HISTORY MID TERM
What were the most important state practices of Ancient Egypt
Conquest, collection of taxes and integrating economy
Ancient 3,000 BCE/BC- AD 500 CE
Mesopotamian- River= Tigris River and Euphrates River
What are some features of early civilizations?
Cities: As farmers settled in fertile river valleys, they began to grow surplus or extra food. ... Organized Central Governments: ... Complex Religions: ... Job Specialization: ... Social Classes: ... Writing: ... Art and Architecture: ... Public Works:
People whose civilization flourished in India between 2500 and 1500 BC
Harappans
What is Nebuchadnezzar remembered for?
Nebuchadnezzar conquered Judah in 586 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar II, meaning "O god Nabu, preserve/defend my firstborn son" was king of Babylon c. 605 BC - c. 562 BC, the longest reign of any king of the Neo-Babylonian empire.
However, there are quite a few fundamental differences between both the religions. Hinduism strongly believes in 'Atman', the soul and 'Brahman', the eternity of self. As per Buddhism, there is no concept of the self or I and salvation involved in realizing this concept. Hindus worship several gods and goddesses.
Nowadays, it''s very unlikely that any practicing Buddhist from either of the 3 major branches (Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana) would consider Buddhism to be an off-shoot of Hinduism, in the same sense one could say that Lutheranism is an offshoot of Catholicism. The doctrinal foundation is just too vastly different. Besides yoga, three major religions came from those texts - Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. Around 200-400AD, a sage called Patanjali composed the Yoga Sutras. His "eight limbs" of yoga still inform practice today and discuss posture, breathing, meditation and correct living.
Nubia, ancient region in northeastern Africa, extending approximately from the Nile River valley (near the first cataract in Upper Egypt) eastward to the shores of the Red Sea, southward to about Khartoum (in what is now Sudan), and westward to the Libyan Desert. Nubia is traditionally divided into two regions.
AFRICA ARABIA DIVIDED REGIONS
3 basic religions
Stones, Optimism- believe in afterlife and life is good, Complexity- the world is complex, Egyptians believe in this. Greeks- thought the world could be SIMPLE. Monotheism- one God, because universal = GOD= TIME- god created time - he was TRANSCENDING -Reference- cannot pain god - no divine consent
Indus Valley Civilization (India)- HARAPPANS
The Indus Valley Civilisation or Harappan Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
Harappans
The Indus Valley Civilization has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BCE. The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged circa 2600 BCE along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. The language is Dravidian. The Dravidian family of languages is spoken in Southern Indian, but Brahui is spoken in modern Pakistan. The Harappan Civilization or Indus Valley Civilization flourished during the Bronze Age.
Sumerian Government
chief, council, monarchy priests were influential king hereditary- was agent of god
Sumerians "CITYSSSSTATES"
earliest civilization- built city states Mesopotamia-Tigris and Euphrates non semitic language Bronze age, invented writing, developed government built ziqqurats
Sumerian Religion
polytheism-god of earth/air, demons concerned about future: looked at stars, interpreted dreams, end trails of animals
River: Egypt
Nile
cuneiform
Sumerian wedge-shaped writing
Cyrus
"founder of the Persian Empire"; ruled from 559 until 530 B.C.
Darius
"most skillful administrator of the Persian Empire"; ruled from 522 until his death in 486 B.C.
ANCIENT GREECE-GREEKS DARK AGE
- Crete/ Minoans 2700-1600/1500 - Lots of art- Color and Motion "Bull Leaping"- Minoan art TIMELINE: 19th Century- Art movement/ Romanticism- Modern "Main Land/ True" Greeks= Mycenaeans 1500-1100 Dark Age 1100-800- Natural Disasters Decline Heroic Songs End of Dark Age/ Rise of City States 800-400s Sparta Athens DARK AGE- Killers came and created: -Break of law and order - Ships/ Trade Ships captured -Civilization went back to prehistoric age HOMER- Heroic songs (700s) and T.S Eliot. Used songs about him to console themselves during the war with hard times. Examples: Ilied (Troy), songs remembered how great times were.
