History of Architecture Part 2
Constructivist Architecture
Modern Architecture: A movement that originated in Moscow after 1917, primarily in sculpture but with broad application to architecture. The expression of construction was to be the basis for all building design, with emphasis on functional machine parts.
Usonian Architecture
Prairie Style: Frank Lloyd Wright developed this kind of housing design, a take-off on his earlier prairie houses, in response to the vast demand for low income housing.
Streamline Moderne
Art Deco: A style that emerged during the Great Depression as a reaction against the edgy dynamism of Art Deco. Streamline Moderne is characterized by the use of the tear drop form and smooth contours.
Tiffany Style
Art Nouveau: A firm played central role of Art Nouveau in American. This style became their signature design. Louis Sullivan also design this style.
Sezessione
Art Nouveau: A less ornate version of Art Noveau developed in Scotland and Vienna
The World of Art
Art Nouveau: A very colorful Russian variation of Art Nouveau appeared in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.
Modernisme
Art Nouveau: An Art Nouveau of Spain that started using iron and glass in work.It paid attention to nature and not classical language.
Jugendstil
Art Nouveau: The "Youth Style" German Art Nouveau which gave birth of modernist design in Germany.
Stile Liberty
Art Nouveau: The Italian version of Art Nouveau, named after the firm of Liberty and Co. in London.
Battle of the Styles
Identify this Architectural Period: A 19th century debate aimed at discovering the true way of building for the age. Protagonists include historical revival styles, Eclecticism, Structural Rationalism, Arts & Crafts, Beaux-Arts. An Britain this led to public debates between Decimus Burton and Augustus Pugin.
Arts and Crafts Movement
Identify this Architectural Period: A movement that originated in England around the middle of the 19th century and spread to continental Europe and the United States. It rejected the heavy ornamentation of the Victorian style in favor of good craftsmanship and clean design.
Post Modern Architecture
Identify this Architectural Period: A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. It uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. Buildings combine pleasant-looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people-friendly than their modernist predecessors.
Industrial Revolution
Identify this Architectural Period: A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Beaux Arts Architecture
Identify this Architectural Period: A style of architecture favored by an influential art school in the late 19th century France and adopted in the U.S. and elsewhere around 1900s. It is characterized by symmetrical plans and the eclectic use of architectural features combined so as to massive, elaborate and ostentatious effect. This includes the application of flat roof, rusticated and raised first story, hierarchy of spaces, statuary and sculptures and subtle polychromy.
Art Deco
Identify this Architectural Period: A style of decorative art developed originally in the 1920s with a revival in the 1960s, marked chiefly by geometric motifs, curvilinear forms, sharply defined outlines, often bold colors, and the use of synthetic materials, as plastic. It is shortened from Exposition Internationale Des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes, an exposition of modern and decorative arts held in Paris, France. Also called "Style Moderne".
Art Nouveau
Identify this Architectural Period: A style of fine and applied art current in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized chiefly by curvilinear motifs often derived from natural forms like flowing lines, flat shapes, and vines and flowers.
Prairie Style
Identify this Architectural Period: A style of housing designed by Frank Lloyd Wright with strong horizontal design that uses wood, stone, and materials found in the natural environment. The style is usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands, integration with the landscape, solid construction, craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament. Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide, flat, treeless expanses of America's native prairie landscape.
Eclectic Architecture
Identify this Architectural Period: A tendency in architecture and the decorative arts to mix various historical styles with modern elements with the aim of combining the virtues of many styles or increasing allusive content.
Mannerist Architecture
Identify this Architectural Period: A transitional style in European architecture in the late 16th century. It marked the end of the Renaissance by the unconventional use of classical elements. It was chiefly characterized by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation.
Organic Architecture
Identify this Architectural Period: An architectural style in which the building was in harmony with its natural surroundings. Frank Lloyd Wright used this type of architecture.
Modern Architecture
Identify this Architectural Period: An urban design movement in which buildings are thought to act like well-oiled machines, with little attention spent on frivolous or ornate designs. Elements of efficient, geometrical structures made of concrete and glass dominated urban forms in the mid-twentieth century. It is characterized by its simplicity in form and design. It is also based on abstraction, which is created by clean lines, basic shapes, and forms.
