History of Microbiology- Exam #1

Algae:

Algae are plantlike eukaryotes that are photosynthetic; that is, they make their own food from carbon dioxide and water, using energy from sunlight. The algae include multicellular and unicellular organisms.

First to make a microscope with magnification of around 300x and called microorganisms animalcules.

Antoi Van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microbiology who called microbes animalcules: Robert Hooke Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Robert Koch Carl von Linne (Linnaeus) Louis Pasteur

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Who was the first person to build and use a microscope with magnification of around 300x?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Archaea:

Archaea are prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan and instead are composed of other polymers. They reproduce asexually. None are known to cause disease.

Eukaryotes

Are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane. Examples: Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Parasitic Worms, Acellular Infectious Agents - Viruses, vireos, and prions

The theory of spontaneous generation (or abiogenesis).

Aristotle

Does not have membrane bound cellular organelles and has cell wall made up of peptidoglycan: Helminthes Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Algae

Bacteria

Biofilms:

Bacteria in some environments form into structures called biofilms. These attach to a surface, accumulate into complex layers, and are cemented by sugars, e.g., in diseases like ear infections, prostate infections, some lung infections.

According to Binomial system the scientific name of any living organism has (select all that apply): A combination of generic (genus) and family name. Both names should be italicized when in print or underlined when written by hand. The first and second name are always lower-case letter. A combination of the generic (genus) and species name. The genus name is always capitalized, and the species name begins with a lower-case letter.

Both names should be italicized when in print or underlined when written by hand. A combination of the generic (genus) and species name. The genus name is always capitalized, and the species name begins with a lower-case letter.

Taxonomy and binomial nomenclature.

Carolus Linnaeus

Developed a stain technique, with a series of dyes to divide bacteria in two major categories.

Christian Gram

Alexander Fleming

Discovered the first antibiotic penicillin

First vaccine, immunization.

Edward Jenner

Match the following branches of microbiology to their proper description. Study the effect of microbes on the earth's diverse habitats.

Environmental Microbiology

Fungi:

Fungi are relatively large microscopic eukaryotes and include multicellular molds and single-celled yeasts. These organisms obtain their food from other organisms and have cell walls made of a polymer called chitin.

Protect against puerperal/childbed fever.

Ignaz Semmelweis

Match the following branches of microbiology to their proper description. Body's defense against microbial invasion

Immunology

Edward Jenner,

Immunology, the study of the body's specific defenses against pathogens, began with the experiments of English physician Edward Jenner, who showed that vaccination (synonymous with immunization) with pus collected from cowpox lesions prevented smallpox. Pasteur later capitalized on Jenner's work to develop successful vaccines against fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies.

Robert Hooke,

In 1660s studied a great diversity of materials from household objects, plants, trees and the appearance of fungal growth.

Match the following branches of microbiology to their proper description. Microbes used to create amino acids, beer, drugs, enzymes, and vitamins.

Industrial Microbiology

Which of the following pairs of career descriptions and work tasks is not correctly matched? Public health microbiologist -- track the incidence of AIDS in a population Agricultural microbiologist -- identify bacterial causes of crop disease Industrial microbiologist -- manipulate bacterial strains to be less pathogenic Medical microbiologist -- identify the cause of a bladder infection at a hospital lab

Industrial microbiologist -- manipulate bacterial strains to be less pathogenic

Introduced use of aseptic techniques to disinfect both hands and air inside surgical theaters.

Joseph Lister

Aristotle (384-322 c.)

The theory of spontaneous generation (or abiogenesis) proposes that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter. Was widely accepted for almost 2,000 years, until experiments by Francesco Redi (1626-1697) and others challenged it.

Bacteria:

These are single-celled prokaryotes whose cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan (though some bacteria lack cell walls). They reproduce asexually. Most are beneficial, but some are pathogens that cause disease

Eukaryotic Organisms

Unicellular or Multicellular; membrane bound organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, golgi complex; bigger in size. Include fungi, protozoa, algae and helminthes.

Cell Types Prokaryotic Organisms

Unicellular; contain no membrane bound organelles; have simple structures; are 10 times smaller than eukaryotes. Include archaea and bacteria. Only bacteria are pathogenic.

Helminths are ______.

parasitic worms

Robert Koch

proposed his postulates to study the causation of disease (etiology). Identified causative agent for anthrax He developed aseptic technique and proposed his postulates, a set of steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease but not for diseases like diabetes. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host. When the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease. The same agent must be re-isolated from the diseased experimental host.