EGYPTIANS
-2850 -Lower egypt and upper egypt -Upper and lower were combined by King Menes around 3100 BC into a single kingdom and birthed the 1st royal dynasty of egypt -Old King. government: ruled by pharaoh, divided into nomes (aka provinces) which was governed by the nomarchs (aka governor). -Nile River flows North -Big on religion; polytheistic and worshipped the sun -King was referred to as a pharaoh, and further a "god king" -Largest Pyramid was built by King Khufu, named The Great Pyramid of Khufu
1400s BCE AFRICA AND ARABIA
-IRON -king= divine -built pyramids
INDIA:
-Indus valley, 2700-1900 -Dravidians/Harappas Aryans, 1500 Cast system- polytheistic *HINDUISM -real world -fired brick -Hindu= world spirit= no individuality -Reincarnation -Karma -Dharma
Athens and Democracy: 800-400:
-Monarchy -Aristocracy -Tyranny -Democracy (700-600s) Monarchy= -king -areopagus -assembly (683-546s) Aristocracy= -nine archons -areopagus -assembly -draco, 621s -solon, 590s -(546-508s) Tyranny= -Peisistratus, 546-527s -sons and after, 527-508s Lower Class Middle Class Draco's written law -debt law -property guards for office -court of the people DEMOCRACY 508-400s -Cleisthenes -Ten generals -End of property qualifications -Council of five hundred- selected= term of one year -Assembly- Became more diverse and powerful -Court (freedom of speech) of the people- could take government to court -State pay, pericles, 408-461-429 -Ostracism- kick out person with most name on pottery tiles=10 years kicked off on island. Courts and Trials: -Criminals -Closing statements to jury -Timed with water clock, ended in one day (Donald Kagan- Liked this better than today.) Kagan -Metics (19th- Women Voted 1920)
AFRICA:
-Nubia -kingdom of kush
Religion basic terms
1 Monotheism 2 Transcending 3 Reference 4 No divine consent 5 Love 6 Law 7 History 8 WOMEN/ slaves WTF (slaves if hurt your free them) 365 shall nots 248 shalts
CHINA
-Shang Dynasty 1700-1100 RULING MAP: Yellow River Yangtze River Zhou Dynasty 1100-400 Confucius 551-479 Daoism= (also spelled Taoism) is a philosophical and religious tradition that developed in China in ancient times under the influence of ideas credited to a man named Laozi. Like Confucianism, it has deeply influenced Chinese culture. Legalism -BIG on obedience to authority -Gentility America/Olmecs: -STONE HEADS: Feline Rulers -Pyramids -Western Civilization/ European It is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley to the west, and predates the Kot Diji Phase (2800-2600 BCE, Harappan 2), named after a site in northern Sindh, Pakistan, near Mohenjo-daro. The earliest examples of the Indus script date to the 3rd millennium BCE.
Archaic Egypt
-early pharaohs continue unification -capital at Memphis -establish bureaucracy for administering the state -large-scale irrigation projects -required written communication: hieroglyphs
Sumerians 3,000 BCE-1500 BCE
-ziggurat, cuneiform, ur gilgamesh Had agriculture/ farming Invented BRONZE -Copper -Writing -More government/religion - Queen or King- monarchy.city= state = the cities god/ religious Religion= polytheism=many gods Believed life was miserable and hell and afterlife was good King was surrounded by city ZIGGURAT- Temples 1900s BCE they were taken over, end of the civilization. The Sumerian people were taken over by the Akkadians. The Akkadians established the Akkadian Empire. The Assyrians came in and defeated the land's rulers, making Mesopotamia come under Assyrian rule. Hammurabi, the Babylonian king, took power of Mesopotamia.
*BUDDHISM- Siddhartha Gautama 563-483
4 Noble Truths Suffering Desire Nirvana 8 fold path Ideas Thought Speech Action Living Effort Consciousness Meditation Open to all classes of people. Anyone can achieve Nirvana
The Kingdom of Kush or Kush was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, located at the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now Sudan and South Sudan.
Also Indias northwestern mountains
The work of Aristotle
Aristotle (384—322 B.C.E.) Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates.
JEWISH <3 <3 BEST
Brings prophets. Uriah David BELIEVED GOD WAS A SPIRIT- NO GENDER Jews respected women as higher powers -Jews not sure about afterlife -Rabias say maybe afterlife but don't emphasis it. - Don't want Jews to be following religion out of fear of what happens after you die. Wants LOVE to be the LAW!!!!!!
Legalism= CHINESE. School of Chinese philosophy that attained prominence during the turbulent Warring States era (475-221 bce) and, through the influence of the philosophers Shang Yang, Li Si, and Hanfeizi, formed the ideological basis of China's first imperial dynasty, the Qin (221-207 bce).
CHINESE
Paleolithic Age 3,000,000 BCE-BC- 8,000 BCE/BC -Neolithic age 8,000 BCE/BC- 3,000 BCE/BC:
Fire invented Lived till 24- 26 Women- Gather Men- Hunt Believed in an afterlife Neolithic stage- "Not civilized" -Fertile Crescent -Cities -Domestic animals -Sustained larger groups of people
Palestine
Geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River.
Code of Hammurabi. The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about 1754 BC (Middle Chronology). It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world.
IRAQ
The Egyptian concept of maat
Maat or Mayet, thought to have been pronounced as was the Ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice who is sometimes personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities, who set the order of the universe from chaos at the moment
End of Dark Age- Rise of City-States 800-400s=
Sparta Athens Village set up ager dark ages= City-States Cities on a hill so they can run up it away from enemies, blocked enemies: CITY STATES ON HILL
Zoroaster
Successor of Cyrus; conquered Egypt in 525 B.C. Cambyses prophet who formed the Persian faith; may have lived around 600 B.C.
Cambyses
Successor, next in life from Cyrus; conquered Egypt in 525 B.C.
The Noble Eightfold Path is an early summary of the path of Buddhist practices leading to liberation from samsara, the painful cycle of rebirth.
The Eightfold Path of Buddhism, also called the Middle Path or Middle Way, is the system of following these eight divisions of the path to achieve spiritual enlightenment and cease suffering: Right understanding: Understanding that the Four Noble Truths are noble and true.
Lower Egypt
The northern part of Egypt
Athens were able to create an empire because:
They had boats that would sink and crash into Persian boats. Created the best Naval Army. Won two battles against a bigger power, the Persians. "DELIAN LEAGUE"= Athens, the biggest port city. They also built a huge building, PARTHENON, to pray and worship ATHENA their Greek Goddess. Wealth and Success. Also Athens because very educated and progressive. THEMISTOCLES Themistocles vs King X was the Athenian naval leader later exiled out of port. PERICLES Pericles ordered friend Pheidias chief architect to build the worship building.
Mesopotamia, Iraq
Tigris, Euphrates
Jainism (ANIMALS AND NATURE)
a nontheistic religion founded in India in the 6th century BC by the Jina Vardhamana Mahavira as a reaction against the teachings of orthodox Brahmanism, and still practiced there. The Jain religion teaches salvation by perfection through successive lives, and noninjury to living creatures, and is noted for its ascetics.
Hinduism
is an Indian religion, or a way of life, widely practiced in South Asia. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as Sanātana Dharma, "the eternal tradition," or the "eternal way," beyond human history.
Neolithic Age
new stone age (tools from stone) agriculture, farming, pets, villages 1000+
Paleolithic Age
nomads (hunters and gatherers) old stone age tools and weapons out of stones burial sites, cave drawings=spiritual
CONFUSIOUS
sexist Born during war -son of most fierce warrior -represented peace Father had sex/ raped a 16 year old- to get a SON -son was disowned by relatives - was an ugly giant -Confucius became advisor- gov. - young children can be fed with the government's expense -women and men walked on different sides of the road He failed when enemies sent women to distract him, prince. He was 54 and sent into exile, he walked/searched for disciples and prince for him so he could get out his words. Women with tiger- didn't want oppressive government
Animism. The Indus Valley Civilisation or Harappan Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.
the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. 2. the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe. It was widely suggested that the Harappan people worshipped a Mother goddess symbolizing fertility. A few Indus valley seals displayed swastika sign which were there in many religions, especially in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
Buddhism
the belief that there is an afterlife and not everything ends with death, that Buddha taught and followed a successful path to nirvana; according to Peter Harvey, the right view is held in Buddhism as a belief in the Buddhist principles of karma and rebirth, and the importance of the Four Noble Truths