history middle ages

Describe Educational scientist Sh. Ualikhanov and his scientific heritage related to the history, geography, economy and culture of Kazakhstan

Ualikhanov is one of the remarkable personalities among the Kazakh people in the pre-revolutionary period, an educator-democrat, traveler, ethnographer, philologist. The scientific heritage of the great Kazakh scientist is diverse. Ablay's works, Kazakh genealogy, About Islam in the steppe, Traces of shamanism among the Kazakhs, About Kazakh nomads, etc. served as the basis for a deep study of the history and ethnography of the Kazakh people. With his creativity, Ualikhanov made a huge contribution to the study of a number of peoples of the Center. Asia Of great importance for the formation of Ualikhanov's socio-political views was his acquaintance with representatives of the advanced democratic intelligentsia - the poet S. F. Durov, the writer F.M.Dostoevsky, at that time serving exile in Omsk and Semipalatinsk. he made a great journey through Central Kazakhstan, Tarbagatai, Semirechye, passing through Semipalatinsk, Ayaguz, Kapal in the Trans-Ili Alatau. During the trip Shokan collected important information for science, historical legends, literary monuments In 1858-1859 Shokan made his famous trip to Kashgar, which was a "white spot" in European science, got acquainted with the political and economic structure of East Turkestan, collected materials on the history and ethnography of this region, acquired a number of important collections and manuscripts for science

What is the The historical role of Abai Kunanbayev in the culture of the Kazakh people.

Abai Kunanbayev was a Kazakh poet, philosopher, and composer who played a significant role in the cultural development of the Kazakh people. He is considered one of the most important figures in Kazakh literature and is widely regarded as the "Father of Modern Kazakh Literature." Born in 1845, Abai Kunanbayev was raised in a traditional nomadic family in what is now eastern Kazakhstan. He was educated in Islamic schools and learned to read and write in both Kazakh and Arabic. As he grew older, he became interested in Western literature and philosophy, and he began to write poems and essays in Kazakh. Abai Kunanbayev's writings focused on the problems facing Kazakh society at the time, particularly the need for education and social reform. He was a strong advocate for the use of the Kazakh language in literature and education, and he worked to promote the development of a modern Kazakh literary culture. In addition to his literary works, Abai Kunanbayev also composed music and wrote several books on history and philosophy. His contributions to the culture of the Kazakh people have had a lasting impact, and he is remembered as a national hero in Kazakhstan.

Tell about Decree (or Regulation) on administration of Turkestan region (1886): new administrative structure, Changes in the judiciary and taxation

After many years of discussions, on June 2, 1886, the Russian Emperor Alexander III signed a decree on the administration of the Turkestan region. According to the new provision, the Syrdarya, Fergana and Samarkand regions were included in the Turkestan Governor-Generalship. In 1897, the Semirechensk region also became part of it. The city of Tashkent remained the center of the Turkestan Governor-General. Under the reform of 1867, Genghisides were exempted from taxes. The lowest level of the judicial system was the court of biys and kazis. Division of territory (the Government General is divided into regions. The regions were divided into districts and so on): The Government General→regions→districts→volosts→auls. Heads of divisions (the head of the Government General is governor-general. Of region is military governors and so on): Governor-general→military governor→districts head(senior sultan)→volost sultan→aul foreman

Tell about the Kazakh Khanate in the XVII - early XVIII centuries. Kazakh Khanate during the reign of Yesim, Zhangir, Tauke Khan.

After the death of Khan Tauekel, the title of Khan passed to his younger brother Yesim, who ruled from 1598 to 1628. Khan Yesim proved to be a wise ruler and a far-sighted diplomat. Assessing the significant threat posed by the Dzungarian Kalmyks, Khan Yesim showed outstanding diplomatic skills in relations with the population of Bukhara, Turfan, Kashgaria and Kyrgyzstan. He was called the Khan of the Kazakhs and Kalmyks. Until now, a legend has been preserved that connects the creation of the "Code of the Steppe Laws", better known as the "Original Path of Khan Yesim", with the name of Khan Yesim. All legal issues, norms and rules regarding the use of pastures, zhailau and wintering, relationships between people found their solution in these "Codes", which, with the laws of Khan Kasym, later became the basis for the laws of "Zhety Zhargy" of Khan Tauke. In the 17th century the internal situation of the Kazakh Khanate was very difficult. The feuds between the nobility did not subside in the state, ties between the zhuzes began to be interrupted. This led to the formation of independent khanates in each of the zhuzes. The created situation prevented the unification of the Kazakh people, despite the fact that there was a real threat of invasion from outside. During this difficult period, the khan's title was taken by the son of Khan Yesim - Zhangir. For heroic deeds in the fight against the Dzungars, the people called him Salkam (Impressive, Terrible). Zhangir sought to establish allied relations with the Bukhara and Zharkent khanates and the Kyrgyz in order to repulse the conquerors. During the reign of Zhangir, the attacks of the Jungars began. Khan Zhangir made every effort to ensure the security of the Kazakh Khanate. After the death of Zhangir, power passed to his son Tauke. Having become Khan, Tauke sought to put an end to feudal strife and create a strong centralized state. In order to strengthen his power, he began to rely on representatives of the steppe aristocracy - biys, which weakened the power of the sultans. He attached particular importance to the khan's council and the council of biys. Judicial power, according to the establishment of Khan Tauke, was vested only in the Khan and tribal biys. In the council under the khan, the decisive word also belonged to the biys. Gradually biys everywhere turned into executive power. Under Tauke Khan, the council of biys - kurultai, became a permanent institution where the most important issues of foreign and domestic policy of the Kazakh Khanate were resolved.

Summarize the main political events in Kazakhstan during the years of civil war and political confrontation.

After the revolution of 1917, Soviet power was established in Kazakhstan, and social, economic and political measures were taken. There was also the nationalization of lands, which had a positive impact on the life of Kazakhs. In Kazakhstan, the establishment of Soviet power took place in two ways: peaceful and armed In the process of establishing Soviet power in Kazakhstan, the socialist Party of Kazakhstan "USH ZHUZ" was created, its goal was to unite the Turkic-Tatar peoples and create a Turkic-Tatar federation.Later, the Ush Zhuz party opposed the Alash party, which aggravated the already difficult political situation.A significant factor in the civil confrontation was the activity of the Alash party, which did not support the ideas of Bolshevism The actions of the Soviet government during the Civil War brought many sad consequences.Examples of such actions are the liquidation of Turkestan autonomy, the formation of a policy of "war communism", which forced Kazakhstan to supply a huge amount of products, which resulted in the reduction of cultivated land and the decline of animal husbandry, the crisis, due to the short-sighted policy of the Soviet authorities in the field of agriculture, which led to famine in the 1920s The general results of the civil war and political confrontations were: the creation of the Kazakh Soviet autonomy, the establishment of Soviet power on the territory of Kazakhstan.

What was The Central Asian National Liberation Uprising of 1916, its causes, driving forces, beginning, course and main stages. Amangeldi Imanov, Tokash Bokin, Bekbolat Ashekeev, Abdigafar Zhanbosynov and others. role in organizing rebel forces.

An integral part of the national liberation movement in Central Asia in 1916. Mass National Liberation uprising of the peoples of Kazakhstan against imperialism, war, oppression, exploitation. It began on June 25, 1916 , after the Tsarist decree on the recruitment of people to the front from the "buratana" peoples of the Terek, Kuban regions and Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Siberia. The main reason for the uprising was the intensification of colonial oppression, the seizure of land, an increase in tribute, and a sharp deterioration in the position of the masses. Its mainthe governing force was the masses of the people, consisting of peasants of local nationalitiesThe political leaders of the uprising were A. Zhankeldin in Turgai, S. Mendeshev in Uralsk, zh.Mynbayev in Mangistau, S. Seifullin in Akmola, K. Rusylov in Syrdarya, T. Bokin in Semirechye. The most organized and fierce resistance of the National Liberation uprising of 1916 and the war, which frightened the Russian Tsar, took place in the Sparrow steppes. Not only Turgay uyezd, but also ulangayr included the Turgay, Irgiz,Aktobe,Kostanay uyezds of the Turgay region and neighboring atbasar, Ulytau lands. The National Liberation uprising of 1916 in Kazakhstan and Central Asia contributed to the further escalation of the political and socio - economic crisis in the Russian Empire as a whole. It shook the foundations of military - feudal and military - colonial rule in Russia and became one of the components, links of the entire national liberation movement of the colonial peoples of the East against imperialist oppression, which developed at the beginning of the XIX century.

Tell about the Dzungar Khanate and struggle against Dzungars. Main battles and the years of the Great Disasters.

At the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries, the Dzungarian army conquered part of Semirechye and reached the Sarysu River Valley. In 1718, a battle was fought against the dzungars along the Ayagoz River. Under the leadership of karakerei Kabanbai and Zhaugashar (Shakantai) batyrs, the enemy was defeated. However, this victory did not improve the difficult situation of the Kazakh people. In 1723, the Dzungarian army invaded the Kazakh territory. He crossed Zhetysu, Karatau, destroyed Kazakh villages in the Talas Valley. This was the beginning of the disaster" Aktaban shubyryndy, alkakol sulama, AK Mashin". Kazakh villages left their native lands and moved to adjacent areas in the process. The Zhetysu region was devastated. The song "Elim-AI" was born, which tells about the suffering of the people during the difficult period of the Dzungarian invasion of the XVIII century. From this basis in history "Aktaban shubyryndy, Alakol sulama (1723-1725).) ", produced during the event known as". The vast majority of the people who fled from the dzungarians passed through Syrdarya and reached Alkakol. The dzungars captured Turkestan and Tashkent in 1725 . Our heroes karakerei Kabanbai, Kanzhygaly Bogenbay, Yeset, Sauryk, Malaysary, Bayan, Zhanibek, Raiymbek, Nauryzbay, Karasai, Zhaugashar United to liberate their native land. Kanzhygaly Bogenbay batyr stood out in organizing a single army. The combined actions of the three hundred detachments began in 1726. In 1726, the Battle of Bulants took place. The 60-thousand Kazakh-Kyrgyz army defeated the Kalmyks. This place was later called "Kalmyk shaved". After the battle, the north - west of Kazakhstan was liberated. In 1726, at the Ordabasy gathering in the south-east of Turkestan, three hundred troops United and agreed to strike at the enemy. Abulkhair was elected commander-in-chief. In the spring of 1730 (1729), the Battle of Anrakai took place south of Lake Balkhash. The army of three zhuzs under the leadership of Abulkhair Khan hit the Kalmyks with a crushing blow. After the Battle of" anrakai", the dzungars retreated along the Ili River to their country, and most of the Lands of the small zhuz and Middle zhuz were liberated. However, in such a responsible period of the fate of the people, the Kazakh Khans Abulkhair and Sameke competed for the senior Khanate, and there was a split. The army of the great hundred could not resist the new force of the returning Kalmyks. The South Kazakhstan region is temporarily under Dzungarian rule.

Explain peculariries of National liberation movement of the Kazakhs led by Sultan Kenesary Kasymuli (1837-1847): driving forces, progress, main stages and reasons for defeat. Kenesary Khan in historical literature.

Causes and driving forces of the uprising. In the 20-30s of the XIX century, relations between the colonial authorities and the Kazakh people were seriously aggravated. The destruction of the Khan's power in the small zhuz and Middle zhuz caused discontent among a significant part of the Sultans, biys and batyrs. The Tsarist government began to massively seize the lands of the Kazakh people, which had long been inhabited, for the construction of military fortifications. Military detachments of the Tsarist government attacked Kazakh villages and did not show The Sun. All this left the indigenous local population in a terrible state, making it difficult for them to make ends meet. The main goal of the uprising was to recapture the Atameken settlement of the Kazakhs, seized by the Tsarist government, liquidate the districts, and eliminate the taxes imposed by the colonists. As a driving force, ordinary people, as well as elders and bi, heroes and even sultans, took part in the uprising. The thick hands of the rebels were led by the famous heroes of the three zhuz. The participants in the uprising were mostly Kazakh people. But among them were Russians and Bashkir, Uzbek, Karakalpak, Turkmen, and even po - lyaks and other representatives of the people. Some of them held high-ranking positions, having earned the special trust and respect of the Khan. The horse of nauryzbay Sultan was a Russian named Nikolai Gubin. Tatar Alim Yagudin was a member of the Military Council. The diplomatic service was headed by Uzbek Seidakkozha Ospanov on behalf of the Khan. All of these helped Kenesary build a well-organized disciplined army and taught the rebels their personal experience. Kenesary Kasymovich is a heroic hero, Commander, diplomat, outstanding person, statesman. In 1837, an uprising began under the leadership of Kenesary Kasymovich. It was one of the major uprisings in Kazakhstan. It was attended by all Kazakhs of the three zhuz. Kenesary appeared on the stage of history as the successor of his ancestor Abylai Khan. Sultan Kenesary was born in 1802. He was the son of Kasym Sultan, the grandson of Abylai Khan. The troops of enesary Khan could not resist the well - armed and strong-trained army of the Russian parking lot. Moreover, Kenesary waged war in several directions - against the Tsarist government, the Kyrgyz manaps and the Kokand Khanate. This in itself greatly scattered his main forces. There was no unity between the Sultans and the tribes. The uprising led by kenesary Kasymovich was one of the mass wars of the Kazakh people against the Tsarist government. The victory of the uprising led to the collapse of the Tsarist government in the Kyrgyz Republic., It opened the way for the capture of the territory of semirechye and southern Kazakhstan. The prerequisites for the annexation of the Bukhar, Kokand and Khiva khanates were also developed. Kenesary Kasymovich was remembered by the Kazakh people as a talented military leader, an outstanding statesman. Even with the fact that the Khan's rule was practically destroyed, he managed to unite the three Kazakh zhuzs and restore the Kazakh statehood. Many researchers believe that the sovereign state of Kenesary in the time of Abylai.

What do know about the Education of Kazakh youth in the cadet corps, gymnasiums and universities of the Russian Empire. Chokan Valikhanov.

Chokan Valikhanov. From the beginning of the 20th century, new methodical schools began to appear. In 1813, military schools were opened in Ombi, and in 1825, in Orinbor. Later they became Sibir and Orinbor Neplyuev cadet corps. The admission of Kazakh children to these educational institutions has been significantly limited. Kazakh cadets were not allowed to study a number of military subjects. A well-known Kazakh scientist, researcher and educator of the Ombi cadet corps. Shokan Ualikhanov graduated. In general, it cannot be said that the level of public education and literacy in Kazakhstan was satisfactory. There were very few secular schools. There was a lack of specialist teachers. In the nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle, it was difficult to establish permanent schools. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, about 100 Kazakh youth studied in the city of Kazan alone. Many young Kazakhs studied at the universities of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tomsk, Saratov, Kyiv, Tartu, Cairo, Bombay, Istanbul and Warsaw. For example, the law faculty of St. Petersburg University M. Shokai and A. Turlybaev finished with gold medals. And A. Bukeikhanov graduated from St. Petersburg Forestry Institute, S. Asfendiyarov graduated from the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy. There were many other Kazakh students. The transition of Kazakhs to mass education led to the strengthening of the National Liberation Movement against the tsarist government and their desire to gain autonomy.

Describe the works of Muhammed Haidar Dulati and Kadyrgali Zhalairi as valuable sources on the history of the Middle Ages.

Dulati Khusainovich Muhammad Haidar (1499-1551) was a famous historian and author of the book "Historical Rashidi." The book provides valuable information about the formation of the Kazakh Khanate, events in Semirechye and Eastern Desht-Kipchak, and the socio-economic situation of Southern and Eastern Kazakhstan during the 15th and 16th centuries. Muhammad Haidar Dulati relied on religious, historical, and literary sources when writing "Historical Rashidi," making it a scientific work. It was written in Kashmir around 1544-1546 and consists of two sections. Kadyrgali Jalairi (1530-1605) wrote the "Collection of Annals," the first scientific work in the Kazakh language. It covers the history of the Kazakh land from the 13th to the 16th century. The book provides information about the political and social status of the Kazakh Khans, tribal relations, and various social groups around the Khan. The works of Muhammad Haidar Dulati and Kadyrgali Jalairi are valuable for understanding the history and culture of the Kazakh people during the 15th and 16th centuries. They contribute to the historical and literary heritage of Kazakhstan.

Describe the process of Creation of Bokei Horde (Inner Horde): features of management system, territories, Bokei Khan's rule, Jangir Khan's educational policy.

Economic decline, led to the formation in 1801 of the so-called Bukeevskaya or Inner Horde. About the management system, the management of the Bokeev Khanate "was carried out in three instances - general supervision, close supervision and the main local administration". Bukey, the son of the khan of the Younger Zhuz Nuraly Khan, claimed the khan's throne of the Younger Zhuz, having failed, moved to the right bank of the Urals, where he created the semi-independent state of the Bukeev Horde, In 1812 he was elected khan of the Bukeev Horde. The territory was located in the Astrakhan Region, on the left bank of the Volga. During the years of Khan Zhangir's rule, he carried out significant transformations in the political and legal system. He entered significant innovations in the system of management and organization of power of traditional society nomads. As a result, the management system and the organization of power in the Bokeev Khanate acquired many features by the 40s of the XIX century.

Analyze the "Zhety Jargy" as a monument to the law of the Kazakh people.

Having taken the khan's throne, Tauke paid special attention to the internal situation of the khanate, the economic and political strengthening of the state. To do this, with the active participation of the most influential biys of the three zhuzes - Tole bi (Senior zhuz), Kazybek bi (Middle zhuz), Aiteke bi (Junior zhuz) - a set of laws Zhety zhargy was developed, which literally means "Seven regulations". It was based on the legal norms of governing the state and people formed under the previous khans - "Kasym khannyn kaska zholy" and "Yesim khannyn eski zholy". "Zhety zhargy" contributed to the political unification of the Kazakh people. As a result of the adoption of the Zhety Zhargy code of laws by Khan Tauke, a ban was imposed on discord in the country: a person who violated the law was severely punished. Thus, the Kazakh Khanate turned into an independent, purely national state with a common language and a common territory. The list of crimes in "Zhety zhargy" included murder, theft, kidnapping (stealing) of women, causing bodily harm, insulting the Almighty, etc. They were brought to legal responsibility from the age of 13. Marriage was also allowed from the age of 13. Blood relatives were not allowed to marry up to seven generations.

How was Liquidated of the Khan's power in the Junior Zhuz according the administrative reforms of 1822-1824

In 1822, the Governor-General of Orenburg drafted a Charter for Junior Juz and approved it by the Asian Committee in 1824. In 1822, the governor-general of Orenburg drafted a Charter for the Younger Juz, which was approved by the Asian Committee in 1824. In 1824, the Russian government adopted the "Charter on the Orenburg Kyrgyz", developed by the Orenburg governor-general P.K.Essen. As in the Middle Juz, in the Junior Juz the khan's power was abolished. Management of Junior Juz was carried out from the Border Commission. According to the Charter, Junior Juz was divided into three parts - Western, Middle and Eastern, headed by sultans-rulers. Sultans-rulers, placed at the head of the parts, in fact, were officials of the Orenburg Boundary Commission, which included a chairman, four counselors and assessors of wealthy Kazakhs. According to its duties, the commission performed the functions of a provincial board. Sultans-rulers were obliged to monitor the preservation of order in the steppe, supervise the actions of local officials from among the Kazakhs, collect taxes and conduct judicial affairs. Rulers of part of Zhuz were appointed only by the Orenburg governor, and other officials were appointed by the Frontier Commission. Also in the Younger Juz the position of trustee of the near-lying Kazakhs was introduced. The judicial system, as under the "Charter on the Siberian Kirghiz", all major cases were handled by the military court or the Frontier Commission, while minor cases were left to the local courts on the basis of customary law. In the Junior Juz, a major new administrative reform was carried out in 1831, when a remote management system was introduced. All the nomads adjoining the Frontier Line, from Guriev to Zverinogolovsk fortress, were divided into 32 areas - districts. At the head of the distances were chiefs of petty officers and sultans appointed by the government. They were subordinated to the sultans-rulers and governed the Kazakh communities through the elders appointed from among the Kazakh nobility. This reform destroyed the last vestiges of Kazakh independence in the border regions.

Tell on Uprising of the Kazakhs led by Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisuly in the Bokei Khanate (1836-1838): driving forces, nature, stages, importance of the uprising.

In 1836-38, it led to the uprising of the people. The uprising was led by Isatai Taimanuly and Makhambet Otemisuly. The main reasons for the uprising: - Increase in monetary tax; - Obligation to provide a horse worth 70 soms for the needs of the khan's palace every autumn; - Paying taxes for the peasants to migrate, collect hay, pass through the meadows of the Russian landowners; - The injustice and ruthlessness of Jangir Khan. The main driving force of the uprising was the peasants, and the chiefs and princes also took part in it. The main goal of the uprising: - Limiting Khan's tyranny; - Improving the condition of farmers; - Changing the colonial policy of the royal government in the land issue; - Stop the construction of military fortifications. Nature of rebellion: Anti-feudal and anti-colonial. Progress of the uprising. The uprising was divided into three stages. The first period - 1833-1836 is described as preparation for the armed uprising, and the second period - from the beginning of 1837 when the rebels marched against the khan to their defeat in the fall of this year. The third period covers the period from December 1837, when a small group of rebels led by Isatai and Makhambet moved to the left bank of Zhaiyk, gathered forces and resumed the rebellion, until the final defeat in the battle near the Akbulak River in mid-July 1838. In the next conflict, Isatai's horse is shot, but the hero fights on foot. In this battle, Isatai was captured, three servants of Baimagambet tied his hands behind his back, and one of them pointed a gun at the hero's chest and shot him. On July 12, 1838, in Akbulak, the rebels were defeated by the detachment led by Gekke and Aishuakuly. On July 23, 1838, rebels led by Mahambet attacked the village of Khan. After the death of Isatai, Makhambet Otemisuly went to Khiva Khanate with some people. Later, the administration of Orinbor captured him, took him to court and exiled him to Atyrau region. The people of Baymagambet sultan, who were not satisfied with the court verdict, killed Makhambet in his house in September 1846.Reasons for the defeat of the rebellion: Disloyalty of representatives of the ruling class; The inability of the leaders of the uprising to unite the uprisings in the Small Face and the Inner Horde; Arms inequality; Spontaneity, lack of organization; Predominance of the power of the punishment squads of the royal government; Part of the rebels are not confident in their work; Local nature of the uprising. Result: - The tax amount is limited; - The tsar's government was counting on the Kazakh elders; - proved the weakening of the khanate power in the Inner Horde; - showed that the Kazakh feudal lords were in contact with the administration of the colonial administration; - The foundation of the united struggle of representatives of various peoples against the exploiters was laid. - The punitive army of the tsar, who came to Khushkhuz, did not allow the rebels to unite and take further action. The uprising led by Isatai Taimanuly and Makhambet Otemisuly is an uprising for social equality in the society, which encouraged the spirit of freedom of the Kazakh people against the colonial policy of the Russian Empire.

Explain the main causes of the famine in Kazakhstan 1921-1922.

In 1920, there was a crop failure, and then an unprecedented case of cattle, long winter, dry summer, the sown area was reduced. In materials on combating hunger in 1921-1922, officials of that period indicate that "even with an average harvest, partial famine in the KASSR would have been inevitable. The summer drought of 1921 and the locusts, which caused a lot of trouble to the places, led to starvation. Food shortages were a critical source of social unrest and political instability during the first year of Soviet power. Through the course of the civil war, efforts by the Soviet government to acquire sufficient foodstuffs to support the Red Army and the urban population assumed massive proportions. Food detachments sent out from the cities were a regular feature of the "food dictatorship" that was imposed on the peasantry. Even after the civil war wound down, requisitioning of grain and other food supplies provoked violent confrontations between Soviet authorities and peasant producers. One consequence of these encounters was the reduction of sown area which left little margin for crop failures. The situation was "ripe" for famine. The New Economic Policy, which permitted peasants to sell their surpluses after meeting tax obligations, was a bold attempt on the part of the state to break the cycle of violence that characterized its relations with the peasantry. But no sooner was it introduced in the spring of 1921 then the entire Volga basin was hit by a devastating crop failure, actually the second in as many years. The resulting famine affected at least twenty million people, one and a quarter million of whom trekked from the stricken region to other parts of the country. In July 1921, the Soviet government gave authority to local authorities to exempt from the tax-in-kind peasants suffering from crop failures. The famine forced the Bolsheviks to re-establish ties with capitalist nations in the west, from which food aid poured in. It appointed an All-Russian Committee to Aid the Hungry, consisting of prominent intellectuals including Maksim Gorky. Gorky's appeal for foreign assistance bore fruit in the agreement concluded between the Soviet government and the American Relief Administration directed by Herbert Hoover. Over the next two years, the ARA supplied food and medical assistance to a reported ten million people. Nevertheless, an estimated five million people died as a result of the famine, succumbing to outbreaks of cholera and typhus that proved fatal owing to weakened resistance.

Describe the New Economic Policy (NEP) 's main features and implementation in Kazakhstan.

In March 1921, Lenin announced a new economic check, but only by the end of the year it was finally formalized at the level of decrees of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars.NEP - a retreat from the policy of "war communism", a fusion of economic and socio-political measures. Private enterprise began to be revived in the country, all kinds of artels gave the green light to free trade, they heard the authorities and the demands of the peasantry. Moreover, the implementation of the NEP began precisely with reforms in agriculture. In practice, this meant replacing the surplus appropriation with a food tax. The farmers breathed a sigh of relief. After all, it was established even before the sowing campaign and it was fixed throughout the year, and, most importantly, the tax in kind was half the volume of the surplus appraisal. Now the peasants, when fulfilling the entire volume of state deliveries, were free to sell the surplus. Why not material support and an incentive to increase labor productivity in the countryside?! And then - more. The authorities abolished labor service, hated by the people, allowed to rent land, hire employees, that is, use hired labor. There was free trade, cooperation, self-financing was applied. The measures of the NEP boiled down to the following: labor service was abolished, freedom of trade, land lease, the use of hired labor were allowed, the development of cooperation was encouraged, self-financing began to be widely used, and the card system was abolished. The new economic policy showed positive results very soon. Almost two years after its announcement, most of the agriculture was restored. So, by 1925, the sown area amounted to almost 3 million hectares, it was possible to restore the pre-war level of the gross grain harvest, and the gross cotton harvest completely exceeded the pre-war level. The number of livestock also increased in comparison with the first year of the NEP, and by the mid-1920s it exceeded 26 million heads. The famous Uilskaya, Temirskaya, Kuyandinskaya fairs revived in the republic, there were more than 120 of them in total. The total volume of trade at the fairs exceeded 20-23 million rubles.

Describe the mood of Kazakh nation on All-Kazakh Congress in July 1917 and the decision to create the Alash Party. Election of deputies of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly and Alash Party. Tell about Outstanding persons of "Alash": A.Bokeikhanov, M.Dulatov and others.

In Omsk, the socialist party "Ush Zhuz" was formed, which competed with the party "Alash". Most of the population supported the Alash party. Part of the intelligentsia, expressing the sentiments of a large part of the Kazakh population, supported the idea of autonomy of the Kazakhs, announced by the leaders of the Alash party, and called on the Kazakhs to fight for self-determination.During the congress, the first Kazakh autonomy was established, land issues were considered, and deputies to the Congress of Muslims, deputies of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly and deputies of the Alash party were elected. A. Bukeikhanov, M.Dulatov, A. Baitursynov, E.Gumarov, G.Zhundibaev, G. Birimzhanov, E.Turmukhamedov were the drafters of the program of the Alash party A. Bukeikhan was an outstanding leader of the intelligentsia, participated in many metropolitan events, was well aware of the general political movements of Russia and Europe.He was elected chairman of the All-Kazakh People's Council M.Dulatov wrote poems that played a huge role in the formation of the national creation of the Kazakhs.State the purpose of the national liberation movement of Kazakhs A.Baitursynov was the leader of rallies against the tsarist government.He was one of the leaders of the Kazakh intelligentsia and was sent to remote areas of Kazakhstan.He was the chairman of the Kazakh governing bodies In the 30s, members of the Alash movement were subject to repression. All of them were outstanding figures of Kazakh society, held petition campaigns outlining the plight of Kazakhs and asking for solutions to problems

Describe the development of spiritual culture of the Kazakh people in the mid XV- the first third XVIII centuries.

In the 15th-17th centuries, oral folk art with its numerous themes and genres developed rapidly. The main types of genres were fantastic tales, legends, proverbs and sayings, songs and tales, wedding songs zhar-zhar, betashar, etc. The creators of Kazakh oral literature were talented akyns, sals and sers.In the 15-17th centuries, during the period of the Golden Horde and Ak Orda, the ancient Kypchak language was used as the official literary language. Also in these centuries, the music of the Kazakh people was well developed. The most popular among all musical instruments was the dombra. Of the bowed strings, kobyz was widely used. The musicians also played the flute made of reeds and wood.Skillful folk musicians also composed kyui, performed on various musical instruments. ped well.In the 16-17th centuries, the Kazakhs officially adopted the Islamic religion. The spreaders of Islam among the Kazakhs were Turkestan, Bukhara and Astrakhan clergy. Kazakh khans and sultans, having adopted Islam, began to observe all its rituals, for example, reading the Koran and namaz. They sent their children to study in the madrasah.

Describe the culture of Kazakhstan in the 1920s-1930s.

In the field of culture, the task was to close the gap between the previously backward peoples and Central Russia in the first decades of Soviet power. In the context of the transition to a peaceful life, the need arose: 1. In the eradication of illiteracy (literacy program); 2.In training; 3.In raising the cultural level of the working people. Many obstacles stood in the way of cultural construction in the region: Lack of national intelligentsia; great power chauvinism; lack of material and technical base. Red yurts became centers for organizing educational work and eliminating illiteracy among the poor. In 1924, the Down with Illiteracy society was formed. In December 1931, universal compulsory education was introduced for the working population of the republic between the ages of 15 and 50. Universal education in areas with a nomadic population was introduced in the spring of 1931. In May 1926, the Council of People's Commissars of the Republic adopted the "Charter of the unified labor school of the Kazakh ASSR": 1. The proportion of one-year and two-year schools has been reduced; 2. The proportion of "three-year-olds" and "four-year-olds" has been increased; 3. Schools for girls were opened. Particular attention in the 20-30s. 20th century paid attention to the coverage of school education of Kazakh girls. In the 1930-1931 academic year, universal education was introduced in settled areas. Since the spring of 1931 - in areas with a nomadic population. As a result of the famine of 1931-1932. The number of orphanages and boarding schools has increased in the country. In the autumn of 1932, 68,000 children were placed in orphanages. It was envisaged: Financial assistance to students; Issuance of scholarships; Free supply of textbooks; Supply of footwear, clothing, transport.The Komsomol took patronage over universal education. Figures of the national intelligentsia took an active part in the creation of original textbooks and teaching aids in their native language: A. Baitursynov wrote teaching aids on his native speech, an illustrated primer; Zh.Aymauytov - methods of teaching the native language, which posed the problem of bilingualism, international and moral education of students; K.Satpaev - the first algebra textbook for high school in the Kazakh language; A. Bukeikhanov is the author of a textbook on geography. Higher and secondary specialized education In 1928 - the first pedagogical institute, which was later named after Abai. In 1929 - Alma-Ata Veterinary Zootechnical Institute. In 1930 - Kazakh Agricultural Institute. 1931 - Alma-Ata Medical Institute. 1931-32 - Ural and KyzylOrdineky Pedagogical Institutes. In 1934 - Kazakh Mining and Metallurgical Institute. A major event in the cultural life of the republic was the opening in 1934 of the Kazakh State University. S.M. Kirov.

Tell about the repression of Kazakh intelligentsia in the 1930s.

In the period from the 30s to the 50s of the last century, prominent figures of science and culture, representatives of the national intelligentsia of Kazakhstan were subjected to mass repressions. Their fates are tragic: some were shot, the rest were sentenced to various terms, some of them died in the camps, the surviving part was convicted again. These are such prominent historical figures as Akhmet Baitursynov, Alikhan Bokeikhanov, Magzhan Zhumabaev, Mirzhakyp Dulatov, Khalel Dosmukhamedov, Zhakhansha Dosmukhamedov, Ualithan Tanashev and many others. The fate of the bulk of the "enemies of the people" was decided secretly, at meetings of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, at special meetings of the NKVD and in the so-called "troikas" and "twos". Kazakhstanis were often accused of espionage for Japan and Germany, which was confirmed only by their own "confessions" of the accused and convicted in the absence of other evidence in the cases. Accusations of anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda were widespread, based mainly on denunciations by neighbors and colleagues. In the period from 1921 to 1954, 100,000 people were convicted in Kazakhstan, and 25,000 of them received the death penalty - execution.

Describe the main features of industrialization and its implementation in Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan, like many other Soviet republics, underwent rapid industrialization during the period of Soviet rule. This process involved the rapid expansion of industry and the development of heavy industries such as mining, metallurgy, and energy production. One of the key features of industrialization in Kazakhstan was the construction of large industrial plants and factories. These facilities were often built in remote areas, and workers were brought in from other parts of the Soviet Union to staff them. This led to the growth of industrial cities, such as Karaganda and Temirtau, which were built specifically to support the new industries. Another important feature of industrialization in Kazakhstan was the development of infrastructure, including roads, railways, and ports. This allowed for the efficient transportation of raw materials and finished goods, and it helped to stimulate economic growth. Despite the benefits of industrialization, it also had negative effects on the environment and the health of the population. The expansion of heavy industry led to pollution and the destruction of natural habitats, and many workers were exposed to dangerous working conditions. However, overall, industrialization played a significant role in the economic development of Kazakhstan. Tasks of industrialization: Develop leading industries is hard industry. Eliminate technical and economic backwardness. It was necessary to form a working class and industrial and technical intelligentsia from the indigenous population.

Describe the political role of Ablay khan in history of Kazakhstan

Khan Abylay takes an important place in the history of the Kazakh people, his efforts were primarily aimed at creating a strong and independent Kazakh state. According to the Russian researcher of modern times I. Kraft, "...he (Abylay - author) was able, depending on the circumstances, to seem loyal to Russia, then to China, then to Dzungaria, but in reality he did not obey anyone. Khan led the unification of the Kazakhs and contributed to the centralization of state power in the Steppe. He played an important role in the defeat of the Dzungars and the Volga Kalmyks. He managed not only to stop the movement of Chinese armies through Kazakhstan, but also to return the traditional pastures on the Tarba-gatai and in the valley of the Ili River. The raids of the Alatau Kyrgyz were stopped. Khan Abylai enjoyed great respect not only among the Kazakhs but also among his neighbors. The Kazakhs, attacking their opponents, used the battle cry "Abylai! A. Bokeykhanov in his work "The Kyrgyz" writes that even Siberian Cossacks used this battle cry: "The cry of 'Abylai' was common even among the Siberian Russian Cossacks. One of them, seeing his son off to the Japanese war (1904-1905 - auth.), even admonished him "Abylai! Abylai! ...Attack! According to Sh. Ualikhanov, his subjects called Abylai "as an incarnate spirit sent down to accomplish great things.