Louis Pasteur

proved that microorganisms are also responsible for diseases (germ theory of disease).

Ignaz Semmelweis

required medical students to wash their hands in chlorinated lime water before attending births to protect puerperal fever.

Florence Nightingale

the founder of modern nursing, introduced antiseptic techniques that saved the lives of innumerable soldiers during the Crimean War.

Prokaryotes

unicellular microbes that lack a true nucleus. Example: bacteria and archaea

Which of the following is a scientific name? Streptobacilli Gram-positive streptococcus Anthrax Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms? Pathology Taxonomy Nomenclature Phylogeny Epidemiology

Taxonomy

Viruses belong to the ______ category of microorganisms. Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes Archaea Acellular

Acellular

Viruses

Acellular infectious agents, can infect bacteria or any other eukaryotic cells. Made up of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and protein coat only.

Match the following branches of microbiology to their proper description. Relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals.

Agricultural Microbiology

Discovered the first antibiotic penicillin.

Alexander Fleming

Binomial System

A combination of the generic (genus) and species name The genus name is always capitalized, and the species name begins with a lower-case letter Both names should be italicized when in print or underlined when written by hand The genus name can be abbreviated to save space or if the genus name has already been stated Example: Staphylococcus aureus can be abbreviated as S. aureus

Experiments using swan-necked flasks.

Louis Pasteur

He was the first person to use swan neck flask to disapprove the theory of spontaneous generation: Robert Hooke Robert Koch Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Louis Pasteur Carl von Linne (Linnaeus)

Louis Pasteur

Match the following branches of microbiology to their proper description. Deals with microbes that cause diseases in humans and animals.

Medical Microbiology

Parasitic Worms: aka Helminths

Parasitic worms are invertebrate worm like animals that cause several infectious diseases. They range in size from microscopic forms to adult tapeworms several meters in length.

Complete the following activity by dragging the organisms to the appropriate category. Prokaryotic -- Eukaryotic-- Acellular-- Viroid Protozoa Prion Bacteria Fungi

Prokaryotic --bacteria, archaea Eukaryotic-- fungi, protozoa Acellular--prion, viroids

Protozoa:

Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure. Most are capable of locomotion, and some are pathogens that cause disease

Match the following branches of microbiology to their proper description. Monitor and control the spread of diseases in communities.

Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology

Which field of microbiology monitors and controls the spread of diseases in communities? Medical Microbiology Industrial Microbiology Enviornmental Microbiology Agricultural Microbiology Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology

Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology

Which field of microbiology monitors and controls the spread of diseases in communities? Agricultural Microbiology. Industrial Microbiology. Medical microbiology Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology. Environmental Microbiology.

Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology.

Experiments using swan-necked flasks.

Robert Koch

Postulates to identify causative microorganism.

Robert Koch

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek,

a Dutch merchant, made the first simple microscope with magnification of around 300x in order to examine the quality of cloth. His passion to view things under the microscope then extended to other things, including many microorganisms he called animalcules. He reported the existence of protozoa in 1674 and of bacteria a few years later.

Carolus Linnaeus

a Swedish botanist, developed a taxonomic system for naming living organisms and grouping similar organisms together between the years of 1735-1760. Biologists still use a modification of Linnaeus's taxonomy and binomial nomenclature today.

Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that microbes are found on dust particles. microbes can be used to clean up toxic spills. a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease. a specific microbe should be classified in a specific kingdom. life forms can only arise from preexisting life forms.

a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease.

Joseph Lister

advanced the idea of antisepsis in healthcare settings with the use of phenol

Acellular infectious agents- Viruses, viroids and prions

are so small that they were hidden from microbiologists until the invention of the electron microscope in 1932. Viruses are acellular obligatory parasites and are not considered eukaryotes or prokaryotes. Microscopes are important diagnostic tools for observing microbes and acellular structures.

When assigning a scientific name to an organism, the species name is capitalized. the species name is placed first. both genus and species names are italicized or underlined. both genus and species names are capitalized. the species name can be abbreviated.

both genus and species names are italicized or underlined.

Eduard Buchner

demonstrated the presence of enzymes and began the field of biochemistry and the study of metabolism, a term that refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

Christian Gram

developed the Gram stain technique, involving the application of a series of dyes that leave Gram-positive microbes purple and Gram negative.

Paul Ehrlich

discovered a chemical that he called "magic bullet" that could kill microorganisms causing syphilis but remain nontoxic to humans.

John Snow

mapped the occurrence of cholera cases in London that led to the foundation of two branches of microbiology: infection control and epidemiology, the study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans.