History of Higher Education

The Great American University

*Characteristics: -philanthropy on a large scale -presidential presence= big ideas, endowments -professors & professional experts=expectation, associations -pedagogy (instructor, asst professor, assoc professor, full professor) -professional schools -curriculum -professionalism of students -recruit -facilities -dynamics of the academic enterprise Thelin: 129-130

Issues of the Old-Time College Era (1877-1865)

*extracurriculum *students acting out (of boredom) *largely male/students of privilege *classical vs. utilitarian

The Yale Report (1829)

-Faculty-based; defended the classical curriculum -Enriched peoples lives with sensibilities about the art of living -Against utilitarianism -primary object of graduating well-educated and well-rounded men, it should continue to require all of its students to follow a single thorough curriculum, with Latin and Greek literature at its core

The Morrill Act of (1862 & 1890)

-Signed by Abraham Lincoln -Funding for agricultural/mechanical institution -For the first time we have federal and state support for higher education -Amended (1890) due to its exclusion of historically Black Colleges

The Dartmouth Case (1819)

-about governance; private vs. public; gained the right to privatization based on a charter -who has the right to control the institution? -decision went to U.S. Supreme Court: if chartered "private" state cannot interfere with governance Thelin:"The Magna Carta for private colleges"

English influence

-scholarly migrations -place/safety (oxford) -creation of colleges: more purposeful -rituals: graduation, academic regalia,

9 Colonial Colleges

1. Harvard - 1636 2. William & Mary - 1693 3. Yale - 1701 4. Philadelphia [Unv. Penn] - 1740 5. College of New Jersey [Princeton] - 1746 6. King's College [Columbia Unv.] - 1754 7. Rhode Island [Brown] - 1764 8. Queen's College [Rutgers] - 1766 9. Dartmouth College - 1769

Traits of the Colonial College Era (1636-1776)

1. Private, denominationally-supported 2. Religion is the core of the curriculum 3. Small, scattered, numerous and diffused purpose 4. Governance: boards of non-residents who were not teachers but made major decisions 5. The cost was great & distances were excessive 6. Most students were not prepared as there was no provision for elementary education.

Traits of the Old-Time College Era (1877-1865)

1. multiple denominations 2. presidents left campus to raise funds 3. most college presidents were ministers 4. American Education Society distributed to "needy" young men enrolled at small colleges in New England and the Middle Atlantic--25-30% received some missionary fund scholarship 5. Creating the "American Way" > students who agreed to serve as a minister, missionary or teacher in an underserved region after having graduated from college.

Civil War

1861-1865 -provided students and alumni to serve as soldiers and political leaders, as well as academic buildings to serve as barracks and hospitals. -also suspended academic operations bc of drained funding and war. most closed bc of greatly reduced resources and energy.

What is the AAUP? What is their focus?

1915 American Association of University Professors. Focused advancement on academic freedom and shared governance. -to provide assurance for faculty members who claimed to have had their academic rights violated. -German influence: "freedom to teach" -late 19th cent. faculty dismissals *1940 statement on principles of Academic Freedom and Tenure.

Difference between 1st Morrill Act and 2nd Morrill Act

1st Morrill Act allocated land, while 2nd Morrill Act allocated funding to states. 2nd Morrill Act also specified that states must either admit students regardless of race or provided an institution for Black students.

Plato's academy

387 B.C. -Pupil of Socrates, taught his disciples through lectures and discussion.

What is the "Wisconsin Idea?"

A philosophy of higher education attributed to a 1904 speech given by then President of the University of Wisconsin, Charles Van Hise. The principle states that institutions of higher education should influence people's lives beyond the classroom. *as the nation industrializes. -campus and capitol ought to cooperate

Daniel Webster (dartmouth time) 1819

Argued for Dartmouth College Trustees: "the question is this: shall our state legislature be allowed to take which is not their own, to turn it from its original use, and apply it to such ends or purposes that they see fit?"

What is the AAU and why is it important?