Neo-Gothic architecture
Identify this Architectural Period: Architectural movement where modern buildings were applied and borrowed from Gothic elements. The style is characterized with similar Gothic elements like gargolyes, arched windows and other Gothic medieval details.
Romantic Architecture
Identify this Architectural Period: In architecture, its is an umbrella term that covers many of the European 19th century 'revivalist' and Eastern influenced styles: Neoclassical/Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Baroque Revival, Romanesque Revival and Indo-Saracenic are some examples.
Mughal Architecture
Identify this Architectural Period: The Indo-Islamic architecture of the Mughal Dynasty, typified by monumental palaces and mosques with highly detailed decorative work.
Palladian Architecture
Identify this Architectural style: Based on the work of a famous Italian architect of the 16th century who tried to recreate the style and proportions of the buildings of ancient Rome. Its style practices the principle of mannerist art and its negligence to Renaissance.
Mission Style
Identify this Eclectic Style: A style of architecture associated with that of early Spanish colonial missions in Mexico and the southwestern U.S. mainly in the 18th century.
Shingle Style
Identify this Eclectic Style: An American style of domestic architecture during the second half of the 19th century, characterized by the extensive use of wood shingles as exterior cladding over a timber frame and frequently asymmetrical and fluid plan arrangements.
Stick Style
Identify this Eclectic Style: An eclectic style of American architecture in the second half of the 19th century, characterized esp. by the use of vertical board siding with battens or grids of boards over horizontal siding to express the frame construction beneath.
Queen Anne Style
Identify this Eclectic Style: It is the eclectic style of domestic architecture of the 1870's and the 1880's in England and the USA and actually based on country house and cottage Elizabeth architecture which was characterized by a blending of Tudor Gothic, English Renaissance and colonial elements in the USA.
Gothic Revival Style
Identify this Romantic Style: A movement in architecture when buildings in the Gothic style became popular. It was in this period that the British Parliament building was built. This was the architectural manifestation of Romanticism. Where the Enlightenment had looked down on the Middle Ages as a "dark" period of ignorance, the Romantics celebrated the Medieval period for its spiritualism, depth, and sense of adventure.
Baroque Revival Style
Identify this Romantic Style: Also known as "Second Empire Style". An architectural style of the late 19th century in France where the term is used to describe architecture which displays important aspects of Baroque style, but is not of the Baroque period proper. Elements of the this architectural tradition were an essential part of the curriculum of the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
Neoclassical Style
Identify this Romantic Style: An 18th century revival of Classical Greek and Roman art, characterized by simplicity and straight lines. It is characterized by the subordination of detail to simple, strongly geometric compositions, and the frequent shallowness of relief in ornamental treatment of facades. Also known as "Greek Revival Style".
Indo-Saracenic Style
Identify this Romantic Style: An architectural style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th century, especially in public and government buildings in the British Raj, and the palaces of rulers of the princely states. The style is characterized by the combination of South Asian, Byzantine, and Gothic decoration on a Ruskinian base. Also known as "Mughal-Gothic Style".
Home Insurance Building
Identify this building: The first skyscraper designed with a steel frame that was built by William Le Baron Jenney.
Romanesque Revival
Identify this Romantic Style: An architectural style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. This style tends to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts unlike its predecessor. The architectural style is characterized with elements of round arch, thick wall, small window, and division of interiors into compartment bays.
Morris Chair
Identify this building element: A large, straight-lined wood framed easy chair with adjustable back & loose cushions, that is named after the leading proponent of Arts & Crafts movement.
Wrought Iron
Identify this building element: A tough, malleable form of iron suitable for forging or rolling rather than casting, obtained by puddling pig iron while molten. It is nearly pure but contains some slag in the form of filaments. It is mostly used in the construction of bridges.
Steel
Identify this building element: An alloy of iron and carbon. This form of iron is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.
Cast Iron
Identify this building element: The impure iron taken directly from a blast furnace. This is a very brittle metal and to be structural solid required large quantities. The only practical application was in pots, pans and occasionally fireplaces.
