History of Rock Exam 2

Northern band rock 'n' roll

-Best exemplified by Bill Haley and his Comets. -The Comets began by playing conventional country and western style. -By 1947 they began playing a combination of Country and Western, Dixieland, and the old style rhythm and blues. -His new style incorporated all of these elements with an emphasis on the backbeat and turn it into dance music.

Charlie Gillett's observations on the early wave of rock 'n' roll:

-Between them, these five styles of Rock and Roll covered most of the records which broke through to the pop charts from 1954 through 1956. -They are the ingredients which were mixed together in varying combinations for the next thirty years by musicians. -Northern Band Rock 'n' Roll was probably the least influential. -New Orleans Rock 'n' Roll lost favor in the sixties, when the majority of groups featured guitars and were inspired equally by Memphis Country Rock and Chicago Rhythm and Blues.

Bo Diddley

-Bo Diddley was a rhythm and blues vocalist, guitarist, songwriter (usually as Ellas McDaniel), and rock and roll pioneer. -He was also known as The Originator because of his key role in the transition from the blues to rock, influencing a host of acts, including Buddy Holly, Jimi Hendrix, The Rolling Stones, The Velvet Underground, The Who, The Yardbirds, Eric Clapton, Elvis Presley and The Beatles among others. -He introduced more insistent, driving rhythms and a hard-edged electric guitar sound on a wide-ranging catalog of songs, along with African rhythms and a signature beat (a simple, five-accent rhythm) that remains a cornerstone of rock and pop.

Johnny Cash (1932-2003)

-Cash was a singer-songwriter, actor, and author and one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. -Although primarily remembered as a country music icon, his songs and sound spanned many other genres including rockabilly and rock and roll. -He had a crossover appeal that led him to being inducted in the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and Gospel Music Hall of Fame. -Cash was known for his deep, distinctive bass-baritone voice. -His signature songs include "I Walk the Line", "Folsom Prison Blues", "Ring of Fire", "Get Rhythm" and "Man in Black" Late in his career, Cash covered songs by several rock artists, most notably "Hurt" by Nine Inch Nails. -the music video was voted one of the best of all time and is sometimes seen as Cash's epitaph.

Willie Dixon

-Dixon was a blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. -Dixon was proficient on both the upright bass and the guitar and as a vocalist. -He is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time and is recognized as one of the founders of the Chicago Blues sound. -Dixon's most famous compositions include "Little Red Rooster", "Hoochie Coochie Man", "Evil", "Spoonful", "Back Door Man", "I Just Want to Make Love to You", "I Ain't Superstitious", "My Babe", "Wang Dang Doodle", and "Bring It On Home". -These tunes were written during the peak of Chess Records from 1950-1965. -Next to Muddy Waters, he was the most influential person in shaping the post World War II sound of the Chicago blues.

Antoine Dominique "Fats" Domino Jr. (born 1928)

-Domino is a pianist and singer-songwriter. -He was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. Domino was French Creole and Creole was his first language. -Domino's family were new arrivals from the sugar and cotton plantations.His father was a well known violinist, and Domino was inspired to play himself. -Fats released five gold (million-selling) records before 1955. -Domino also had 35 Top 40 American Hits

1960: Elvis Is Back!

-Elvis discovers that the music industry has changed when he returns from the Army. His audience has aged, and so he moves toward ballad singing rather than rock 'n' roll. -His return becomes the biggest seller of the year. It's Now or Never -Col. Tom Parker was making all of the decisions for Elvis regarding material. Because of their early business arrangement with Hill and Range, songs are chosen based on finance rather than art. -Elvis' career devolves into a string of "B" movies. There was almost no music being made. 1963 - Elvis has his last top-ten hit for more than five years. Bossa Nova Baby

Frankie Lymon

-Fast Novelty Songs -The definitive novelty vocal group of this style period was Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers. Why Do Fools Fall in Love? (1955) -The fast novelty vocal groups combined a rhythm section of back up noises with a classic teenage-lament lyric others: The Chords-Sh-Boom The Cadillacs- Speedo The Coasters- Young Blood

Jailhouse Rock

-Jailhouse Rock (1957) was directed by Richard Thorpe for (MGM). -Producer Pandro S. Berman was convinced by his wife to create a film with Presley in the leading role. -The dance sequence to the film's title song is often cited as "Presley's greatest moment on screen". -The songs that integrated the film's soundtrack were written Mike Stoller and Jerry Leiber. -Jailhouse Rock earned mixed reviews, with most of the negative reception directed towards Presley's persona.

