History of Architecture

Greek Theatres

10K+ attendance Built in side of hill Used slope as part of structure Epidarus Theatre from 4th century BCE still sued today

Gothic Architecture

1100-1500 Europe in the middle ages Started in France with a new church at St Denis 12th century began period of growth and trade in Europe; catholic church expanding Increased prosperity, more stable governments, scientific advances, cultural changes

Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

1163-1345 Classified as Early Gothic, but construction actually spanned all three periods of Gothic architecture First extensive use of flying buttresses

Lincoln Cathedral, England

1192-1350, High Gothic Tallest building in world 1311-1545 Surpassed the Great Pyramid of Gize in height

Bourges Cathedral

1195, High Gothic in France

Cologne Cathedral, Germany

1245-1880 (600+ years to complete) High Gothic Greatest proportional difference between height and width of nave --> nave is 3X as high as it is wide Heavily damaged in WWII You climbed the tower here; also it now has a pixelated looking stained glass -- a more modern design replaced one damaged in WWII

Fillippo Brunelleschi

1377-1446 --> early renaissance First Great Renaissance Architect Dome of Duomo Cathedral/Santa Marie del Fiore (1420-1436) -- double shell constructions Largest dome since Pantheon 4+ million bricks Invented special machines to lift materials -- first mechanical hoist & horizontal crane Rediscovered principles of linear perspective

Renaissance Philosophy

1400-1600 Started in Florence art movement 1350-1400 Rebirth -- reject middle ages Reinterest in classical architecture HUMANISM - humans rather than God as the center; life now should be enjoyable and not horrible/endured until you die and go to heaven Art, music, and science make life better Simplicity and balance are focus

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

1598-1690 -- mid Baroque Sculptor first Favorite of several popes --> many commissions Great realtions with clientele 4 Story Baldachin - St Peters canopy over altar -98 feet tall -largest known bronze artwork St Peter's Square -curved colonnades like arms reaching out -fountains and tons of sculptures of saints along colonnades Rivalry with Borromini

Francesco Borromini

1599-1667 -- mid Baroque Architect by profession, Preferred to work alone Impulsive and ill tempered Master of the curved wall Very unique designs Building plans based on complex geometric figures Church of Saint Charles at Four Fountains -disallowed burial in tomb he built here because died by suicide

Early Baroque

1600-1625 St Peters Facade - architect Carlo Maderno, completed 1614. 114.69 meters wide and 48 meters high Order of Corinthian columns and pilasters Imposing cornice w/ central tympanum, balustrade above w/ 13 statues (almost 6 meters high) rise with the center the statue of the blessing Redeemer Inscription on entablature recalls that the works were carried out under Pope Paul V Borghese (1605-1621). Lower order - 5 entrances, 9 windows three with balcony Central balcony "Loggia delle Benedizioni"

Temple of Karnak

Egyptian 2000-1700 BCE Earliest example of Clerestory - windows above eye level Clerestory influenced Greek & Roman architecture These windows admit light and air

Cluny Abbey

Romanesque Monestary, 910AD Cluny, France Largest building in world until Renaissance Model for Romanesque pilgrim churches Mostly destroyed, only small part remains

Sainte Foy

Romanesque church, 1050 France Pilgrim church - site where martyred girl had been persecuted by Romans

Trajan's Market

Rome, Roman Forum 100 CE Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus World's First Mall - 150+ stores, offices, and warehouses

Spanish Baroque

Spanish monarchs embraced this more ornate schedule Used when exploring/conquering South America to awe and impress new subject Used spanish baroque style to celebrate christianity

Trevi Fountain

largest Baroque fountain in the city Pope Urban VIII, 1629 one of the aqueducts that supplied water to ancient Rome by Nicola Slavi

English Renaissance

aka Elizabethan Age/Style Key Architect - Inigo Jones 1573-1652 -brought italian renaissance to england -1st significant architect for England Queen's House Greenwich Banqueting House Based on Palladio's work/designs

Baroque History

1600-1750 Started in Italy then went to Europe and World Baroque - Portuguese for pearl with unusual shape Protestant reformation started under Martin Luther - thought catholic church too rich, powerful, & corrupt Baroque started under catholic church as part of counter-reformation; show wealth & power through art/architecture Theatrical, emotional, dramatic Full of life and movement Adopted by kings and aristocrats for homes and palaces