Piano Nobile
Identify this building element: The main living floor of a house, generally raised a story above ground level.
iron, steel, glass
Identify this building element: The newest construction materials that were developed during the Industrial Revolution. Architects during this period felt free to select whatever elements from past cultures best fitted their programs.
Elevator
Identify this building element: This invention took a leap forward during the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s. Elisha Otis invented a safety brake, it became safer and more reliable, it became possible to use them in tall, modern buildings.
Cathedral of Learning
Identify this building: A 42-story Late Gothic Revival Cathedral is the tallest educational building in the Western hemisphere and the second tallest university building in the world. It is also the second tallest gothic-styled building in the world. This building was designed by
Thomas Jefferson Building
Identify this building: A Beaux-Arts style building that is known for its classicizing facade and elaborately decorated interior. Its design and construction has a tortuous history: the building's main architect was Paul Pelz, initially in partnership with John Smithmeyer. It is often called a "celebration in stone" and was roughly modeled after Palais Garnier.
Statue of Liberty
Identify this building: A colossal neoclassical sculpture on an island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel.
E.V. Haughwout Building
Identify this building: A commercial loft building in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, at the corner of Broome Street and Broadway. Built in 1857 to a design by John P. Gaynor, with cast-iron facades for two street-fronts. It was also the location of the world's first successful passenger elevator.
Sagrada Familia
Identify this building: A large unfinished Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, designed by Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí. The project's greatest challenges remain, including the construction of ten more spires, each symbolising an important Biblical figure in the New Testament. It is anticipated that the building can be completed by 2026—the centenary of Gaudí's death. Once finished, it will be considered the tallest church in the world, defeating Ulm Cathedral on its place.
Chicago Tribune Tower
Identify this building: A neo-Gothic skyscraper design by John Howells and Raymond Hood. Construction on the building was completed in 1925 and reached a height of 462 feet above ground. The ornate buttresses surrounding the peak of the tower are especially visible when the tower is lit at night.
Casa Mila
Identify this building: Also know as "La Padrera" or the stone quarry, a reference to its unconventional rough-hewn appearance, is a modernist building in Barcelona, Spain. It was the last private residence designed by architect Antoni Gaudí. He designed the house as a constant curve, both outside and inside, incorporating ruled geometry and naturalistic elements. All of these elements, constructed out of brick covered with lime, broken marble, or glass have a specific architectural function but are also real sculptures integrated into the building.
Empire State Building
Identify this building: An Art Deco-style skyscraper designed by Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon. Its art deco design is typical of pre-World War II architecture in New York. The modernistic, stainless steel canopies of the entrances on 33rd and 34th Streets lead to two-story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel and glass-enclosed bridges at the second-floor level.[240] The riveted steel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building's gravitational stresses and wind loads.
Chrysler Building
Identify this building: An Art Deco-style skyscraper designed by William Van Alen. It is constructed of a steel frame in-filled with masonry, with areas of decorative metal cladding. The structure contains 3,862 exterior windows. Approximately fifty metal ornaments protrude at the building's corners on five floors reminiscent of gargoyles on Gothic cathedrals.
30 Rockefeller Plaza
Identify this building: An art-deco skyscraper designed Raymond Hood and it is formerly called the RCA Building, and later the GE Building from, it was renamed the Comcast Building, following the transfer of ownership to new corporate owner Comcast. Its design greatly affected the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which restricted the height that the street-side exterior walls of New York City buildings could rise before they needed to incorporate setbacks that recessed the buildings' exterior walls away from the streets.
Villa Capra
Identify this building: An exaggeration of classic features in a square building with pillared portico on each face leading to a central circular hall with dome. Also known as "La Rotonda". Andrea Palladio's finest work in terms of Mannerist architecture.
Ecole des Beaux-Arts
Identify this building: An influential art schools in France, trained many of the great European artists. Its style was modeled on classical "antiquities", preserving these idealized forms and passing the style on to future generations.
Eiffel Tower
Identify this building: An iron structure that dominates the skyline of Paris. When it was built in the nineteenth century, it was the tallest freestanding structure in the world. This was built to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution and the world fair. It is a famous metallic tower, which is located in Paris, France.
Taliesin West
Identify this building: It is Frank Lloyd Wright's winter home and school in the desert from 1937 until his death in 1959. Today it is the main campus of the School of Architecture and houses the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. The structure's walls are made of local desert rocks, stacked within wood forms, filled with concrete - colloquially referred to as "desert masonry".
Palazzo del Te
Identify this building: It is a fine example of the mannerist style of architecture, and the acknowledged masterpiece of Giulio Romano. The four exterior façades have flat pilasters against rusticated walls, the fenestration indicating that the piano nobile is the ground floor, with a secondary floor above. The East façade differs from the other three by having Palladian motifs on its pilaster and an open loggia at its centre rather than an arch to the courtyard.
Darwin Martin House
Identify this building: It is considered to be one of the most important projects from Wright's Prairie School era. It is distinguished from Wright's other prairie style houses by its unusually large size and open plan. The room is flanked by a dining room and library which together create a long continuous space. The other axis, centered on the hearth, continues the living room out to a large covered veranda.
Palais Garnier
Identify this building: It was called the Salle des Capucines, because of its location in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. Its called "probably the most famous opera house in the world, a symbol of Paris." It was characterized with Napoleon III style which was highly eclectic, and borrowed from many historical sources. It included elements from the Baroque, the classicism of Palladio, and Renaissance architecture, artfully blended together.
Badshahi Mosque
Identify this building: It was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb with construction of the mosque lasting for two years. The mosque is an important example of Mughal architecture, with an exterior that is decorated with carved red sandstone with marble inlay. It remains the largest and most recent of the grand imperial mosques of the Mughal-era, and is the second-largest mosque in Pakistan.
Casa Battlo
Identify this building: It was designed by Antoni Gaudí, and is considered one of his masterpieces. The ground floor, in particular, has unusual tracery, irregular oval windows and flowing sculpted stone work. There are few straight lines, and much of the façade is decorated with a colorful mosaic made of broken ceramic tiles (trencadís). The roof is arched and was likened to the back of a dragon or dinosaur.
Brooklyn Bridge
Identify this building: It was designed by John Roebling and it combines two structural systems, steal cables and the arches themselves. It established the structural basis for all modern suspension bridges and it also employed the first steel used in an American structure.
Woolworth Building
Identify this building: It was designed in the neo-Gothic style by the architect Cass Gilbert. Originally designed to be 420 feet high, the building was eventually elevated to 792 feet. Given its resemblance to European Gothic cathedrals, the structure was called "The Cathedral of Commerce" by the Reverend S. Parkes Cadman. It remained the tallest building in the world until the construction of 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building, also in New York City.
Grand Central Terminal
Identify this building: It's interior was designed by Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore: this was Vanderbilt's crowning achievement, and considered to be one of the greatest architectural marvels of 19th century America.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Identify this building: Its architecture is in the Italianate style; George Gilbert Scott had initially envisaged a Gothic design, but then Englsih Prime Minister, insisted on a classical style. English sculptors Henry Hugh Armstead and John Birnie Philip produced a number of allegorical figures for the exterior.
Laurentian Library
Identify this building: Its vestibule, also known as the ricetto, was built above existing monastic quarters on the east range of the cloister, with an entrance from the upper level of the cloisters. Lit by windows in bays that are articulated by pilasters corresponding to the beams of the ceiling, with a tall constricted vestibule that is filled with a stair that flows up to the entrance to the reading room, the library is often mentioned as a prototype of Mannerism in architecture.
Taliesin East
Identify this building: Sometimes known as Taliesin Spring Green, or Taliesin North. It was the estate of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The property was developed on land that originally belonged to Wright's maternal family. People called it "The Love Cottage". The design of the original building was consistent with the design principles of the Prairie School, emulating the flatness of the plains and the natural limestone outcroppings of Wisconsin's Driftless Area.
Robie House
Identify this building: The building was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright and is renowned as the greatest example of Prairie School, the first architectural style considered uniquely American. The projecting cantilevered roof eaves, continuous bands of art-glass windows, and the use of Roman brick emphasize the horizontal, which had rich associations for Wright. The horizontal line reminded him of the American prairie and was a line of repose and shelter, appropriate for a house.