Describe the development traditional nomadic culture of the Kazakhs in the mid XV- the first third XVIII centuries

Nomadism is a historically formed economic and social system. Nomadism has been the basis of pastoral cattle farming in the Eurasian and Afro-Asian territory for a long time. The historians define the following periods of nomadism — Ancient, Classic and Modern. The Saka, Uisun, Qangly, Huns and other tribes belonged to the ancient nomads of the great steppe. In the Turkic times, the Mongolian Classic period of Nomadism contributed much to world development. The system of cattle breeding represented a type of ordered and well-developed economy, having improved household particularities. The cattle breeding that became a main production tool for the nomads living in the Eurasian steppes gave not only the food, but its products were used also for exchange. By developing the methods of cattle husbandry, nomadism improved continuously beginning from the daily used household tools to moral and ethical notions. As a result of understanding time and space, moving from one place to another, and stationing in a suitable climatic zone, the nomads could put cultural and climatic characteristics to good use. For example, from ancient times in Kazakhstan they used June pasture field. The wooded lands and steppes of the southeast mountains were used for summer grazing due to abundant rain. The eastern and central regions were used for winter grazings. And spring and autumn pasture fields were adjoining summer and winter fields. According to the established traditions the June pasture fields were divided among the families and all other lands were used together. Understanding the fierce nature of the steppe, forecasting its internal regularities are the main aspects of the nomadic culture.

Tell about Rebellions of Zhankozha Nurmukhameduly and Eset Kotibaruly. Torgai, Ural regions in 1868-1869 and in 1870. Reasons, nature and course of Mangistau Kazakh uprisings.

Russia's advance into Southern Kazakhstan and Semirechye, the raids of Khiva and Kokand caused uprisings of Kazakhs led by Zhankozha and Yeset. In the mid-50s - early 60s, the anti-colonial war of the Kazakhs broke out with renewed vigor. In the Aral Sea region, Kazakh detachments were led by batyr Yeset, in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya - Zhankozha Nurmukhameduly. The combined Kokand-Kazakh army resumed active operations against the Russians in Zhetysu. The uprising of 1868-1869 in the Ural and Turgai regions. The reason for the uprising was the departure of organizational commissions to the Steppe to implement the "Temporary Provisions" of 1867-1868. The leaders of the uprising in the Ural and Turgai regions were Sale Turkebayuly, the grandson of the famous batyr Syrym, and Berkin Ospanuly. The uprising was both anti-colonial and anti-feudal in nature. The military governor N. Verevkin acted to suppress the uprising in the Ural and Turgay regions. Poorly organized, disunited rebels of the Ural and Turgai regions were defeated. On the territory of Mangystau in 1870, the Adai tribe opposed the colonial reform of 1867-1868.Leaders of the Mangystau Uprising: Dosan Tazhiuly and Isa Tlenbayuly. Driving forces: Kazakh sharua, fishermen and workers of fisheries, harvesters. The reason for the uprising on Mangystau was: Rukin's threats and his attempts with the help of troops to force the Adayevites to accept the "Situation". The performances were local in nature. The Kazakhs were unable to present a united front.

Tell about the "Alash" movement and the idea of ​​a national state.

The Alash movement is a national liberation movement against the colonial policy of the Russian Empire in the first quarter of the 20th century. At the beginning of the last century, most of the territory of the Kazakhs became the property of the Russian state, the number of migrants increased sharply, the indigenous population was forcibly ousted from the inhabited lands. The struggle against the policy of tsarism was led by the national intelligentsia, who formed the Alash movement after the 1st Russian revolution. The program document of the Alash movement was the Karkaraly petition of 1905. At the end of 1905, a "delegate congress" of representatives of the five regions of Kazakhstan was convened in Uralsk, at which a preliminary decision was made to create a Kazakh national party, on the basis of which the Alash party later arose. After the October Revolution, the life of the people deteriorated, political forces were scattered. Under these conditions, the leaders of the Kazakh liberal-democratic movement, taking into account the rapidly changing revolutionary situation and the directly opposite goals of political forces, decided to speed up the holding of the all-Kazakh congress.The main idea of Alash intellectuals was to create a sovereign, the independent nation-state of the Kazakh people.

Call the reasons of February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia and its impact on Kazakhstan. New tasks of the national liberation movement due to revolutionary changes. Invitation of the Kazakh political elite to create Kazakh committees.

The February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia, also known as the February Revolution, took place in 1917 and was a major turning point in Russian and world history. The revolution was sparked by a variety of factors, including widespread discontent with World War I, economic hardships, and the oppressive policies of the Tsarist regime. The impact of the revolution on Kazakhstan was significant, as it marked the beginning of a period of significant political and social change for the region. One of the most important effects of the February Revolution on Kazakhstan was the invitation of the Kazakh political elite to create Kazakh committees. These committees, which were established in various cities and towns across the region, were tasked with representing the interests of the Kazakh people and advocating for their rights and autonomy within the new political order that emerged in Russia following the revolution. Another important impact of the February Revolution on Kazakhstan was the emergence of a new national liberation movement. Prior to the revolution, many Kazakhs had been subject to discrimination and oppression under the Tsarist regime, and many were eager to take advantage of the revolutionary changes to fight for their rights and autonomy. This national liberation movement played a key role in shaping the political and social landscape of Kazakhstan in the years that followed the revolution. Overall, the February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia had a profound impact on Kazakhstan, paving the way for significant political and social changes in the region and laying the groundwork for the emergence of a strong national liberation movement.

What do know about the Participation of representatives of the Kazakh elite in All-Russian Muslim congresses. The role of "Ittifaq-el-Muslimin" (Union of Muslims) in the formation of the social and political movement of Russian Muslims.

The Kazakh elite took an active part in Muslim congresses, in particular, representatives of the Turkestan region. The activities of the Muslim liberal political party Ittifaq-el-Muslimin, as before the February Revolution of 1917, were aimed at protecting the rights and interests of the Muslim population, implementing the principle of freedom of conscience and religion in relation to Russian Muslims. As a result of their conduct, a decision was made to strive for the organization of the national-cultural autonomy of the Muslim peoples, a detailed project of its internal and external structure, including in the system of the political system of the Russian state, was drawn up.

Describe the causes of the October revolution in 1917 and its effects on the political situation of Kazakhstan.

The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, took place in Russia in 1917 and was a key turning point in Russian and world history. The revolution was the result of a variety of factors, including widespread dissatisfaction with World War I, economic hardships, and the oppressive policies of the Tsarist regime. The revolution was led by the Bolshevik Party, which was a Marxist political party that sought to overthrow the Tsarist government and establish a socialist state in Russia. The October Revolution had a significant impact on the political situation of Kazakhstan. Prior to the revolution, Kazakhstan had been part of the Russian Empire, and many Kazakhs had been subject to discrimination and oppression under the Tsarist regime. The revolution marked the beginning of a new era in which Kazakhs, along with other minority groups in Russia, were able to assert their rights and autonomy more effectively. One of the key effects of the October Revolution on the political situation of Kazakhstan was the creation of the Alash Party. The Alash Party was a political party that was established in 1917 by a group of Kazakh intellectuals and political leaders who were seeking to promote the rights and interests of the Kazakh people. The party played a key role in shaping the political landscape of Kazakhstan in the years that followed the revolution, and many of its members were elected as deputies to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly. Overall, the October Revolution had a major impact on the political situation of Kazakhstan, paving the way for the emergence of a strong national liberation movement and the creation of a political party that would represent the interests of the Kazakh people.

Tell about the territory, ethnic composition, economy of the Siberian Khanate

The Siberian Khanate was a historical state that existed in Siberia from the 15th to the 17th centuries. Here's an overview of its territory, ethnic composition, and economy: Territory: The Siberian Khanate encompassed a vast territory in Siberia, extending from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It covered an area that is now part of modern-day Russia, including regions such as Siberia, the Russian Far East, and parts of Kazakhstan. Ethnic Composition: The ethnic composition of the Siberian Khanate was diverse, comprising various indigenous Siberian and Turkic peoples. The dominant indigenous groups included the Tatars, Siberian Turkic tribes such as the Yakuts and Buryats, and various indigenous Finno-Ugric and Mongolic peoples. The Tatars played a significant role in the administration and military affairs of the khanate. Economy: The economy of the Siberian Khanate was primarily based on nomadic pastoralism, hunting, and gathering, as well as limited agriculture in certain regions. The nomadic pastoralists, particularly the indigenous Turkic and Mongolic tribes, engaged in animal husbandry, primarily raising horses, cattle, sheep, and reindeer. They relied on these herds for sustenance, transportation, and trade. Trade played an essential role in the economy of the khanate. The Siberian Khanate was strategically located along the trade routes that connected the Russian lands to Central Asia and China. It facilitated the exchange of goods, such as furs, leather, horses, and other animal products, with neighboring regions. Furs, in particular, were highly valued commodities and were traded with merchants from Russia, Central Asia, and China. The khanate also benefited from the control of natural resources, such as valuable fur-bearing animals like sable, beaver, and fox. Fur trapping and the fur trade were significant sources of wealth and commerce for the khanate. Additionally, the khanate had limited mining activities, extracting resources like gold, silver, iron, and salt. However, these activities were relatively modest compared to the agricultural and pastoral sectors. It's important to note that the Siberian Khanate was eventually absorbed into the expanding Russian Empire in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The Russian conquest brought about significant changes to the region, including the introduction of Russian administration, settlement, and the integration of Siberia into the Russian economic system.

Describe The influence of modernist educational ideas and the opening of schools and madrasahs in the field with a new methodology. Jadidism.

The accession of Kazakhstan to Russia has made changes to the system of religious education in the Kazakh land. It is known that attempts to give the Kazakhs a religious education through the Tatar mullahs, which is part of the Russian colonial policy, came from the desire to educate the Kazakh people to be servile and freedom-loving. This trend continued until the second half of the 19th century. Until this period, the education system in the Kazakh steppe had a single religious character. At the end of the 19th century, on the Kazakh lands of Sozak ("Bab ata"), Kyzylorda ("Kalzhan akhun", "Myrzabay akhun"), Taldykorgan ("Mamania"), Almaty ("Koram"), Taraz ("Abdykadyr"), Syrymbet (Aiganym madrasah), Bokey horde ("Horde"), Semey ("Ahmet Riza", "Ayakoz", "Sary Khismat"), Ural ("Mutygia", "Ragibia", "Buzuov"), Zhezkazgan ("Duligals" ), Torgay ("Salt"), Horde ("Akkoily"), Shayan ("White Ishan"), Turkestan, Karnak ("Khalfe", "Shamukhamed Ishan", "Molda Hashir Damolla", "Abilkhair Kazi"), Aktobe Many madrasahs were built in the Yrgyz, Leps, Merkin, Kostanay regions Some of these madrasahs were built under the influence of the Tatar-Bashkir madrasahs, which were formed in an innovative system based on modernism. A large group of the Kazakh intelligentsia received religious education in these madrasahs. Some of these intellectuals, who became enlightened scientists of our people, studied at the Husainiya madrasah in Orynbor, Galia in Ufa, Rasuliya in Troitskoye, and joined the ideas of Jadidism. This, in turn, marked the beginning of the widespread use of Art Nouveau and brevity in Kazakh madrasahs at the beginning of the 20th century.

What do you know about the Central Asia in the political system of the Russian Empire. Acceptance of Russian citizenship by Suyik Abylaikhanuly, the Great Zhuzes'Sultan.

The accession of South Kazakhstan, and then Central Asia, to Russia allowed tsarism to gain the upper hand in rivalry with the British Empire. With administrative and political reforms, tsarism eliminated the traditional system of government, opened up wide opportunities for settling the Kazakh region with Russian settlers, displacing nomads to unsuitable lands. Having gained uncontrolled power over most of the population, Russia expanded its colonial policy in almost all areas. In 1817, Sultan Suyuk Abylayuly announced the desire of the clans under his control to accept Russian citizenship. The territory, where 66 thousand people of the Zhalair tribe lived, became part of the Russian Empire.

Describe the process of Creation of Bokei Horde (Inner Horde): features of management system, territories, Bokei Khan's rule, Jangir Khan's educational policy.

The formation of Bukeye Khanate - in 1801, part of the Kazakhs of Junior Juz migrated between the Volga and the Urals. In 1812, the Bukeye Khanate was founded there. It existed until 1845. First, the Kazakhs sitting in the border areas were experiencing severe drops in livestock grazing. The royal government did not heed their requests for land. This in itself began to cause new uprisings against Russian colonialism. The possibility of Kazakhs immigrating to China appeared. Secondly, the Kazakhs tried to return to their former parent settlement. And these settlements were on the inland side of the border line with Russia. After a significant group of Volga Kalmyks moved to Xinjiang in 1771, vacated land appeared between the Volga and the Urals. Third, after the violent suppression of the uprising led by Syrym Datovich, the Sultans and the Khan were under strong pressure and repression became more frequent. Fourth, the tsarist government had long been known after the violent suppression of the uprisings led by Pugachev and Datovich

Analyze the problems of the formation of the Kazakh nationality. Describe the ethnonym "Kazakh". Tell about the problem of Kazakh Zhuzes in historical literature.

The formation of the Kazakh nationality has faced various challenges throughout history. Here's an analysis of the problems encountered during its formation, an explanation of the ethnonym "Kazakh," and an overview of the issue of Kazakh Zhuzes in historical literature: Problems of Formation: a) Geographic Factors: The Kazakh people historically inhabited a vast region that encompassed present-day Kazakhstan, parts of Russia, China, and Central Asia. This geographical dispersion, combined with nomadic lifestyles and interactions with neighboring ethnic groups, presented challenges in forging a unified Kazakh identity. b) External Influences: The Kazakh people interacted with different cultures, including Turkic, Mongolic, Persian, and Russian, which influenced their language, traditions, and customs. These external influences, while shaping aspects of Kazakh culture, also posed challenges to the formation of a distinct Kazakh nationality. c) Political Fragmentation: Throughout history, the Kazakh people were organized into different tribal and clan structures, known as zhuzes. This fragmentation hindered the development of a centralized Kazakh identity and contributed to divisions and rivalries among different Kazakh groups. Ethnonym "Kazakh": The ethnonym "Kazakh" refers to the Kazakh people, who are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group primarily inhabiting Kazakhstan. The origin of the term is believed to be derived from the Turkic word "qaz," meaning "free" or "wanderer." The Kazakhs historically led a nomadic lifestyle, and the ethnonym reflects their connection to the vast steppes and their free-spirited nature. The term "Kazakh" has been used to identify the Kazakh people since ancient times, but its specific usage and meaning have evolved over centuries. It has become a central element in defining the Kazakh nationality and identity. Kazakh Zhuzes in Historical Literature: The concept of "zhuz" refers to the traditional division of the Kazakh people into three major social and territorial groups: the Great Zhuz, Middle Zhuz, and Junior Zhuz. Each zhuz was further divided into smaller tribes and clans. This system helped organize the nomadic society and had implications for political, social, and economic dynamics within the Kazakh community. However, the categorization of the zhuzes and their historical significance have been a topic of debate and interpretation in historical literature. Different scholars have presented varying perspectives on the composition, roles, and interactions of the zhuzes throughout history. The understanding of the zhuzes has evolved over time, and new research continues to shed light on their complexities and nuances. The issue of Kazakh zhuzes in historical literature demonstrates the challenges of interpreting and reconstructing the past, particularly in complex social and political contexts where historical records may be limited or fragmented. In conclusion, the formation of the Kazakh nationality has faced challenges related to geographic factors, external influences, and political fragmentation. The ethnonym "Kazakh" reflects the historical and cultural identity of the Kazakh people, while the concept of Kazakh zhuzes has been the subject of interpretation and debate in historical literature. Over time, the Kazakh people have navigated these challenges and developed a distinct national identity while preserving their rich cultural heritage.

Tell on Colonial policy of Russian Tsar: Creation of border lines, seizing of land. Military-Cossack colonization: Cossack troops of Ural, Orinbor, Siberia. Cossack class and its status.

The imperial policy of the tsarist government planned to seize the territories of the Kirghiz-Kaysak hordes. According to the Regulations of 1808, the Siberian military line was obliged to accept Cossacks with their weapons, uniforms and horses for service Tsarist Russia in the first half of the XVIII Century Began the military-Cossack colonization of the Kazakh steppe through the construction of military fortifications. Ural, Orenburg, Siberian and Semirechensk Cossacks came into direct contact with the local Kazakh population, entered into relations with them. These relations were sometimes peaceful and mutually beneficial. The first settlements of Ural Cossacks appeared in the north-western part of the territory of modern Kazakhstan in the XVI century. The Moscow state attracted Ural Cossacks to protect the south-eastern borders and military colonization. The Orenburg Cossack army was created in 1748 - 1755 . The Cossacks settled in villages, fortresses and redoubts, and had to carry out border guard duty, engage in agriculture and cattle breeding.

Tell about the Alash Movement and its relations with the Bolsheviks: From attempts at Compromise to Confrontation.

The mutual relations between Alash and the Bolsheviks were characterized by differences in principle in notions of the ways for the further development of society, and incompatibility of the goals and the methods of party activity, as well as the rule in the political culture of Russian society of a no-compromises syndrome.a Comparing the radicalism of the RSDLP(b) with the moderate position of the other socialists, one author of the Alash program draft, M. Dulatov, wrote: "The Bolsheviks want to destroy and break everything all at once, to take power into their hands and do everything their way. Of course, the belief that there should be neither rich nor poor in the world and that everyone must be equal and live in peace and solidarity—this is all well and good, but ... you would need a couple of centuries to accomplish all that." A. Baitursynov explained the Kazakhs' negative attitude toward the October Revolution by the absence among them of the degree of class differentiation characteristic in industrial regions.