Late Baroque

1675-1725 France center of western culture at this time Italy - churches main example of baroque France - chateaux best examples of baroque Versailles - King Louis XIV of France (the sun god/Apollo) -construction began in 1661 -huge 1650 feet wide; 700 rooms -Hall of Mirrors French baroque = louis XIV style

Rococo Architecture

1700-1775 aka Late Baroque From "Rocaille" in French meaning decorative rock or shell French King Louis XV took throne at 5 years of age; no real monarch controlling things so upper class free to focus on pleasure and leisurely activities

Neoclassical Architecture

1750-1890 Began Italy 1750's New classicism - inspiration from classical architecture of ancient Rome & Greece Big for museums, govt bldgs, universities, theatres Why? 1700's lots of wars After came Age of Enlightenment --> return to reason Artists reject opulence of Baroque and Rococo 1715 Palladio's work first printed in English 1738 Pompeii rediscovered 1755 Winkelman published on Greek art

Gothic Revival/Neo Gothic

1790-1890 - overlaps neo classical In England, aka Victorian Gothic Romanticism over reason Return to styles of middles ages - golden age Why look back? -Gothic novels became popular -Reaction to industrial rev (push against machines) -Gothic + Romanesque represent Christian values

Influence/Legacy of Romanesque Architecture

1st distinctive style after fall of Roman Empire Dominated western Europe until replaced by Gothic 19th Century say revival of Romanesque architecture using brick Example: Natural History Museum in London (architect Alfred Waterhouse)

Strawberry Hill House

1st documented neo gothic structure Home of writer Horace Walpole - invented Gothic novel Picturesque, romantic qualities Used as model for gothic revival

Structural Innovations of Gothic Architecture

3 structural innovations Rib Vault Pointed Arch Flying Buttress These lead to --> Lighter, taller and more intricate

First Large Cities

3000 BCE Temple at center - Ziggurats (Stepped Form Adopted by Akkadians and Babylonions

Ancient Egypt Architecture Facts

3000-30 BCE North Africa/Along Nile Architecture related to religion (life after death, pharaoh is god, preserve body in tomb) Some of oldest buildings are tombs

Roman Architecture Characteristics

400 BCE - 600 CE (1000 year span) Since conquered Greece in 146 BCE, huge Greek influence Orders: Classical, Tuscan, Composite Arch instead of Post & Lintel Vaults & Dome --> Bigger rooms Building Materials - bricks, stones, CONCRETE (perfected recipe and used extensively); Stone mosaics (floor and wall) Concrete was cheaper, easier, and could be molded Built: Temples, amphitheaters, squeducts, roads, baths, triumphal arches, etc.

First Settlements

6000 BCE - Mesopotamia Not just caves and huts; Settled to farm more

Romanesque Architecture

900-1200; 1075-125 Height Started in France and moved to Italy, Germany, & England (where called Norman architecture) After fall of Rome, lots of techniques lost Charlemagne (Charles the Great) - King of France laid foundation of return of architectural techniques Christianity driving force - Charlemagne encouraged religious art and churches built similar to Roman temples There is also Byzantine influences Symbolism important, since church is a symbol of the Kingdom of Heaven they should be huge

Andrea Palladia - Late Renaissance

Andrea Palladio 1508-1580 Many public buildings and churches in Venice Profound influences on Western architecture -- simple designs easily reproduced La Rotunda - organized on geometric principles/perfect symmetry -square, looks same from each side -dome in center -facades are temple front - portico/covered porch -interior plan also symmetrical with great hall under dome -facade modeled after pantheon in rome Wrote Four Books or Architecture -- explains roman designs and provides examples

Greek Stadiums

Appearing as early as 776 BCE Straight or horseshow construction Famous one Panathenaic Stadium - built 330 BCE, entirely marble; Used in modern Olympics (1896 and 2000)

Roman Forum

Area in Rome with a collection of buildings Includes temples, governmental buildings, market areas, and had residential area for rich overlooking it (Palentine Hill) Situated between Colosseum (amphitheater) and Circus Maximus (stadium)

Baldachin

Baroque By Bernini Canopy over altar in St Peters

Roman Vaults

Barrel/tunnel vault - arched hallway Groin vault - intersection of two barrel vaults

Temple Style Neo Classical

Based on Greek and/or Roman Temples aka Greek Rivival Pantheon Paris based on Pantheon Rome

Palladian Style Neo Classical

Based on Palladio's La Rotunda Syon House - based on Roman baths Architect Robert Adam - England's most famous neoclassicist Designed exterior and interior together, even furniture In USA - Monticello by Jefferson is an example

Parthenon

Built for Athena, goddess of wisdom and war 447-432 BCE On acropolis in Athens Greatest example of Doric architecture 70mx31m; 8 columns front & 17 on side Architects Ictinus & Callicrates under supervision of Phidias (famous greek sculptor)

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople

Byzantine 532-537 AD Great influence on later architecture - Basilica style, 32-meter dome; almost square with 3 aisles separated by columns; Marble piers support dome that Windows in dome obscure supports when sun shines making the canopy appear to be floating. Famous windows, let light in & show structural problems or wear and tear; ease pressure of dome on the pendentives.

England Baroque

Christopher Wren 1632-1723 Designed many buildings after London's great fire of 1666 ST Paul's Cathedral - only English cathedral in classic tradition

Characteristics of Greek Architecture

Columns (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) Post & Lintel (vertical columns supported horizontal beams) Perfection of proportions - used geometry to create detail, symmetry, harmony & balance; Golden ratio 1 to 1.618 Precision of Detail - visual perfection; building as art Building materials - stone (limestone) and marble Marble preferred for public buildings

Imhoptep

Considered first architect Pyramid of Djoser 2670-2650 BCE

Hotel de Soubise, Paris

Delamair - Rococo Light, curvilinear decoration on walls and ceilings Light colors - cream white with gold Mirrors to capture light Soft angles, plant forms Reaction against formality of Louis XIV's court

Greek Column Orders

Doric, Ionic, Corinthian Doric - simplest, least decorated, thickest, shortest Ionic - thinner, more ornate; scroll at top Corinthian - most decorative, leaves of acanthus plant; later era of Greek architecture; copied by Romans Typically had groves down side (fluting) to give them a better sense of depth and balance Acanths story - architect say grave of young girl; basket of toys with stone lid left at her grave; acanthus plant growing around and through it

Pilgrimages During Romanesque Period

During this time, Rome became center of Christianity Crusades began to spread Chistianity During crusades, holy relics collected --> needed churches to house relics People would travel to see the relics -- needed bigger churches

Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472)

Early Renaissance Most influential renaissance architect Wrote own versions of 10 books on architecture -- bible of renaissance architecture Taught how to adapt classical forms to modern buildings Classical facade designs Church of Sant'Andrea -- looks like a triumphal arch Paalazzo Rucellai

Phases of Gothic Architecture

Early/Transformational (1150-1200) - formative period High Gothic/Rayonnant (1200-1300) - classic, highly decorative; this is the period when it became distinctly different from Romanesque Late/Flamboyant (1300-1500) - complexity & verticality taken to extreme

Great Pyramid of Giza

Egyptian Architect Hemiunu; 2560 BCE Built for Cheops 756 feet long at base, 481 feet high Covers 13 acres 23+ million blocks of stone Oldest UNESCO site, only remaining 7 wonders of the ancient world

Queen Hatshepsut Funery Temple

Egyptian Carved in limestone cliffside Temple at Deir el-Bahri 1470 BCE

Temple of Luxor

Egyptian 1400 BCE Unlike every other temple in Ancient Egypt, this one wasn't dedicated to a certain god or a deified pharaoh. It was dedicated to the "rejuvenation of kingship." The figures at the entrance represent the deified Ramesses II built with Nubian Sandstone One of the obelisks at the entrance was used as a gift to Paris (Place de Concorde near Louvre)

Temple Of Djoser

Egyption Architect Imhotep 2670-2650 BCE Several mastabas on top of each other STEPPED PYRAMID First structure with massive blocks of stone

Roman Aqueducts

Engineering marvel built to move water to cities Aqua Appia (appian Way near Rome) - 1st built around 322 BCE and was 16.4 KM long Pont du Gard in France is most impressive aqueduct; 48.8 meters high, strong slope for water flow

Basilica at Ottobeuren

Example of Rococo

Basilica of St. Denis (France)

First example of Gothic - so Early Gothic 1132-1144 Can see bottom still looks heavy/blocky like Romanesque Kings of France buried here until 18th century

Legacy/Influence of Baroque

First truly international/world movement Europe, America, South America Rome was heart of baroque movement inspired Beaux Art movement of 19th century Evolved into Rococo (sometimes Rococo is called late Baroque)

Egyptian Columns

Flower Capital or Bud Capital

Renaissance in France

Francis I - King of France: huge cultural changes; major patron of the arts (began royal Louvre collection) Prior royal palaces had a few paintings but no sculptures Examples: Chateau de Chambord - inspired by Italian Renaissance -Da Vinci might have designed Louvre - transformed medieval fortress to renaissance palace Fontainbleau - another highly ornate chateau Chateaux differed from past - palace no longer had serious defensive structure; instead gardens and water features

Roman Amphitheater

Free standing versus hillside ones used by Greece Could be in the city center Oval with central arena Colosseum in Rome - largest in Roman empire; 60K+ spectators; 1.1 million tons of concrete stone and bricks: all 3 types of Greek columns used on facade (Doric at bottom)

Periods of Greek Architecture

Geometric (900-700 BCE), Egyptian influenced Archaic (700-500 BCE) Classical (500-325 BCE) - perfection as goal; first development of distinctive Greek Style; Parthenon Hellenistic (325-146 BCE) - Alexander the Great conquered much of Asia and influences from these areas are seen

Ziggurat of Ur

In Present Day Iraq 2112-2094 BC What we see today is mostly reconstructions inmuch more recent times, especially under Sadam Hussein

Gargoyles/Grotesques

Gothic Both were supposed to help ward of evil spirits Imaginary/demonesque creatures Grotesques/chimeras from myths of Greco-Roman world and displayed characteristics of multiple animals; they were staue only Gargoyle also served as a water spout to direct roof water away from the building exteriod

Ribbed Vault

Gothic Ceiling made of continuous pointed arches The Romanesque groin vault was a single piece so very thick and heavy Use of ribs (an extra strip of stone) was used to reinforce the vaults so walls could be thinner

Pointed Arch

Gothic Influence from the East Key differentiating look from Romanesque Advantages: 1) Very strong - less outward thrust than a rounded arch so walls could be thinner and more windows 2) Flexibility - could span a wider distance so windows could be bigger

Flying Buttress

Gothic Supported much of the weight Arched structures that add support from the outside Weight of ceiling transferred from the walls to the flying buttress so walls could be both thinner and higher HEIGHT key feature of Gothic architecture Verticality = aspiration to heaven

Influence/Legacy of Gothic Architecture

Greatest number of large buildings world had ever seen Almost all western European cathedrals built during this time 19th century saw a Gothic revival/neo-gothic Palace of Westminter (aka Houses of Parliament) is an example of Neo-gothic, specifically High/Victorian Gothic -architects Barry & Pugin

Stoa

Greek Large covered colonnades Used as a gathering place - either for meetings or markets

Byzantine Characteristics

Greek cross plan (plus sign shape) -- focus is on the center and not the end of the building Massive domes with square bases; pendentive base (4 triangular legs); Windows in dome Interior decorations - glass mosaics (shimmer); richly decorated with icons, murlas, and reliefs (NOT STATUES) Splendor Mainly used bricks and concrete Mix of Rome/Western influences & East Greco-Roman elements: columns, rounded arches, vaults, & domes Eastern elements - rich ornamentation, bold colors, mosaics

St Peter's Basilica

HIgh Renaissance for Interior and Dome (Exterior is baroque) 1506 construction began - Bramante first architect Michelangelo - Dome Raphael & Bernini also invlovled Largest interior of any Christian Church 120 years to complete (1506-1626) Tallest renaissance church

Characteristics of Gothic Architecture

Height -- Nave considerable taller than wide Pointed Arches Stained Glass windows Ornamentation -richly decorated in and out -elaborate gables and tracery on roofs -almost always had towers -Verticality emphasized by tall, slender spires and pinnacles -crocket - stone nub carved into stylized leaf -walls, columns, entrances, and doors had carved figures and scenes from the bible (NOTE: stained glass windows and carvings served as picture book of bible stories for the illiterate) -a lot of sculptures EVERYWHERE -sculptures more realistic with facial expressions, pointed gazes, and flow of the garments

Ancient Greek Architecture

Height: 900-146 BCE (when conquered by Romans) Started around 3000 BCE Born of democracy and devotion to the people (not as religiously driven as Egyptian architecture) Changed and evolved over time

Rouen Cathedral, France

High Gothic Actual name is Notre Dame of Rouen (our lady of Rouen) Construction began 12thcentury Spectacular example of Gothic architecture Flamboyant facade showcases all the style's typical elements: three-pointed arched portals entering into the church, decorated with statues symbolising religious doctrine, and immense in size, particularly height.

Milan Cathedral, Italy

High Gothic, 1386-1865 More than 70 architects Brick structure faced with marble Hight of 45 meters = highest Gothic vault LOTS of spires and pinnaces HIGHLY DECORATIVE No major towers like typically seen 4th largest cathedral in the world Almost no blank space

Classical Block Neo Classical

Huge in France Vast rectangular or square plans, flat roofs, arches and columns as details aka Beaux Art in France Examples: Paris Opera Hose by Charles Garnier

Characteristics of Baroque

Impression of movement Rich decorations Contrast of light & shadow Curved shapes & broken lines (more organic) Ovals not circles Columns doubled or twisted Walls deeply curved and sculpted Impress & emotionally involve viewers Floor plans - varied and complex; often based on oval -Broader naves Massive colonnades and domes Bright colors, frescoed ceilings Excessive details

Baroque in Russia

Key architect Rastrelli (1700-1771) Peter the Great (Tsar) impressed by french baroque Series of palaces and gardens, built as Russian versailles Other buildings: -winter palace -simolny vathedral -Catherine's palace

Chateau de Vaux-le-Vicomte

Late Baroque Before Versailles - Owned by Fouquet the superintendent of finances under King Luis XIV Architect, painter and landscaper worked together for cohesive overall look King Louis attended party -- decided lavish house and party proved Fouquet had been misappropriating public funds and had him arrested (believe jealousy also involved( Versailles built after to reassert Louis' prestige

Palladian Style

Late Renaissance Classical forms Symmetry Strict proportions Elegant, simple design Model for neo-classical designs

Piazza Navona Bernini and Borromini

Legend of their rivalry Bernini sculpted fountain of four rivers next to Boromini's Church of St Agnes Rio de la plata sculpture has hand up to protect itself from the falling of bormini's churn Nile statue looking away so doesn't have to see church Boromini added statue of St Agnes that faces fountain with look of contempt at "how ugly the fountain is"

Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture

Little changed over time Roofs flat and supported by external walls and lots of closed space columns Stone & limestone sued Thick, sloping walls with few openings 1st - mastabas (rectangular buildings of mud) 2nd - pyramids 3rd - temples carved into rocky cliffs

Romanesque Characteristics

Massive but relatively low, solid-looking Roman Basilica - Latin Cross shape, one part is longer Nave with aisles +/or chapels on side Small recess/apse usually faces east More complex in design Rounded arches Stone roofs Barrel & groin vaults MASSIVE WALLS to carry weight of stone roof; 2-3 meters thick --> heavy, blocky appearance Small windows Ornamentation - stained glass, murals, carvings, statues (but stiff and not very naturalistic)

Byzantine Architecture

Medieval period, 500-1500 AKA Eastern Roman style Rome fell 476 to tribes from the north Time of castles, guilds, cathedrals, knights Overlaps with other architectural movements of Romanesque & Gothic -- usage of style varied by place Byzantine more mid to eastern Europe Main drive - need for Christian churches under Emperor Constantine in Constantinople; churches needs space for the people to attend instead of smaller temple for god alone Loss of skill and craftsmanship with fall of Rome

Vitruvius

Most famous Roman architect and engineer Not much of his actual work is known but he wrote 10 volume study called "On Architecture" Buildings should be beautiful, stable, & useful Inspiration for Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man drawing because of his emphasis on proportions and symmetry

Madeleine Church, Paris France

Neo Classical - Temple Style

National History Museum London

Neo Romanesque

Virginia State Capitol

Neoclassical - Roman Temple Style

Characteristics of Rococo

Often pink exterior Evolution of past styles More decorative and playful than Baroque Grafeul, lighter Charming & entertaining versus drama of Baroque More focus on the interior Assemetry, curved lines - complicated designs Pastels - pink, lilac, blue, green, white -pastels emphasized the lightness of the movement Extensive use of gold Elements of nature - shells, rocks, flowers, stylized leaves Chinoiserie - japanese and chinese influences

Characteristics of Neo Gothic

Picturesque and romantic aspects of Gothic architecture but not necessarily for original function Stained glass windows, taller windows with tracery Pointed arch back Asymmetrical floor plan Steeply pitched roofs Gables/Cross Gables Crenulated walls/towers - imitate medieval castles Porches with turned posts/columns Spires/dormers/vertical emphasis Example: Kings College Chapel

Neo-Romanesque

Popular same time as Neo Gothic 1850s inspired by the 11-12th-century Romanesque architecture More more simplified arches and windows Most prominent and influential American architect working in a free "Romanesque" manner was Henry Hobson Richardson --> Richardsonian Romanesque Aka "Norman style" or "Lombard style", particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans in England and by the Italians in Lombardy Widely used for churches and university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century, especially in the United States and Canada (UCLA, USC)

Characteristics of Neoclassical Architecture

Proportion but MASSIVE/Grandeur Balance/Symmetry Elegance Clean. simplicity Straight lines/geometric forms -- Flat roofs Plain/block colors Flat facades with columns/porticos Decorations at minimum

Characteristics of Renaissance Architecture

Return classical order (rediscover Vitruvius' architecture books) Brunelleschi - architecture based on math/geometry Symmetry, regularity of parts Proportion - ideal Orderly arrangement of columns, posts & lintels, round arches, and domes Bldgs square/rectangular shapes Flat walls Facade typically symmetrical around vertical axis Vaults without ribs, back to roman tunnel vaults Ceilings flat, frequently painted or decorated Doors with square lintels Exterior walls often textured Domestic buildings had a cornice

Wies Church, Germany

Rococo Germany & Austria was haven for Rococo architecture

Pantheon

Roman, 126 CE Oldest dome in world Largest unsupported dome in world 142 feet high, 71 feet wide Thick walls to support weight - get thinner and use lighter concrete mix as nears top Oculus - 8 meters across opening for air and light

Aachen Cathedral (the Palace Chapel of Charlemagne), 792-805

Romanesque One of the oldest cathedrals in Europe, it was constructed by order of Emperor Charlemagne, who was buried there in 814.

Cathedral Of Pisa/Leaning Tower of Pisa

Romanesque - Late Italian (1173) Tower was medieval engineering marvel Took 200 years to finish 15 arches on bottom, 30 arches all other levels Tilt began when building 3rd level Only 9 meter foundation in dense clay caused lean Legend: Galileo conducted gravity experiments from it since could drop things and not have them hit side of building

Tower of London

Romanesque Castle White Tower (main/central part) built 1078 by William the Conquerer Designed for strength -- high and thick outer walls Arrow slits along top areas Watchtowers, Battlements at top for defenders Moat Stonekeep - fortified tower in center of Castle (White Tower); very thick walls and few windows; last refuge/place of defense

Speyer Cathedral

Romanesque Cathedral Speyer, Germany, 1082-1106 Founded by Conrad II 1030, remodelled end 11th century One of most important Romanesque monuments from time of the Holy Roman Empire. Burial place of the German emperors for almost 300 years. First Building to be Constructed entirely of Stone in Europe Still one of the largest Romanesque buildings in the world --remains largest completely Romanesque building in the world today

Influence/Legacy Renaissance Architecture

Spread through France, Spain, Germany, England to various degrees and at different times Long after official era ended, still has impact Countless churches, cathedrals, and government buildings in Europe and America -US Capitol & White House -National Gallery in London

British Museum

Temple Style Neo Classical Architect Robert Smirke Greek style This era overlapped King Georges 1-IV Also known as Georgian architecture

Greek Temples

To honor gods Grand, On hilltops Outside was row of columns Above columns - frieze, band around building filled with decorative sculpture Above frieze was pediment - triangular region on front and back facade Inside was a chamber with a stature of a god meant for the god, not the people