Jerry Lee Lewis (born 1935)

-Lewis is a rock and roll and country singer-songwriter and pianist. -He had hits in the late 1950s with songs such as "Great Balls of Fire", "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On", "Breathless" and "High School Confidential". -Lewis' rock 'n' roll career faltered in the wake of his marriage to his young cousin Myra Gale. -His popularity recovered in the late 1960s after he extended his career to country and western music. -In the 21st century Lewis continues to tour to audiences around the world and still releases new albums. -Lewis is the last surviving member of Sun Records' Million Dollar Quartet that included Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley.

Little Richard

-Little Richard's stage performance set precedents for anyone who followed him. His stylings appear in both male and female vocalists throughout the rest of the history of rock music. -Little Richard is perhaps rock and roll's greatest interpreter.

Trouble while drafted

-Many saw removing Presley from public view as a positive thing. -During his time in the Army, Elvis' life was affected in profound ways. -His mother, Gladys, died. Elvis was deeply affected by her death and never fully recovered. -He would meet his future wife Priscilla Beaulieu while in Germany. -Elvis begins to develop a dependency on uppers and downers. -After his discharge from the Army Elvis discovers a new fan base and his repertoire moves toward ballads over rock and roll songs

Carl Perkins (1932-1998)

-Perkins was a rockabilly musician who recorded most notably at Sun Records Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, beginning during 1954. -His best known song is "Blue Suede Shoes". -Perkins' songs were recorded by artists (and friends) as influential as Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, and Johnny Cash, which further cemented his place in the history of popular music. -Perkins was called "the King of Rockabilly".

Love Me Tender (the movie)

-Presley had serious acting ambitions and had signed a seven-year contract with Paramount Pictures. -His first motion picture, Love Me Tender, was released on November 21, 1956. -Though he was not top-billed, the film's original title (The Reno Brothers) was changed to capitalize the success of the song Love Me Tender. -To further take advantage of Presley's popularity, four musical numbers were added to what was originally a straight acting role. -The movie was panned by the critics but did very well at the box office. -Presley would receive top billing on every subsequent film he made. Loving You was directed by Hal Kanter: -It was released by Paramount Pictures on July 9, 1957. -It is Presley's first movie with top billing.

Childhood-Hillbilly Music (Elvis)

-Presley was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century. -He is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll". -Born in Tupelo, Mississippi, Presley moved to Memphis, Tennessee, with his family at the age of 13. -He began his career there in 1954, working with Sun Records owner Sam Phillips, who wanted to bring the sound of Black music to a white audience. -Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was the most important proponent of rockabilly. -Elvis Presley is regarded as one of the most important figures of 20th-century popular culture.

Charlie Rich (1932-1995)

-Rich's music was often hard to classify in a single genre. He played rockabilly, jazz, blues, country, and gospel. -In 1958, Rich became a regular session musician for Sun Records playing on records by Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash and other Sun Artits. He also wrote songs for Lewis, Cash, and others. -His third single for the Sun subsidiary, Phillips International Records, was the 1960 Top 30 hit, "Lonely Weekends," noted for its Presley-like vocals. None of his seven follow-up singles was a success, though several of the songs became staples in his live set, including "Who Will the Next Fool Be," "Sittin' and Thinkin'," and "Don't Put No Headstone on My Grave." -He is perhaps best remembered for a pair of 1973 hits, "Behind Closed Doors" and "The Most Beautiful Girl". "The Most Beautiful Girl" topped the U.S. country singles charts, as well as the pop singles charts. "I really don't like happy music. I don't think it says anything." -Charlie Rich

Memphis Country Rock (Rockabilly)

-Rockabilly is one of the earliest styles of rock and roll music, dating to the early 1950s. The term "rockabilly" is a combination of "rock" (from "rock 'n' roll") and "hillbilly", the latter a reference to the hillbilly music in the 1940s and 1950s that contributed to the style's development. -Other important influences on rockabilly include western swing, boogie-woogie, and rhythm and blues. -Its origins lie primarily in the South. -The influence and popularity of the style waned in the 1960s, but during the late 1970s and early 1980s, rockabilly enjoyed a major revival. Characteristics: -Southern White version of 12-bar boogie blues -Electric guitar, acoustic bass and (after 1956) drums Differences from other defined styles: -Looser rhythms -No saxophones -No chorus singing

The Ed Sullivan Show-September 9, 1956

-Sullivan, despite his June pronouncement, booked the singer for three appearances for an unprecedented $50,000. The first was seen by approximately 60 million viewers—a record 82.6 percent of the television audience. -According to Elvis legend, Presley was shot only from the waist up. -Sullivan publicly told TV Guide, "As for his gyrations, the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots." In fact, Presley was shown head-to-toe in the first and second shows. Though the camerawork was relatively discreet during his debut, with leg- concealing closeups when he danced, the studio audience reacted in customary style: screaming. -Presley's performance of"Love Me Tender" prompted a million advance orders. -More than any other single event, it was this first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that made Presley a national celebrity.

The Steve Allen Show (1956)

-The Berle shows drew such high ratings that Presley was booked for a July 1 appearance on NBC's Steve Allen Show in New York. -Steve Allen was no fan of rock and roll and introduced a "new Elvis" in a white bow tie and black tails. -Presley sang "Hound Dog" for less than a minute to a basset hound wearing a top hat and bow tie. -"Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd... [he] set things up so that Presley would show his contrition". -Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career. -The rivalry between variety show hosts Steve Allen and Ed Sullivan helped launch Presley to unprecedented fame. -Allen's show with Presley had beaten CBS's Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings. It was the first time this had happened.

The Teen Idols

-The success of young rock stars like Elvis Presley and film stars like James Dean in the 1950s, as well as the wider emergence of youth subcultures led promoters to the creation of teen idols such as Frankie Avalon and Fabian-and to artists who deliberately cultivated a safer and less sexual idol image from wild to mild, by providing a cleaner, more wholesome image of masculinity than that of the previous era's rebellious rockabilly stars. -Marketing of the teen idol generally focused on an image that would appeal to the pre-teen and young teen female pop audience member and children in general. -The teen idols were presented as relatively non-threatening to this young audience and the market of parents. -Some marketers turned to film and TV for fresh, attractive, 'safe' faces.

Chicago Rhythm and Blues

-This style of music developed in Chicago by taking the basic elements of the Delta blues and adding amplified harmonica, guitar, bass guitar, drums and piano. -The music developed in the first half of the twentieth century as a result of the Great Migration when Black workers moved from the South into the industrial cities of the North. -At first, the blues clubs in Chicago were filled with black performers, and the music itself was aimed for black audiences. -The nearest equivalent to Rockabilly among black styles was Chicago Rhythm and Blues. -The record company most interested in recording and distributing Chicago Rhythm and Blues was Chess Records. -The Great Migration

New Orleans Dance Blues

-This style refers to a type of rhythm and blues music from New Orleans characterized by extensive use of piano and horn sections, complex syncopated "second line" rhythms, and lyrics that reflect New Orleans life. -It is complete with distinct innovation and creativity, in combination with a musicality unique to the New Orleans area distinguish this sub-genre. -In the New Orleans style, the rhythms were looser, less mechanical than in Northern Band rock 'n' roll records. -In this style, the singers were more prominent.

Vocal Group Rock and Roll - (Doo Wop)

-loosest of the 5 types of rock n roll -included groups who sang fast novelty songs together and specialized in slow ballads -most groups were young, inexperienced and amateur. most rehearsals were without instruments -Most of the records were made with the bare minimum backing group (guitar, bass, and drums and sometimes a saxophone) Early Groups: -The Mills Brothers-Lazy River -The Ink Spots- Java Jive Doo Woo groups were accustomed to singing without the aid of this = a rhythm section

The Platters

-slow novelty songs -The slow novelty groups had to find a way to balance the supper club and cabaret worlds with the needs of the teen-oriented rock 'n' roll radio shows. -Three groups were successful at this endeavor: The Platters, The Teen Queens and the Penguins. -Because of the work by the Platters, the teen ballad idiom became part of the basic rock 'n' roll heritage. The Platters-Smoke Gets in Your Eye the most influential of the Slow Novelty acts was The Platters

What were the 5 styles of rock 'n' roll? (1954-1956)

1. Northern Band Rock 'n' Roll (Bill Haley and his Comets) 2. New Orleans Dance Blues (Fats Domino and Little Richard) 3. Memphis Country Rock (rockabilly) (Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, etc.) 4. Chicago Rhythm and Blues (Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry) 5. Vocal Group Rock 'n' Roll (Doo Wop)

What were some perceived problems with music of the youth culture?