Tell on National liberation movement of Junior Zhuz led by Syrym Datuly

The national liberation movement led by Syrym Datula is an uprising against the central policy of tsarist Russia in 1783-1797 in Kishi Yuz. The main driving force behind the uprising were the Kazakh peasants, foremen, princes, tribal leaders, who could not withstand the pressure of the tsarist government. C. The first goal of the popular movement led by Datula was to put an end to the colonization of the tsarist government and strike at the Zhaiyk Cossacks. The goal of the rebels is to restore the centuries-old system of land use, stop the occupation of Kazakh lands by the Ural Cossack army, put an end to the arbitrariness of Nuraly Khan and the aristocracy in his palace. The main forces of the rebels were concentrated around the lower line of the Zhaiyk and Orsk fortresses. The rebels, led by Barak, Tilenshi, Orazbay and Sultan Zhantore, concentrated in the area of ​​​​the upper fortress of Zhaiyk and the city of Elek. The cooling of Nural's relations with the rebels who served the tsarist government prompted the rulers of Orinbor to resort to military measures. On February 17, 1785, an army was sent against the rebels, consisting of 237 Cossacks and 2432 Bashkirs, led by Major General Smirnov. But because of the daytime cold, they could not penetrate deep into the Field of the Small Hundred, robbed the Kazakh auls and took the Kazakhs prisoner. In the spring of 1785, the uprising unfolded on a large scale. The royal government is trying to resolve this situation in favor of colonization, and O.A. According to Ygelstrom's reform, he wants to abolish the khanate. Syrym Datuly initially supported the reform, since his goal was to attack the domination of the khans. However, the tsarist government soon realized that this reform was contrary to its interests, and the reform was stopped. In 1790, the commander of the Cossack army D. Donskov's military actions against the Kazakhs provoked a renewal of the uprising. Due to the death of Nurali in 1791, the election of Yeraly as a khan and the non-recognition of the new khan Syrim caused a split between the Kazakh sultans and atamans. The death of Yeraly Khan in 1794, the election of one of Nuraly's sons, Yesimin, as khan in 1795, and the return of Nuraly's descendants to the khan's throne even more than before, strengthened Syrim's resistance to the Nuraly family. This situation ended with an ambush attack by the Syrim group on the Khan's palace and the death of Yesim Khan. But the personality of Syrim had nothing to do with the death of the khan. The election of Karatai Khan again strengthened the influence of Syrim. In 1797, Syrym Datuly went to the Khiva Khanate, fleeing the persecution of Sultan Karatay. He died in 1802 in the Khiva Khanate.

Tell about the Kazakh Khanate during the reign of khans Hakk-Nazar, Shigai, Tauekel.

The political crisis that erupted in the Kazakh Khanate after the death of Khan Kasym lasted 15 years. An important contribution to the strengthening of the Kazakh Khanate and the further expansion of its territory was made by the son of Khan Kasym - Khan Haknazar. Years of reign of Haknazar Khan 1582-1598. Haknazar continued the policy of Khan Kasym to unite the Kazakh lands. He managed to establish close ties with the Nogai Horde in the west, the Siberian Khanate in the north, and the neighboring Shaibanid Khanate. Free migrations of clans and tribes of the Kazakh Khanate for wintering in the floodplains of the Volga and Ural rivers, as well as in the Kyzylkum and the Syrdarya region resumed under Haknazar. In 1580, Haknazar's cousin, Shigai Khan, ascended the throne. He led only a part of the Kazakhs and never got into big politics. Shigay, having become a khan, joined forces with the khan of Bukhara Abdallah and started a war against Baba Sultan in order to avenge the murders of Khan Khaknazar and Sultan Jalim. The transition of Shigai to the side of the Sheibanids became a prominent political event, since most of the Kazakh khans were irreconcilable opponents of the Sheibanids, and fought with them for power in Desht-i-Kipchak. However, Shigai Khan understood that the Kazakhs could not withstand the power of Baba Sultan, this was especially clear after the defeat on the banks of the Talas River. In addition, a serious threat loomed from the powerful Mogul khans from the Chagatai ulus. In 1582, Shigay Khan, together with Abdallah Khan, undertook another campaign against Baba Sultan, which turned out to be the last for the Kazakh Khan. After the death of Khan Shigai, Tauekel (1582-1598) became the new ruler of the Kazakh Khanate. In 1583, Khan Tauekel severed allied relations with the Uzbek Khan Abdallah. With a large army, he attacked the khanate of Abdallah and, having captured the cities of Sauran, Turkestan, Otrar and Sairam, went to conquer Tashkent. However, near Tashkent, the Kazakh army was defeated. In 1598, Khan Tauekel attacked Maverannahr. With the support of the Uzbek sultans, Khan Tauekel captured the cities of Tashkent and Samarkand. In the battle for Bukhara in the same year, Khan Tauekel was seriously wounded and retreated to Tashkent, where he died.

Describe the history of the Kazakh Khanate in the XV - XVI centuries. Kazakh Khanate during the reign of khans Kerey, Zhanibek, Kasym.

The prerequisite for the formation of the Kazakh Khanate as an independent Khanate was the continuous cruel wars and feudal civil strife in the Khanate of Abulkhair in the middle of the 15th century. Sultans Kerey and Zhanibek managed to use this chance for their own purposes. As a result, they turned into the leaders of the Kazakh tribes, who opposed the domination of Khan Abulkhair. At the head of a number of Kazakh tribes, they migrated to Western Zhetysu, in order to subsequently establish the Kazakh Khanate here in 1465-1466. The years of the reign of Kerey Khan - 1465-1474. And the years of the reign of Zhanibek Khan - 1474-1480. Sultans Kerey and Zhanibek were descendants of Genghis Khan, so both had the right to take the Khan's throne in the Kazakh Khanate. According to the established tradition, in order to occupy the khan's throne, along with the inheritance law, the seniority of the applicant by age was also taken into account. Therefore, the khan's throne was occupied by the eldest of them - Kerey. Zhanibek became his adviser. As a result of civil strife in the Uzbek lands, after the death of Abulkhair in 1468, Zhanibek captures the entire territory of the Uzbek Horde, except for the cities near the Syrdarya, without a fight. The Khan's title passed from Kerey to his son Burubduk in 1474. Although Burunduk was the khan, in fact, all power in the khanate was in the hands of Sultan Kasym. The rivalry between them ended with the victory of Sultan Kasim, as a result of which Khan Burunduk was expelled from the country. From 1511, Kasym took power into his own hands. As medieval authors testify, during the reign of Khan Kasym, the Kazakh Khanate experienced a period of growth. Khan Kasym in a short time could convene a cavalry army of 300 thousand people. Historian Mohammed Khaidar Dulati emphasized the power of Khan Kasim: "He extended his power over Desht-i-Kypchak. He has over a million people. After Jochi Khan, there was no Khan more powerful than him in this yurt."

Call the main aspects of Stolypin's reform and Provisional regulation on resettlement of villagers and peasant peasants (1904). Formation of multinational society in Kazakhstan.

The reform began on November 9, 1906 by a royal decree and was canceled by a decree of the Provisional Government of June 28, 1917. The following main directions of the reformist policy of the Stolypin government can be distinguished: Military reform Land (agrarian) reform Education, science and culture It was the agrarian reform that was most associated with Kazakhstan. In 1906, the "Temporary Regulations" on land allotment were adopted. In the period 1906-1915. 21 million acres were divided into fertile land, and the Kazakh population began to settle in desert and rocky areas. On the basis of Stolpin's agrarian reform, more than 700 thousand Russian and Ukrainian peasants immigrated to Kazakhstan. The colonial policy was carried out effectively, especially in the agrarian field, i.e. Agriculture. Because the agrarian problem was closely connected with the settlement policy. As a result of the Stolypin reforms, the Kazakh steppe was divided into several settlement areas. These are: Torgai-Ural, Semey, Syrdarya, Zhetysu. 4 million from the Kazakhs in 1893-1905. desiatinas of land were confiscated, and in 1906-1912 it reached 17 million desiatinas, 40 million desiatinas in 1916, and 45 million desiatinas in 1917. The captured areas were mainly in Semipalatinsk, Akmola, Ural, and Torgai regions. 40.5 million desiatins from these regions, 4 million desiatins from Zhetysu, 500 thousand desiatins from Syrdarya region were taken from the most fertile land. During the reform, the mining industry was developing in the Kazakh region at the beginning of the 20th century. The railway was started to be built on the Kazakh land.As a result of the construction of railways passing through the Kazakh territory, the number of railway workers began to increase. For example, the length of the Orynbor-Tashkent railway is 1656 km, and the number of workers on it has reached 30 thousand. This railway was built in 1901-1905 and became the main highway in the Kazakh region. Large stations such as Shalkar, Kazaly, Perovsk, Turkestan worked along the road.

Describe the Petersburg's agreement. Migration of Uighurs and Dungans to Zhetysu. Occupations of settlers and their socio-economic status. Expropriation of communal lands and its impact on the traditional economy of Kazakhs.