Association of American Universities. International organization devoted to issues important to and focusing on research institutions in the United States. 1900, Chicago Thelin 110-112 *important: -uniformity -raise opinion abroad -raise standard of higher ed/univ. -discuss issues and definitions for universities to follow

Medieval university guilds

Bologna -know their organization

Medieval universities of Paris & Bologna

Bologna:student led/italy Paris: faculty led groups outside italy *knowledge through faith

Mesopotamian scribal institutions

Came out of necessity to keep records of wages, land titles, payments, etc. Scribes learned in tablet houses. Scribe life was better than laborer life.

Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie philanthropy

Carnegie Foundations for Advancement of Teaching. -research center Responsible for: -TIAA (retirement for teachers) -Carnegie unit (courses/credits "seat time") -ETS (GRE,SAT,etc.) -Carnegie Classifications **Important because it created many standards, how to assess students, measure preparedness and what you should know in order to go to a university.

Socrates

Classical Greek philosopher and teacher of Plato.

John Dewey & Arthur Lovejoy (AAUP)

Education is important to advancing our culture and so-called American dream. helped with "meeting public needs."

What is the Ivy League?

Eight private institutions in Northeastern US. Originally a football league, seven (except Cornell) date to colonial period. Cornell was founded in 1865. They are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University.

William Rainey Harper 1900

Father of the Community College (junior college) -separated the University of Chicago in two - *technical schools - *opportunity for underprivileged, access -elitist vs. democratic

What is significant about the University of Virginia?

Founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson. *non-denominational with the library at the center instead of the church. -science, botany, political science classes.

Lehrfreiheit & lernfreiheit

Freedom to teach & freedom to learn

First graduate institution. (Name & date founded)

Johns Hopkins University. Founded 1876. Baltimore, MD.

First junior college?

Joliet Junior College 1901

What does "in loco parentis" mean?

Literally "in the place of a parent." Institutional faculty and presidents supervised student conduct and moral development.

First institution to allow "coeducation." (Name & date)

Oberlin College. Began admitting women 1837. Oberlin, OH.

Eleazor Wheelock 1769

President and founder at Dartmouth

Daniel Coit Gilman

President at Johns Hopkins in 1876. Scholarships to advance the sciences -German influence

Charles Eliot

President of Harvard 1869 (40 years), transformed into preeminent research university. Presidents as entrepreneurs. -Transformed and solidified Harvard's financial and academic position.

What was Rutger's University first called?

Queen's College. Changed names in 1825. Became a land-grant institution in 1862.

Progressivism (1880-1890)

Reform movement in response to modernization from railroads, large corporations, and fear of political corruption. -expand and improve higher education

German influence

Scientific inquiry, graduate education, specialization, & state support.

What are the Seven Sisters? (Name them and explain significance.) 1837-1889

Seven liberal arts colleges in Northeastern US. Historically all were women's colleges that paralleled the Ivy League men's colleges. They are Barnard College, Bryn Mawr College, Mount Holyoke College, Radcliffe College, Smith College, Vassar College, Wellesley College.

What is the Morrill Act of 1890? What is another name for it?

The Agriculture College Act of 1890. Allocated regular funding to land-grant institutions, and aided in creation of agricultural colleges within these institutions. Also dictated that states with segregated education must provide equal educational opportunities to Black students. This most often resulted in the creation of separate institutions for Black students.

What is the Morrill Act of 1862?

The Morrill Act allocated land to each state in order for that state to open a public university with the intention that these institutions would teach "agricultural sciences" in addition to liberal arts.

Normal Schools (1800)

Thelin: reflected the diversity of their constituencies (i.e. women) Train to become teachers

Purpose of the Early Academy

This was to educate civil leaders and prepare a learned clergy (students were educated in good letters & manners); the early colleges were established and governed by the Church; students were usually rich, white, males (also usually the sons of clergymen); religion was the core of the curriculum.

AAUP Who? 1915

look at notes for AAUP examples. 11 universities/3 colleges ***Edward A. Ross & Mrs. Leland Stanford story

Scottish influence

pragmatic empiricism, lay board of trustees, education reform.

What is the classical curriculum?

trivium (grammer, logic, dialect) and quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy)