History Midterm

Baroque art

"Tortured Classical," revamp on classical elements, lots of twisting motifs. "Baroque" voluptuousness. Greater spontaneity and dramatic effect.

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. "Peter the I" of the Eastern Christian Romanov dynasty - sought a French-style centralized state - very energetic and powerful ruler controlled by one one but his 2nd wife - reorganized the military (military school, shaved heads, beards, dress) and imposed taxes and made farmers serfs - made Russia a powerful expansionary centralized state

passion plays and the auto-da-fe

- "act of faith" trial - Spanish Inquisition judged a person's commitment to Catholicism

Vasco da Gama

- Portuguese explorer, sailed around the bottom of Africa when maritime exploration was limited around the then common Mediterranean access. Was the first European to use this Cape Route (passing by the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas) which helped Portugal establish and maintain a commercial monopoly on spices like pepper and cinnamon for several decades.

effect of slave trade on africa

- increases violence, ruins local economy, and damages interior kingdoms - depopulation, gender imbalance (polygamy reinforced), political & social destabilization, warfare, very little actual conquest, greater economic disparity

Isaac Newton

- laws of motion, gravity - Introduced calculus - Claimed that the universe is governed by mathematical rules

Mercantilism/War Capitalism

- term coined by Adam Smith - more about a macroeconomic state policy - the global economy is seen as a zero sum game (whatever benefits me harms you and vice versa) - need to run trade surpluses with your competitors - you need to export more than you import - try to find things to send back to the mother country to use for money

Christianity in Japan

-Came to Japan in the late 16th century. Francis Xavier- founder of Jesuit order, converted over 100,000. Nagasaki mostly Christian- Rome of Japan. -Persecution under the Shogunate. Concern about Japan's property being turned over to Christians - wealth and prosperity. 1642 Mass executions of Christians in Nagasaki. Many renounce faith. Many hid faith- Bodhisattva Kannon

Causes of the French Revolution

-Enlightenment -Debt Crisis -Social Structure -Poor Harvests

Phases of the French Revolution***

1) National Assembly 2) The Convention 3) The Directory 4) The Napoleonic Era

Reconquista

10 year campaign, Granada & Christian Muslims = permitted to worship in their own mosques Jews = convert to Christianity or emigrate

John Calvin/Calvinism

1509-1564, chose exile versus being burned @ the stake, as he was a French Protestant. Concept of Predestination: God "predestined" each human prior to birth for heaven or hell.

lijia system

16th century movement in China that divided household into officially designated villages for easier taxation collection

porcelain trade

600-1450; 1/3 to 1/2 of silver in the world went to buy porcelain. Trading restricted to a couple of port cities. Canton- can only trade at one post. Unwillingness to engage in the outside world eventually led to problems in the 1800's.

Estates General

A counsel of men acting as an advisory to the King of France. Their calls for reform in France helped to spark the revolution after King Louis resisted the calls.

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia; last Chinese imperial dynasty and known for trade expansion and ties with the west

household slavery

African chiefs and kings maintained large households or retainers, such as administrators, soldiers, domestics, craftspeople, and farmers; many among these were slaves, acquired through raids and wars but also as a form of punishment for infractions or royal, chiefly, or clan law

Virgin of Guadalupe

Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism; appeared to be the vision of Juan Diego. Symbol of a distinctly Mexican faith and promise of salvation no matter the skin color -- became a symbol of Mexican nationalism

standing armies

Armies raised and kept in constant employ to deter attacks from aggressive neighbors, or as a means of exploiting a neighbor's weakness by quickly deploying forces into the area.

Canton System of Trade

Canton- can only trade at one post. Unwillingness to engage in the outside world eventually led to problems in the 1800's. Restricted trade to being conducted through a handful of selected merchants called hong merchants. Only allowed to trade in the harbor in Canton - put in place in 17th century

Zheng He

Chinese eunuch admiral who was sent to establish a Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean basin. Called at ports, suppressed pirates, intervened in conflicts. Went on 7 voyages from 1405-1431.It shoud be noted that even though Zheng He was successful in exploring and establishing a Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean, the Chinese decided to destroy their boats and stop sailing West. In the 1470s the government destroyed Zheng's records so that his expeditions could not be repeated. And by 1525 all the ships in the Treasure Fleet were gone.

foot binding

Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, begun in the Tang dynasty; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty.

China and Christianity

Christianity never really flourished in China. Problems such as the language barrier and disputes in doctrine prevented Christianity from spreading. Ultimately, China banned missionary activity in 1724.

seizure of Constantinople

City conquered by Ottoman empire. A great stepping stone. brought a lot of things: end of the byzantine empire, adoption of byzantine ruling practices (taxation, administration, bureaucracy, aura of the emperor).

Kongo Kingdom

Coalesced around 1400, extensive trading networks with much of Africa. Conversion by elites to Christianity by Portuguese due to trading (Kongo Kingdom located on the coast). - involved slavery

Kangxi Emperor

Confucian scholar and enlightened ruler; applied things that he learned through reading and studying to his leadership

Missionaries in the New World

Conquerors felt the need to share their beliefs with the indigenous people. Over time, beliefs were integrated between the two

Queen Nzinga***

Convert to Christianity, recruits Dutch to help her, peace treaty for war in the end

Carl Linnaes

Created a hierarchy of all forms of life on the Earth. With humans, he created a hierarchy of race. Known as father of modern taxonomy.

Denis Diderot

Created an encyclopedia in 1751, the encyclopedia being one of the great products of the Enlightenment

Tokugawa Leyasu of Japan

Established the Shogunate System and the Tokugawa Dynasty and believed in the divine right of kings; Leader of the eastern coalition of daimyos. He took control of Japan and helped to establish peace and unity in 1603.

Civil Service Examination

Exams that Chinese bureaucrats passed to serve in state, based on Confucian concepts, Han origins. system of testing designed to select the most studious and learned candidates for appointment as bureaucrats in the Chinese government. This system governed who would join the bureaucracy between 650 CE and 1905, making it the world's longest-lasting meritocracy.

Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet, known by his pen name, Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity, especially the Roman Catholic Church, as well as his advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens; published August 26, 1789

centralizing states

Governments that consolidate power to exercise greater authority over public affairs within the state. This includes economic, political, judicial, and militaristic power.

Immanuel Kant

Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality; German philosopher during the age of enlightenment. Famous for his doctrine of transcendental idealism (space, time, and nature exist but their nature is unknowable).

Daimyo

Highly regulated, controlled military officials. Although the Tokugawa era was fairly peaceful, this class became poorer and poorer from regulations placed on them from Samurai nobles.

Aims of Nationalism

Internal Reform of a Nation-State - sovereignty to the people - cultivating a sense of unity and equality Creation of a new nation-state - independance - consolidation

Seclusion***

Japan cuts off trade with other countries and remains in seclusion; keeps relatively peaceful society, but really tough on the economy

Japanese theater and art

Japanese Seclusion expanded cultural development in Japan. Noh & Kabuki Theater, both dance-drama genre, included dramatic makeup and masks. Haiku poetry was developed during this period as well. Fashion was important, and popular, as well as wood block printing.

National Study Movement

Kokugaku, (Japanese: "National Learning"), movement in late 17th- and 18th-century Japan that emphasized Japanese classical studies. The movement received impetus from the Neo-Confucianists, who stressed the importance of Chinese Classical literature. The Mito school of scholars, for example, initiated a monumental work, the Dai-nihon-shi ("History of Great Japan"), based on the Chinese model of histories.

Renaissance art

Leonardo da Vinci (paintings), William Shakespeare (plays); Filippo Brunelleschi (architecture); much more accurate; showed human body and God in a lot of pictures

Martin Luther/Lutheranism

Martin Luther despised the Catholic Church's practices of indulgences, and he infamously nailed his 95 theses to a Catholic Church door. His rival was Pope Leo X. Luther would then find his own Protestant branch of faith, Lutheranism.

Robespierre

Maxmillien Marie Isidore de Robespierre: French revolutionary; leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat (1758-1794)

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. Shrewd, ambitious, and a skilled military strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire

Nation vs empire (nationalism vs patriotism)

Patriotism is loyalty to your country/to your state Nationalism is loyalty to your nation

multi-racial social hierarchies

People married other races and their race determined their status: New World Society: - Peninsulars (born in europe and living the new world) - Creoles (born in the new world of European heritage) - Mestizos (european + native american heritage) - Mulattos (european + african heritage) - Zambos (african + native american heritage) The hierarchy had Europeans on top then Native Americans, then Africans.

Renee Descartes

Philosopher ("Meditations on First Philosophy") mathematician (geometry, Cartesian coordinate system), scientist (key figure in the Scientific Revolution). "I think, therefore I am."

Cartaz

Portuguese trade license in the Indian ocean; created in 1502

Theodor Herzl

Promoted idea of zionism, that all European Jews deserved, and needed their own nation in the territory of Ancient Israel.

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire Caused by Holy Roman Emperor attempting to force subjects - The war between the Catholics and the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire. Siege of Magdeburg 1631 a Lutheran city. Central message- Depravity and brutality of conquering soldiers thought, "God is with us" as they slaughtered citizens. Logic & reason, bible teaches that god punishes. Catholics see protestants as heathens and worthy of death. Protestants feel the same about Catholics. Polluted true doctrine.

Qing Dynasty***

Pure; Manchus are founders. 1 million rule over 2-300 million people. Preserved centralized state- civil service & meritocracy. Good military

Deism

Religious belief that God put man on the earth and then left them alone to be guided by their own logic and reason. Some Deist believed that God was like a Watchmaker that wound up the world and then let it run on it's own

Qianlong Emperor

Ruler of Qing Dynasty during greatest period of prosperity and greatest physical size. Prosperous - dominated luxury goods trade (porcelain, tea, 1/3 to 1/2 of soliver in the world went to buy porcelain)

John Locke

Says that Government need to have or should have the consent of the people to be considered legitimate

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism; known as the father of modern economics, wrote Wealth of Nations advocating for free markets and capitalism (advocating that if all men act in their own self interest everyone will benefit from it, power of specialization)

slavery in the New World

Spanish began putting natives to work harvesting sugar, but they weren't used to such hard labor and sickness that they kept dying off. Settlers began importing slaves from Africa to help in the plantations Chattel - an item of moveable personal property. Part of the Columbian Exchange. Forced migration 1500 - 1800's. Slavement of native people. 12 million Africans. Sugar Plantations- 5 million Africans. Sugar was a killing crop and slaves seen as expendable- make up is 2-3 years.

Harnan Cortez

Spanish soldier who invaded Mexico and brought down the Aztec Empire

Ethiopia

Struggled under Muslim rule and declared war on Islamic state; a Portuguese fleet saved their life as they fought in 1541 and then were under Ottoman rule. Later, became decentralized from 1700-1850's when Kings took back power

mandate of heaven

The Chinese philosophical concept of the circumstances under which a ruler is allowed to rule. Good rulers would be allowed to rule with the Mandate of heaven, and despotic, unjust rulers would have the Mandate revoked

British East India Company

The East India Company was an English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India. Incorporated by royal charter on December 31, 1600, it was started as a monopolistic trading body so that England could participate in the East Indian spice trade.

English Civil War (1642-1649)

The English Civil War tested whether sovereignty in England was to reside in the king or in the Parliament. The civil war did not resolve that problem, however, although it ended in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I (beheaded) on the charge of treason-a severe blow to the theory of divine right monarchy. It separated two monarchial periods. Also called the Glorious Revolution or the Bloodless Revolution (dispute between Anglican Church and Roman Catholics)

Scientific Revolution/New Sciences

The emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.The scientific revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. While its dates are debated, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution. Newton's "laws of motion" and gravity key ideas here too. Salon = women centric, bastion of female scholars Causes: Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, discovery, modern day knowledge. Caused people to question old beliefs. During the era of the Scientific Revolution, people began using experiments and mathematics to understand mysteries. Effects: New discoveries were made, old beliefs began to be proven wrong.

Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)

The legal code that puts into practice the ideas of the Enlightenment (innocent until proven guilty, everyone is equal, etc.). This form of legal code began to spread across Western Europe.

banner system

The organizational system of the Manchus for military and taxation purposes; there were eight banners under which all military houses were arranged, and each was further divided into blocks of families required to furnish units of 300 soldiers to the Manchu government.

Infanticide and famine in Japan

Tokugawa Shogunat and seclusion worked well for the upper classes in the 1600=1700's, but not for the common people. Famines 1700's to 1800's lack of economic opportunity, agricultural advances and famine leads to widespread practice of infanticide.

Samurai

Were originally military class in Japan. Under the Tokugawa rule, Samurai lost their military function and became bureaucrats, making up about 5% of the population. They were usually highly educated, and strove to protect their power and influence.

Dutch Learning

Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century

Neo-Confucianism

a movement in religious philosophy derived from Confucianism in China around AD 1000 in response to the ideas of Taoism and Buddhism. The central belief of Neo-Confucianism like classic Confucianism is the idea of teaching oneself to become a better person. However, Neo-Confucians took the Buddhist ideal of attaining spiritual transcendence and synthesized the two ideas into a new system.

Enlightened Despotism

also called benevolent despotism, form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

Niccolo Machiavelli

author of "The Prince," (1513) believed that cruelty was necessary to safeguard a kingdom; Italian philosopher

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

believed that each nation should be a sovereign nation (a nation run by the people)

Dutch War of Independence

conflict between Spain and Calvinists groups

Ottoman/Habsburg Rivalry

conflict between ottomans and habsburg; Habsburgs told Ottomans that if they didn't get their act together; their empire was going to fall

Galileo Galilei

earth is not the center of the universe and that the universe is not perfect. mathematized science of physics rather than qualitative scientific method

Nicolas Copernicus

first to argue that sun was at the center of the universe. Firmly adopted Ptolemy's theory of a single intermingled water-earth sphere. Proposed that Earth followed the motions of other planets, around the sun

tax farming

government auction of the right to collect taxes ina district; produced cash revenue for central administration and made holders of farms crucial members of ruling class

religious reform in Russia

government very resistant to change; punishes those who want it; brought about by those in leadership in the church while the members opposed it instead of the other way around like it was in the rest of Europe

anabaptist

in the Reformation, a member of a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state; groups that withdrew from society with the idea to start model Christian societies based on their reading of Acts

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

instead of transforming Catholic Church after Protestant Reformation (did get rid of indulgences), stop the spread of Protestantism, both by reforming the Catholic Church, and also by persecuting as heretical those deemed to go too far; Reaffirmation of Catholic papal supremacy and the doctrine of faith together with works as preparatory to salvation. Such practices as absenteeism (bishops in Rome instead of their bishoprics) and pluralism (bishops and abbots holding multiple appointments) were abolished.

humanism

intellectual movement focusing on human culture, in such fields as philosophy (language in literature, essentially written and oral text) and literature, and based on the corpus of Greek and Roman texts

Christopher Columbus

italian explorer, first voyage landed in the Bahamas

Oliver Cromwell

led the parliamentary forces during the English Civil War

Topkapi Palace

located in Istanbul, housed government offices, such as the mint, and meeting places for imperial councils

spice trade

lucrative and explosive, used in food, medicine, preservation, far SE of Asia (Middle East = trade route area)

Bakufu

military-style government of the Japanese shogun between 1192-1868

witch hunts

persecution of witches in the church; burned at stake or forced to confess

Voodoo***

religion developed in Haiti and widely practiced among African-descended French speakers, shows the mix of cultures that happened in the New World. Mix of African, Native American, and European cultures in the new world

Songhai Empire***

replaced Mali empire; had an elaborate administration and military apparatus

St. Batholomew's Day Massacre

roman catholic mobs during the french religious wars killed french huguenots; Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572. French Civil War. Protestant Calvinists massacred by Catholic mobs. French Catholics sent severed head to pope. Leaders wanted massacre to happen, but lay Catholics thought it was sinful.

Suleyman the Magnificent

ruler during the climax of the Ottoman Empire; promoted expansion

Queue (hairstyle)

shaved forehead and long ponytail in the back

Francisco Pizzarro

spanish conqueror who toppled the Inca empire

Janissaries

stolen children from the Christian population of the Ottoman Empire (Balkans), forced to become Muslim and become Ottoman Empire's troops and bodyguards with salary

plantation slavery

sugar is a "killing crop" with a life span of about 5 years for those who work it; Caribbean is the #2 destination for slaves; becomes a hidden driving force in Industrial Revolution and spurs the Civil War in America

Middle Passage

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

Major Examples of the Colombian Exchange***

things from the old world taken to the new world and vice versa; small pox is an example