke and france and spain gain power , The naval fleet of Spain, at one point the most powerful in the world. Defeated by Elizabeth I. Began England's dominance as a world power.
Adolf Hitler
s. The National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) led by Adolf Hitler rose to power. Hitler criticized many people, political programs, and ideologies, but his sharpest assaults were against communists and Jews. Hitler was violently antisemitic, or prejudiced against Jewish people. He was appointed chancellor in 1933 and became president of Germany within two years.
How did Hitler react to France and Britain promising aid to poland if he attacked?
since he was more concerned with the soviet union rather than Britain and France he signed the Nazi Soviet nonaggression Pact withe the soviets on which publcly promised not to attck one another. secretly they agreed to invade and divide poland and recognize each others territorail ambitions. the public agreement alone shoced the west and guaranteed a german offensive against poland.
According to interventionists, how would aiding the allies actually keep the United States out of the war?
that since Britain was standing for all peaceful countries funding them was the only way America could help and stay out of the war.
What was the Lend-Lease Act? How did it involve the US in WWII?
the U.S. would lend or lease material to any country whose defense was considered vital to ours. The Lend-Lease act was passed by Congress in March 1941, allowing the president to aid any nation believed vital to U.S. defense. Under the act, the U.S. sent billions of dollars' worth of aid in the form of weapons, tanks, airplanes, and food to Great Britain, the Nationalists in China, and other Allied countries.
What was the new theory as to why the United States had been in volved in World War I?
the theory held that big businesses had conspried to endter the war in order to make huge fortunes sellign weapons.
How did French and British leaders react to hitlers violation of the Munich pact?
they vowed not to let Hitler take over another country without consequences when they realized that hitlers next move would be against poland they signed an alliance with them declaring if Hitler attacked they would give aid.