The resettlement was due to the fact that in 1881 the Petersburg Treaty between the Russian Empire and China came into force, as a result of which the Ili region passed to China. The tsarist government provided land for the Uighurs and Dungans to settle in Kazakhstan. Resettlement of Uighurs and Dungans in Semirechye. The first resettlement of the Dungans to the territory of Kazakhstan took place in December 1877. Then about 4,000 Dungans, fleeing persecution, reached Semirechie. The second resettlement of the Dungans took place in 1884, at the same time a part of the Uighurs moved. By resettling the Uighur and Dungan peasants in Central Asia, the tsarist government pursued two goals: firstly, an attempt to weaken the economic base of China in the Kulja region, and secondly, the use of settlers as a military force against China in the event of a complication of the military-political situation. When resettling these peoples, the tsarist authorities did not take an interest in the opinion of the local Kazakh population, since by that time the land in Semirechye had already been declared state property. The economy of the Uighurs and Dungans who settled in Semirechie was traditionally dominated by agriculture. Only wealthy Uighur bai were engaged in cattle breeding. Most of the Uighurs and Dungans raised livestock in order to provide farms with working livestock. The Uighurs kept cattle not only as a draft force, but also as a source of dairy products. The Uighurs and Dungans had few small livestock. Most Dungan families were engaged in gardening - they grew peaches, new varieties of apples, pears, plums, and grapes for Semirechye. In addition to gardening, the Uighurs were also engaged in horticulture and melon growing: they planted eggplants, radishes, red peppers, beans, onions, garlic, carrots, cabbage, potatoes, watermelons and melons. The well-groomed Dungan gardens made a great impression on contemporaries.

Tell about the social structure of nomadic society. Changes: in the order of social organization of the Kazakh nomadic society: new classes (officials, nobles, honorable citizens).

The social structure of Kazakh society in the XVIII - mid-XIX centuries had peculiar traditional features. Among the Kazakhs, public relations were based on personal gain and common security. Initially, several families united and formed auls or uluses. several uluses, close by kinship, were joined together, forming a shire (tyubya) under the control of a special elected foreman or biya; several shires were branches (aimak), which elected their superiors; finally, the branches were united into clans (ru). the natural aristocracy (khans, sultans) and its main support - biy became the class of officials. the nobility was mainly received by sultans, beys, foremen who performed administrative and managerial functions. The Kazakh nobility, despite its small number, had not only a social and legal advantage, but could also inherit the land.

Analyze the strengthening of the power and influence of the Communist Party on the public life of Kazakhstan.

The strengthening of the totalitarian system in Kazakhstan is associated with the name of F. Goloshchekin, who was elected in the fall of 1925. head of the regional party organization. Goloshchekin, immediately after arriving in Kyzyl-Orda, announced the absence of Soviet power in the Kazakh village and the need to "walk around the village on the Small October". The main task was proclaimed the destruction of the traditional community through the elimination of social differentiation. The next step was to be the mass transition of the Kazakhs to a settled way of life. Knowing full well that these events would provoke protest from local communists, Goloshchekin began a fight with those party leaders who did not share his views. Already in 1926, S. Sadvakasov and S. Khodzhanov were accused of "national deviationism". S. Seifullin, M. Murzagaliev, N. Nurmakov, S. Mendeshev and others were persecuted. At the end of 1928, the first arrests of Goloshchekin's political opponents began, including A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov, Zh. Aimautov, M. Zhumabaev. Two years later, M. Tynyshpaev, Zh. Dosmukhamedov, Kh. Dosmukhamedov and many other representatives of the national intelligentsia were arrested. Having virtually eliminated the opposition in Kazakhstan, Goloshchekin began to put into practice his idea of "Small October". In 1926-1927. arable and pasture lands were redistributed. About 1,360,000 acres of hayfields and 1,250,000 acres of arable land were taken from wealthy households and transferred to the poor and middle peasants. However, this measure did not bring the expected effect. Farms without livestock could not use the hayfields and pastures transferred to them and in most cases returned them to their former owners. The next step was the confiscation of the property of large bei-cattle owners with their eviction along with their families outside the areas of residence. It was planned to confiscate the property and livestock of about 700 households. According to the documents, livestock was taken from 696 households, but this figure was much higher. It should be noted that not only large cattle owners were subjected to confiscation, but also the middle peasants, who were noticed in disloyalty to the authorities. The tax pressure on wealthy households, which were forced to pay a large part of the agricultural tax, also intensified. So, in 1927-28. 4% of households paid 33% of the total amount of taxes. In addition, there was a system of "self-taxation", according to which the amount could exceed the original two to three times.

What do you know about the first mass migrations of peasantry to territory of Kazakhstan. Provisional regulations on resettlement of Russian peasants in Kazakhstan

There were several factors that contributed to the large-scale resettlement of villages in the area of Kazakhstan. First, in 1861 there was a castle possibility in the Russian Federation. The peasantry existed emancipated with slave ties. Nevertheless, they became landless or sparsely landed in their heap. This caused a storm of farm reports. In order to relieve the tension of the farmer's putsch, the monarchy decided to conduct their global migration to the zone of Kazakhstan and Siberia. Second, the Patriotic Power decided to form for itself a highly reliable support from the deported farmers in the side area. The constant chain of resentment from the Kazakhs forced the monarchy to go along with these events. Third, the tsarist regime also envisioned a transition of the Kazakhs to a settled, agrarian form of existence through a line of peasant resettlement. At the same time a huge number of territories were liberated. To this, after all, there was an excellent possibility in order to better control because of the nomads. Fourth, there was a project from the edge of the monarchy to Christianize and russify the regional inhabitants through farmer politicians. Fifth, the peasantry was forced to turn the country into the granary of the empire. The Cossacks, who were in combat, were never able to fully guarantee a food supply for the military garrisons, the bureaucratic inhabitants of the party. In the Russian Federation, gossip also spread from farmers who told of a free existence in the newest section. In addition, they plunged into numerous migrations to Asia, to the "Trans-Ural margins."

Tell about the joining of Junior Zhus to Russian Empire.

Until the 30s of the 18th century, the Kazakhs repeatedly asked the Siberian administration to protect them from the Dzungarian threat. In 1730, Abulkhair sent an embassy to Russia headed by Kutlymbet Koshtaev and Seitkul Koydagulov. On February 19, 1731, the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna signed a decree accepting the Younger Zhuz into Russia. The foundation in 1735 of the Orsk fortress on the Or river enabled the Russian government to constantly interfere in the affairs of the Kazakhs. In 1735-1737, the militia of the Younger Zhuz, with the consent of Khan Abulkhair, was used by the Russian government to suppress the Bashkir uprising.In August 1740, in the city of Orsk, Khan of the Middle Zhuz Abulmambet and Sultan Abylai swore allegiance to Russia. One of the important moments of the negotiations on taking the oath by Abulmambet and Abylai was the discussion of issues on expanding the Kazakh-Russian trade, ensuring the safety of merchant caravans.

Describe Culture of Kazakhstan (XVIII - beginning of XX centuries). The role of folk poets in the struggle for national liberation in the first half of the 19th century. Makhambet Utemisuly, Tattimbet Kazangapuly and others. creativity.

in the 30-40 y. of the 18th century, after the adoption of Russian citizenship by a part of the Younger and Middle Zhuzs, the tsarist government began to explore the history, ethnography and geography of Kazakhstan. The initiator of the study of the territory of Kazakhstan and the creation of its geographical maps was M.V. Lomonosov. The organizer of the Kirghiz-Kaisak expedition I.Kirillov wrote the book "Explanation about the Kirghiz-Kaisak and Karakalpak hordes". Research work in Kazakhstan by Russian scientists was carried out in the interests of the colonial development of the region. In 1767-1774, one of the first expeditions to Northern Kazakhstan was headed by academician P.S. Pallas and wrote "Journey through different provinces of the Russian Empire" in three parts. In the 18th century, the history, life and culture of the peoples of the Orenburg Territory were described by the founder of the historical science of Russia V.N. "Tatishchev". Interesting research on the study of the Younger Zhuz was made by a connoisseur of the language and culture of the Kazakh people, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Russia P.I. Rychkov. 18th century scientist P.I. Rychkov was a researcher of the Orenburg region, collected samples of Kazakh folklore, described the Pugachev uprising and earned the fame of "Columbus of the Orenburg region". A Russian officer from the Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress A.D. Skalon compiled the first Russian-Kazakh dictionary. In the 18th century, English and German explorers visited Kazakhstan, who pursued trade and political ideas.The main themes of creativity of storytellers and zhyrau of the 18th century were the struggle against the Dzungarian conquerors and against the royal colonization.Umbetai-zhyrau participated in many anti-Dzhungar campaigns, sang the heroism of batyrs, created zhoktau and estyrta about the death of Bogenbai batyr. Tattikara-zhyrau participated in the war with the Qing Empire, was a member of the inner circle of Abylai Khan and glorified his deeds. Akyns of the moral and ethical aspects of life were Kotesh and Shash. A genre of oral folk art developed - historical stories, which were accompanied by wise sayings and aphorisms. The narrators were masters of the word: biys and sheshens.