Crystal Palace
Identify this building: The building was erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. Designed by English architect Joseph Paxton.
Minimalism
Modern Architecture: An art movement that began in post-World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the early 1970s. It derives from the reductive aspects of modernism and is often interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism and a bridge to post-minimal art practices. Its subjects are reduced to its necessary elements and its designers focus on the connection between two perfect planes, elegant lighting, and the void spaces left by the removal of three-dimensional shapes in an architectural design.
Functionalism
Modern Architecture: A design movement that evolved from several previous movements in Europe in the early 20th century, advocating the design of buildings, furnishing, or the like as direct fulfillment of functional requirements, with the construction, materials, and purpose clearly expressed, and with aesthetic effect derived chiefly from proportions and finish to the exclusion or subordination of purely decorative effects.
International Style
Modern Architecture: A functional style of 20th-century architecture, so called because it crossed national and cultural barriers. It is characterized by the use of steel and reinforced concrete, wide windows, uninterrupted interior spaces, simple lines, and strict geometric forms. The style is characterized by an emphasis on volume over mass, the use of lightweight, mass-produced, industrial materials, rejection of all ornament and color, repetitive modular forms, and the use of flat surfaces, typically alternating with areas of glass.
Chicago School
Modern Architecture: A group of US architects active during 1880-1910 and known for major innovations in high-rise construction and for the development of modern commercial building design. This school of architecture is dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.
Structuralism
Modern Architecture: A movement in architecture and urban planning evolved around the middle of the 20th century. It was a reaction to CIAM's Functionalism, which had led to a lifeless expression of urban planning that ignored the identity of the inhabitants and urban forms.
Brutalist Architecture
Modern Architecture: A movement in architecture in the 1950s emphasizing the aesthetic use of basic building processes especially of cast in place concrete, with no apparent concern for visual amenity.
Expressionist Architecture
Modern Architecture: A movement in experimental, nonrepresentational painting originating in the US in the 1940s, embracing many individual styles marked in common by freedom of technique, a preference for dramatically large canvasses, and a desire to give spontaneous expression to the unconscious.
De Stijl
Modern Architecture: A school of art that was founded in the Netherlands in 1917, embraced painting, sculpture, architecture, furniture, and the decorative arts, and was marked especially by the use of black and white with the primary colors, rectangular forms, and asymmetry.
Bauhaus
Modern Architecture: A school of design established in Weimar, Germany. In 1919 by Walter Gropius, moved to Dessau in 1926, and closed in 1933 as a result of Nazi hostility. The concepts and ideas developed at this design school were characterized chiefly by the
High-Tech Architecture
Modern Architecture: A style of design incorporating industrial, commercial, and institutional fixtures, equipment, materials, or other elements having the utilitarian appearance characteristics of industrial design.
Cubist Architecture
Modern Architecture: A style of painting and sculpture developed in the early 20th century, characterized chiefly by an emphasis on formal structure, the reduction of natural forms to their geometrical equivalents, and the organization of the planes of a represented object independently of representational requirements.
CIAM
Modern Architecture: Also known as International Congresses of Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 but disbanded in 1959, responsible for a series of events and congresses arranged across Europe by the most prominent architects of the time, with the objective of spreading the principles of the Modern Movement focusing in all the main domains of architecture.
Deconstructivism
Modern Architecture: An architectural movement or style influenced by deconstruction that encourages radical freedom of form and the open manifestation of complexity in a building rather than strict attention to functional concerns and conventional design elements.
Formalism
Modern Architecture: An architectural style that emerged in the United States during the mid 1950s and flowered in the 1960s. Buildings designed in that style exhibited many Classical elements including "strict symmetrical elevations" building proportion and scale, Classical columns, highly stylized entablatures and colonnades. The style was used primarily for high-profile cultural, institutional and civic buildings.
Thomas Jefferson
Neoclassical Architects: He was particularly influenced by the classical style of Andrea Palladio, who emphasized symmetry, proportion, and the use of columns. These principles then came to define the architecture of the early United States: he designed his house, Monteciello, and the University of Virginia during his retirement.