1. Rock 'n' Roll songs exuded too much sexuality. 2. The attitudes seemed to either question or openly defy authority. 3. The singers were either black or sounded black.

What were Sam Phillip's goals for Memphis recording service?

1. To record local singers and musicians from Memphis. 2. To record black artists who would not normally get the chance to record.

What are the 3 modes of expression? (defined by Charlie Gillett)

1. sentimental 2. melodramatic 3. trivial-novelty

What was the first rock 'n' roll song to make the best-selling lists on Billboard's national chart?

1953-"Crazy Man Crazy" by Bill Haley and His Comets

Sun Records

1954-The year of Elvis Presley's first recordings at Sun. The End of Sun Records: -In 1969, Mercury Records label producer Shelby Singleton purchased the Sun label from Sam Phillips. -Singleton merged his operations into Sun International Corporation, which re-released and re-packaged compilations of Sun's early artists in the early 1970s.

Alan Freed

A Cleveland disc jockey who coined the term "rock 'n' roll" in 1951

Bing Crosby

All singers from this early period were influenced by Bing Crosby Would You Like to Swing on a Star At this point the physical appearance of the singer became important

What is ASCAP?

American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Licensed performance rights to broadcasting outlets.

What is BMI?

Broadcast Music Incorporated Represented many previously ignored writers and publishers of hillbilly, race, ethnic and foreign music

What were the 6 major recording companies that dominated the popular music market?

Columbia RCA Victor Capitol Decca Mercury MGM

Elvis Presley (1935-1977)

Elvis Presley is the greatest cultural force in the 20th century. He introduced the beat to everything and changed everything-music, language, clothes-it's a whole new social revolution. Because of him, a man like me barely knows his musical grammar anymore. -Leonard Bernstein (conductor/composer-New York Philharmonic) Nothing really affected me until I heard Elvis. If there hadn't been Elvis, there wouldn't have been the Beatles.-John Lennon When I first heard Elvis' voice, I just knew that I wasn't going to work for anybody; and nobody was going to be my boss... Hearing him for the first time was like busting out of jail. -Bob Dylan The First Single: July 19, 1954 That's All Right Blue Moon of Kentucky

Drafted

Elvis Presley served in the Army from 1958 to 1960: -Elvis was shooting the movie King Creole and received a sixty day deferment in order to finish the film.

Col. Tom Parker

Elvis Presley's manager July, 1955-Louisiana Hayride tour: Elvis meets Col. Tom Parker.

Million Dollar Quartet

Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, and Carl Perkins -this is the name given to recordings made on Tuesday December 4, 1956 in the Sun Record Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. The recordings were of an impromptu jam session among Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash. It was arguably the first supergroup. -happened by chance *The Million Dollar Quartet consisted of Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis and Carl Perkins. Which one did not perform on the recordings made of the session?- Johnny Cash*

Rockabilly / The Rockabilly Movement

Elvis' first recordings were made in June 1953 by the Memphis Recording Service as a birthday gift for his mother (according to Elvis). -It is more likely that he made the record in hopes that someone would notice him. My Happiness -By 1954, Elvis was back at Sun working with Sam Phillips to record "Without You". -Scottie Moore (guitar) and Bill Black (bass) are assigned to work with Elvis. Discovering Elvis

who were the teen idols?

Frankie Vallee Ricky Nelson Bobby Rydell Bobby Vee Paul Anka Frankie Avalon

Memphis Recording Service

"We Record Anything, Anywhere, Anytime" Eccentric and/or Early Sun Artists: -Harmonica Frank Floyd-Swamp Root -Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cat-Rocket Later becomes Sun Records label

Chess Records

- Based in Chicago, Illinois and specialized in blues, R&B, soul, gospel music, early rock and roll, and occasional jazz releases. -Run by brothers Leonard and Phil Chess, it became known as "America's greatest blues label." -Leonard Chess bought a stake in Aristocrat Records in 1947. In 1950, Leonard brought his brother, Phil into the operation and they became sole owners of the company, renaming it Chess Records. -In 1951, the Chess brothers began an association with Sam Phillips' Memphis Recording Service. Phillips gave Chess "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats as well as Howlin' Wolf, who stayed with the label until his death in 1976.

Scotty Moore, Bill Black and D.J. Fontana

- Elvis' band - Scotty More was guitarist - Bill Black was bassist - DJ Fontana played drums after '56

Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)

- established the sociology department at Harvard University - advocated the "grand theory" approach - provided a positive image of human society and social action as evolving towards greater harmony and the possibility of a peaceful world - His theory of African-American cultural assimilation contained 3 stages

1968 Comeback Special

-"Elvis" aired on December 3, 1968 on the NBC. The special is commonly referred to as the '68 Comeback Special. -It was directed by Steve Binder and produced by Binder and Bones Howe. -Presley's career had declined steadily in the years leading up to 1968. -Presley's films had been making less money with each release and he was tiring of Hollywood. -Parker wanted the show, which was scheduled as a Christmas season broadcast, to be little more than Presley singing Christmas carols. Binder argued that the special was an opportunity to re-establish the singer's reputation. -At the beginning of the '68 Special project, a nervous Presley had said "I want everyone to know what I can really do." -The '68 Special is credited with revitalizing his career. Baby What You Want Me To Do? (Jimmy Reed)

G.I. Blues (1960)

-A great deal of the pre-production scenery was shot on location in Germany before Presley's release from the army. -Presley felt confident that he had a future in acting. -The success of G.I. Blues may have been the catalyst for the formulaic films that Presley was to make for much of the 1960s.

American Bandstand

-American Bandstand aired in various versions from 1952 to 1989 and was hosted by Dick Clark. -The show featured teenagers dancing to Top 40 music introduced by Clark; at least one popular musical act would usually appear in person to lip-sync one of their latest singles. -It premiered locally in late September 1952 as Bandstand in Philadelphia. -In late 1957, the ABC television network asked their affiliates for programming suggestions to fill their 3:30 p.m. time slot. -Clark pitched the show to ABC and the show was picked up nationally, becoming American Bandstand on August 5, 1957. -Clark would often interview the teenagers about their opinions of the songs being played, most memorably through the "Rate-a- Record" segment. During the segment, two audience members each ranked two records after which the two opinions were averaged by Clark, who then asked the audience members to justify their scores.

Chuck Berry

-Berry is one of the pioneers of rock and roll music and perhaps rock and roll's first great songwriter. -He refined and developed rhythm and blues into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, with lyrics focusing on teen life and consumerism and guitar solos and showmanship that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music. -By early 1953, influenced by the blues player T-Bone Walker, he was performing in the with the Johnnie Johnson Trio. -His break came when he traveled to Chicago in May 1955, and met Muddy Waters, who suggested he contact Leonard Chess. -With Chess he recorded "Maybellene"—Berry's adaptation of the country song "Ida Red"—which sold over a million copies. -By the end of the 1950s, Berry was an established star with several hit records and film appearances to his name as well as a lucrative touring career. He had also established his own St. Louis-based nightclub, called Berry's Club Bandstand.

Lieber and Stoller

Jailhouse Rock -The songs that integrated the film's soundtrack were written Mike Stoller and Jerry Leiber.

Louisiana Hayride

July, 1955-Louisiana Hayride tour: Elvis meets Col. Tom Parker

What were Little Richard's best records that were made for Specialty records between 1955 and 1958?

Long Tall Sally Lucille Slippin' and Slidin' Good Golly Miss Molly

The sale of Elvis' contract

RCA -Three major labels made offers of up to $25,000 for Presley's contract. -Tom Parker and Sam Phillips struck a deal with RCA Victor on November 21 to acquire Presley's Sun contract for an unprecedented $40,000. $5000 of this went directly to Elvis. -Presley, at 20, was still a minor, so his father signed the contract. -Parker arranged with the owners of Hill and Range Publishing to create two entities, Elvis Presley Music and Gladys Music, to handle all of the new material recorded by Presley. Songwriters were obliged to forego one third of their customary royalties in exchange for having him perform their compositions. -By December, RCA had begun to heavily promote its new singer, and before month's end had reissued many of his Sun recordings. -At this point, country music split into two factions-Rockabilly and Straight Country -Rockabilly went with Presley while Country followed Hank Williams and his tradition. 1956: Elvis' first recording at RCA. Heartbreak Hotel climbed the charts immediately and by March, Elvis was selling $75,000 per day. Elvis accounted for 50% of RCA's pop record sales

Define the differences between Rock 'n' Roll, Rock and Roll & Rock

Rock 'n' Roll- the particular kind of music to which the term was first applied. Rock and Roll- the music that has been classified as such since rock 'n' roll died around 1958. Rock- the post-1964 derivations of rock 'n' roll

Buddy Holly

Rock pioneer whose 7 Top 40 hits included "Peggy Sue" and "That'll Be The Day". Tragically, he died in a plane crash just as his fame was beginning.

Mystery Train (the song)

September 22, 1954: I Don't Care if the Sun Don't Shine Early Sun records featured only Scottie and Bill. Later, D.J. Fonata was added on drums. 1955 Milestones: January 8, 1955: Milk Cow Blues April 25, 1955: Baby Let's Play House Lyrics on slides July, 1955-Louisiana Hayride tour: Elvis meets Col. Tom Parker. August 1, 1955: Mystery Train (the last Sun single)

what are the 3 stages of cultural assimilation?

Stage I: Exclusion Stage II: Assimilation Stage III: Inclusion

The Day the Music Died

The End of the First Wave of Rock 'n' Roll : 1. October 1957-Little Richard quits music to pursue a career as a minister. 2. November 1957 - Jerry Lee Lewis was already suffering from lack of hits. His marriage to his 13 year old cousin Myra Gale effectively killed his rock 'n' roll career. 3. March 1958 - Elvis is drafted into the US Army. He would not return until 1960. Elvis was stationed in Germany where he met Priscilla Beaulieu. She was 14 years old at the time. The Army marks the beginning of Elvis' problems with drugs. 4. 1959 - Chuck Berry is arrested in St. Louis and charged with a violation of the Mann Act. (transporting a minor across state lines for immoral purposes) 5. February 3, 1959-The Day The Music Died-The death of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and J.P. Richardson in a plane crash outside of Clear Lake, Iowa.

Suspicious Minds

The Last #1 Single-January 23, 1969 Suspicious Minds was widely regarded as the single that returned Presley's career success following the '68 Comeback Special. It was his seventeenth and last number-one single in the United States

Youth Culture

The growth of rock 'n' roll cannot be separated from the emergence of the youth culture Hollywood celebrates the rebellion of youth in film: The Wild One (1954) Rebel Without a Cause (1955) Juvenile Delinquency and Rock 'n' Roll-The Teen

What are cover versions?

To take a song or style from the black culture and reproduce it using a white singer Little Richard--------(Tutti Frutti)----------------Elvis Presley The Chords --------(Sh-Boom)---------------The Crew Cuts

Blackboard Jungle

a 1955 fictional film about juvenile delinquency that inadvertently turned Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock" into a hit by using it under the opening credits

How did the audience of the mid 50's force the music industry to change?

by determined resistance to the status-quo This has been true throughout the history of pop music

The Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 The music developed in the first half of the twentieth century as a result of the Great Migration when Black workers moved from the South into the industrial cities of the North.

What were the phrases "rock" and "rock and roll" euphemisms for?

sex in the community of rhythm and blues The White communities (especially in the South) were resistant to this music by black artists

The Milton Berle Show (June 5, 1956)

the first great national tv hit -Presley made the first of two appearances on NBC's Milton Berle Show on April 3, 1956. -Twelve weeks after its original RCA release, "Heartbreak Hotel" became Presley's first number one pop hit. -The second Milton Berle Show appearance came on June 5 at NBC's Hollywood studio, amid another hectic tour. Berle persuaded the singer to leave his guitar backstage, advising, "Let 'em see you, son." -During the performance, Presley abruptly halted an uptempo rendition of "Hound Dog" with a wave of his arm and launched into a slow, grinding version accentuated with energetic, exaggerated body movements. Presley's gyrations created a storm of controversy. -Ed Sullivan declared him "unfit for family viewing".