History of Rock Unit 3

Cuba

-1959-2000s -Rock music banned in Cuba after the 1959 revolution by the communist dictatorship, rock music seen as an "imperialist" influence, making rock music as such was not allowed, however, some musicians in jazz bands incorporated rock influences, restrictions have since loosened up -1980s -Los Frilkis: punks who purposely infected themselves with HIV so they could be sent to a government sanitorium where they had unlimited access to rock records, "Friki" was a general term for people who listened to rock dressed in a punk fashion

New Wave of British Metal

-A "return to heavy rock and roll" -Grows out of a scene headed by the Black Sabbath, including Ozzy Osbourne's new project, by this time, Black Sabbath and Osbourne had already found commercial success and were playing arena tours -Heavy metal was thriving in local scenes associated with north London, which was mostly working-class -Bands include Iron maiden, Judas priest, Def leppard -Example: Iron Maiden, "The Number of the Beast" (1982)

Virtual Music

-Air guitar championships -Lip syncing (eg in drag performance) -Vocaloids

Massachusetts College Rock Scene

-Centered in Amherst, Northampton, and Boston -These towns supported thriving independent music scenes -Bands: Dinosaur Jr. (Amherst), Pixies

Taqwacore

- punk movement led by young American muslims pushes against marginalization of Muslims in society and marginalization of rock music and its values in muslim communities -more 2000s

KISS

-All 4 members wore makeup and presented themselves as characters -Concerts featured flames and explosions and a generally high-energy performance -Early albums not financially successful (KISS, Hotter Than Hell, Dressed to Kill) -1975: first hit single: "Rock and Roll All Nite" (live) -Released a live album in 1975, Alive, which did well commercially

Thomas Mapfumo

-Born in 1945 -Lived a traditional, rural lifestyle as a young boy in Marondera -Exposed to indigenous styles of Shona music (like mbira) -When he was 10, his family moved to Mbare -Sang in cover bands throughout the 60s -Sang almost exclusively in English, not Shona -Performed many rock favorites

Dinosaur Jr.

-J. Mascis (guitar), Lou Barlow (bass) -Both were members of a hardcore band that split up -First album: Dinosaur released on Homestead Records -Released albums on the SST record label (started by Black Flag, LA) which was a well-established label at this time -Second album :YOu're living all over me (1987) -Sound characterized by heavy guitar, melodic vocal hooks, guitar solos, loud sound that produces distortion -Lyrics: self-loathing themes, teen angst, anxiety -Described as "slacker music"

Jethro Tull

-Jethro Tull began as blues band in 67 in UK -Led by vocalist/guitarist/flautist Ian Anderson -One of the leading prog rock groups in UK and of era -Music often dealt with religion and spirituality -Earliest example of this is their album Aqualung (71) where they critique Church of England -Album Thick as a Brick (72) considered one of the most important progressive rock concept albums of era, packaged as a newspaper called The St. Cleve Chronicle

Rock Films in Mexico

-Many rock and roll films made in Mexico were made between 1956-65 and treated rock and roll as both a new, modern, cosmopolitan dance/music and a threat to tradition -Juventud Desenfrenada (1956) -La Locura del Rock (1956) -Los Chiflados del Rock (1957) -Jovenes y Rebeldes (1961) -Ellas Tambien Son Rebeldes (1964)

Gloria Rios: The Forgotten "Queen of Rock"

-Mexican American from TX, born in 1928 -Began performing as a singer/dancer at age 14 in San Antonio -Performed with Beatriz "La Chata" Noloesca- the most popular Spanish-language vaudeville performer- in her San Antonio based Compania Mexicana dance/theater company -In 1945, she moved to Mexico City, there she became known for her swing dancing skills -She was the star in most popular theaters, and began incorporating rock and roll into her cabaret-style swing-based acts

Rock and Roll as Modernity

-Modernity: a set of cultural norms that prioritize individualism, freedom, capitalism, and the rejection of tradition -Idea that the world is open to transformation -In Latin America, there is usually an emphasis on hybridized modernization, which doesn't entirely abandon tradition or unique traits of the culture -"Rock and roll part of the package of modernity " but it also "brought the dangers of that modern society, there was a discourse circulated that rock and roll brought violence, bad taste, and immorality" -Film ads used "a marketing strategy aimed at highlighting the notion of rock n roll as an agent of modernity, while downplaying its associations with disorder" -"Underscored notion that rock n roll was an authentically modern movement sweeping the entire planet" -"Mexico caught up in a cosmopolitan wave that demanded the participation of all its citizenry- a nation unified on its march toward the same modern endpoints, the ad added: "Now all of Mexico dances rock n roll""

Speed Metal/Thrash Metal

-More ambitious style of metal, these bands concerned with displays of virtuosity -Speed metal characterized by extremely fast tempos and often short songs, thrash metal allows for a variety of musical textures and tempos -Bands : motorhead, metallica, megadeth, anthrax, slayer

The Chicano Wave/La Onda

-Part of the 60s counterculture movement -Addressed social issues and challenged traditional values about family, propriety, social hierarchies, national identity, and gender relations -People in this scene were known as "jipitecas" or "onderos" -New wave of Mexican rock was solidified as a movement after 1968 after the Tlateloco massacre -Music was mostly bands from northern Mexico and the southwest US -Popular bands and performers included 3 souls in my mind/el tri, Los dug dug's, Javier batitz

Peru

-Surf rock, garage rock, and proto punk in 60s -Peruvian rock thrived in this decade

Conclusion of Musical Video Games

-These video games offer people "a new kind of musical experience" -It's not like playing a real instrument but it's also not like listening to music -Video games are working to "create new modes of musicality" -Schizophonic performance is collaborative -Feels like making music because "the affective experience of making music is bound up with embodied performance"

Latino Punk

-emerges in LA, Chicago during the 90s -addresses issues specific to them

Synchronization License

-refers to syncing of video and sound, these are used for films, video games, and any other form of video with sound -Video game companies have to obtain a sync license to use the songs, because it is a recording -they actually obtain 2 licenses: one for the song, one for the sound recording -This is one of the most lucrative ways for musicians to make money from their music in today's industry

Music Video Games

-Controllers are proprietary- not compatible with the other game -Impact on music industry: increase in downloads, CD sales, royalties from the game -MTV bought Harmonix Music Systems for $175 million in 2006 -Aerosmith made more money on Guitar Hero than from any of their albums

Core vs. Periphery of Central America

-Core: Mexico, Argentina, Brazil -Periphery: Peru, Chile, Everyone else

Musical Features of Disco

-4 on the floor: the bass drum hits on all 4 beats -Use of synths and orchestra instruments (particularly strings, flute), rhythm guitar (no lead guitar), and bass -Often (but not always) featured falsetto, high breathy singing -Disco lyrics made frequent reference to love, unity, empowerment, and sexual liberation -DJ the central figure of the music, DJs the ones who interacted with disco's audience -Producers played a key role in creating the music

Who is playing music video games?

-86% of Rock band players were male -57% were under 21 -92% also owned Guitar Hero -75% of respondents had experience playing a musical instrument -company advertises the product as if it were for non-musicians , "To give awesome feeling of performing music to people who aren't musicians"

Suicide

-Proto-punk band from NY Martin Rev and Alan Vega -Used synthesizers, along with drum machines and electric organ, guitar, bass, drums. Also added rockabilly-like slapback echo -Performance style inspired by Iggy Pop

Schizophonic Performance

-A combo of the physical gestures of live musical performance with previously recorded sound" -Game revolves around a player (and their friends) watching their virtual performance -When people gather at bars or in public competitions, the avatar's stage and the player's stage mirror one another

Pepe Y Sus Locos

-A teen band from Mexico City -Performed on Ted Mack's amateur hour in 1958 -Played a cover version of "Tutti Frutti" -Credited with sparking the formation of many more youth rock bands -"The first band of modern music in MexicO"

Singer-Songwriter Rock

-After Dylan had success touring with the band, many more songwriters began incorporating rock backing bands -Examples: Elton John, Billy Joel, Jason Browne, Paul Simon

REM

-Athens, georgia -Considered the iconic college rock band -Led by Peter Buck (guitar), Michael Stipe (voice) -Had several commercially successful albums in the 90s -Inspired by classic rock bands, retained a simplistic aesthetic, more earnest lyrics than other college/indie rock bands

Backlash Against Rock

-Avandaro festival left a lot of people outraged -A topless 16 year old woman at the festival was photographed and featured on newspaper covers, she became known as "La Encuerada de Avandaro" (the naked woman of Avandaro) -Newspapers and media exaggerated the dangers of the festival, it was a chaotic moment for rock in Mexico -Association of rock n' roll with desmadre, an offensive lower class slang word, expresses a notion of social chaos introduced by the literal "unmothering" of a person or situation, this stands in antithesis to that other Mexican phrase, buenas costumbres, which encapsulates all that is proper and correct, in challenging the social rules contained in buenas costumbres, the irreverent, raucous spirit of the youth culture threatened to undermine patriarchal values of parental authority

Bad Brains

-Band composed entirely of African americans -Incorporated reggae and funk elements -Heavily influenced by the Clash -Drew on close connection between West Indian music and British punk

Orfeon Records

-Based in Mexico City -One of the 5 major record labels at the time, only 2 of which were Mexican owned -Central to the development of Mexican rock and roll, although the label also recorded pop, boleros, etc -Formed in 1957, partially out of the fragmented Musart label -By the late 50s had a state of the art recording studio in DF and transnational marketing and distribution to every country in Latin America -Had a strong relationship with Televisa (TV network)

Rock and Roll as Youth Culture in Mexico

-By late 50s/early 60s middle class teens started forming majority of rock bands, thus separating rock and roll rom jazz and other musics -Class was a factor because only middle to upper middle class kids had access to records -Despite their youth, their class status and polished presentations maintained rock and roll's association with modernity -Youth rock and roll bands late 50s to early 60s include Los teen tops, Los Hooligans, Los Rebeldes del Rock, Los Rockin Devils, Los Locos del Ritmo, Los Crazy Boys, Los Sinners, Los Blue Caps

DJ in Disco

-DJ as a kind of performer emerges as a central figure in disco, DJs select the music that's presented to audiences, thus associated with a particular sound and gain a following based on that aesthetic -12 inch single record emerges out of the needs of disco, wider grooves produced a louder sound and broader dynamic range, also easier to locate specific moments in the record, particularly useful for finding the instrumental break -DJs also began creating mixes on reel-reel tape, Tom Moulton was the first American DJ to do this

Heavy Metal Musical Characteristics

-Dark lyrics -Driving riffs -Heavily distorted low frequency guitar -Extended guitar solos (often influenced by classical guitar, inspired by Deep Purple) -See Highway Star guitar solo

Progressive Rock

-Developed in UK at end of the 60s -Grew out of the sonic explorations of the Beatles

Authenticity of music from video games

-Discourses around the game construct it as existing in contrast to the "real thing", not real -Argues that this is a value laden judgement, resting upon preconceived notions about authenticity in rock music -Mimicking "real" musicians too much makes people uncomfortable -Journalists, critics, musicians, even gamers all made distinction that game wasn't real -Miller argues that it is real in a way, apparent contradiction between "feeling" like your'e playing music and "knowing" you're following instructions is imagined -"Boundary between playing these games and playing music can be quite porous" -Pressing buttons or hitting drum pads on game controller instruments brings forth real music -Realness constituted in 2 ways, through players sincere respect for aesthetic quality, technical difficulty, and affective power of the original recordings coming out of the speakers, through the games' capacity to inspire the feeling of making music

Punk Fashion

-Fashion was quite different from the rest of rock music's aesthetic -Punk bands often wore: ripped clothing, leather, studs, spikes -Particular style was established by the late 70s, the leather/studs/spikes style became more popular in the UK and later hardcore scenes in the US

Guitar Hero

-First release in 2005 -By 2007, video game had sold 6 million copies -Originally developed by Harmonix and distributed by Activision since 2006

Rock Band

-First released in 2007 -4 players could now play together as a band -New instruments: drums, bass -Guitar is modeled after Fender Stratocaster

Proto Metal: Black Sabbath

-Formed by Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, Billy Ward, Ozzy Osbourne in 60s England -Began as blues band -Name comes from a horror movie -70: released their first album, Black Sabbath -Title track emphasizes tritone interval, a dissonant sound that has historically been called the devil's interval -Features church bells -First 4 albums laid groundwork for sound and aesthetic of heavy metal -Dark themes somewhat derived from "fatalism and occultism" of blues -Lyrics dealt with evil, pain, war, and drug addiction -Odd thematic elements set band apart from other rock bands of the time

Grunge Music Characteristics

-Grunge characterized by a rough and unfinished sound (similar to garage rock) using simple tech like a 4 track recorder, it drew on mainstream rock while trying to distance itself from it, grunge often described as the "Seattle sound"

Miller Article

-Kiri Miller (ethnomusicologist), addresses guitar hero and rock band as a "developing form of collaborative, participatory rock music performances" -Theories come from popular music studies, gender and sexuality studies, ethnomusicology, performance studies, interdisciplinary work -Interviews with game designers and players, surveys -Participant observation- played rock band with students for 6 weeks -"Guitar hero and rock band put players in the virtual shows of live rock concert performers" -"Cultural impact of these games has already been substantial" -Guitar hero- more than 21 million units sold since 2005 -Rock band: generated 1 billion dollars within 15 months of release, 40 million song downloads

Talking Heads

-Known as the art school punks at CBGB's -Led by David Byrne -Minimal instrumentation, albums produced by Brian Eno -Later became part of the New Wave scene -"Surreal dance songs of alienation and estrangement" -Example: Psycho killer

"Baya wa Baya"

-Lit. "stab after stab" Lyrics -Call: Yave nyama yekugocha "Time to roast meat" -Response 1: yo werere Vocables -Response 2: baya wa baya "Stab after stab"

The Smiths

-London -Led by Morrissey (voice) and guitarist Johnny Marr -Emerged from British underground music scene, heavily inspired by pop music -Danceable songs with melancholic lyrics that express a deep sense of alienation -Debut single: "hand in glove" -Band's commercial success grew with the song "This charming man" reached #25 on the Billboard charts, followed by "what Difference does it make" which reached #12 and their 1985 "heaven knows i'm miserable now" -Several of the songs were controversial, for example, the song "suffer little children" was about a series of murders that occurred in the 60s -Morrissey called himself a "prophet for the fourth gender"

Rock Goes Underground in Mexico

-Mexican government reacted by banning all mention of Avandaro on entertainment radio and TV, and prohibiting all subsequent performances and broadcasting of rock music, effectively shutting down all the cafes cantantes (rock venues of the time), and forcing the music underground for the next 10 years -As in other parts of Latin America, rock music came to signify an American threat to the established social order

Mexico: The Early Years

-Mexico was one of the first places where rock was localized -First place where it was translated and adapted for a Latin American audience -Mexico's unique position and relationship to the US allowed it to act as a mediator and translator of US cultural products -Rock and Roll arrives in Mexico during mid 50s -At first, it is seen as just another dance craze from abroad -Popular AMerican rock songs were performed by jazz combos and cabaret

Is Rock Band or Guitar Hero a creative activity?

-Miller argues that "There is a fundamental mismatch between these games' musical-production mechanics and their guiding musica aesthetic" -"Rock musicians don't perform from notation, and the guitar hero in particular is a representative icon of individual creative expression" whose musical-genius status relies on apparent originality and spontaneity" -60s counterculture's deep investment in idea of authenticity entailed a necessary antipathy to theatricality... derived from.. The emphasis on spontaneity and living in the present moment, the desire for community, and the suspicion that spectacle served the interests of the social and political status quo

Pearl Jam

-More mainstream style of grunge from Seattle, their music had more elements of heavy metal, which was familiar to radio -Led by Eddie Vedder (voice) Albums: Ten (92), VS (93), Vitalogy Band achieved a mainstream success in 94, just as the grunge scene was dying out, and continue into the late 90s -Known for their anti-corporate stance against Ticketmaster, upset that the company wanted to charge concertgoers more than $20 to see them

Rock Band Songs

-Most are from 70s, 90s, 2000s -Themed versions of rock band, eg Beatles rock band have specialized lists, the Beatles Rock Band game is not exportable because licensing was so expensive

New York Punk Scene

-Most historians and critics agree that Punk was born in NYC before it developed further in the UK -Velvet Underground, New York Dolls, and Patti Smith laid groundwork for punk scene, characterized by minimalist sound and DIY ethic -Sound varied a bit, but one key characteristic was the anti-corporate element, bands were creating music and forming own networks outside corporate rock music industry -CBGB- a venue in Bowery- became a hub for punk scene by the mid 70s, acronym stands for Country Blue-Grass and Blues. -OMFUG - stands for "Other music for uplifting Gourmandizers" -Venue extremely important to development of punk, as the pioneers of the music found a home here -Although they might not sound like punk to us, the bands that played here were generally considered to be part of the punk scene -Bands associated with the venue: Ramones, Television, Blondie, Talking Heads -Punk music generally characterized by relative simplicity- as compared to progressive rock, the music railed against the album-oriented progressive rock world that had become the status quo, and the corporate mainstream -Some punk bands sought a return to the carefree, childish elements of rock -Music emerges out of a derelict environment and some bands emphasize this gritty, streetwise aesthetic

Creativity?

-No -⅔ of Miller's survey respondents said they don't feel creative when playing -Not musically creative: deciding to do your own thing isn't an option -Games aren't designed to reward creativity -Yes -Physical performance is creative, privileging the audio output is only one way of evaluating performance -You're still generating something there, you're causing a song -"Spectacular performance" is a creative act -Many respondents point to custom charts as a way of being creative -"Players invest considerable creative energy in both individual instrument customization and generalizable modifications designed to bring controller closer to a real guitar's size, look, and feel" -Creative aspects of role-playing -Rock authenticity is performative -Creative performance is its own reward

Led Zeppelin

-One of the most successful British groups of the 70s -Members: Robert Plant (voice), Jimmy Page (guitar), John Paul Jones (keys), John Bohman (drums) -Blended acoustic, blues, and psychedelic elements -Psychedelic: "Dazed and Confused" -Acoustic: "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You" -Blues elements generally found throughout rep, most obviously in guitar riffs -Heavy sound of distorted guitars playing low frequency riffs (often with drums and bass in unison) more common, could be heard on songs such as Zeppelin's "whole Lotta Love" -Despite having range of sonic textures in rep, the "heavy" sound is what they're known for -Lyrics often dealt with sexual themes, spiritual enlightenment (stairway to heaven) -Band drew heavily from blues rep to the point of copyright infringement, have been heavily criticized for "stealing" songs, sued many times

Los Teen Tops

-One of the most successful of the teen rocanrol bands of the era -From Mexico City -Originally led by Enrique Guzman (voice), includes Amando Martinez and Jesus Martinez (drums, guitar); Sergio Martell (piano); Rogelio Tenorio (bass) -Formed in 1958 -Famous for refritos like "Rock de la Carcel" (Elvis "jailhouse rock") and Popopitos (Larry Williams "Bony Moropie"

Blondie

-Originally called the Stilettos, influenced by 60s girl groups, surf music -Members: Christ Stein, Debbie Harry -1976: re-named Blondie, new members: Keboardist Jimmy Destri, guitarist Frank Infante, drummer Clem Burke, bassist Nigel Harrison -Most commercially successful band to emerge from CBGBs as part of the NY punk scene, they became part of the New Wave movement

Mapfumo, Nationalism, Worldbeat

-Political lyrics were another key component of Mapfumo's style and appeal -Supported the nationalist groups fighting for independence Mapfumo began calling his music "chimurenga" (struggle) -Alongside mbira, Mapfumo incorporated many other styles of indigenous music into his electric-band compositions -Fusion of indigeneity and "modernity" parallels the broader nationalist project- blending diverse indigenous and "modern" elements into a unified nation -Mapfumo began to emphasize the mbira even more as his music gained popularity on the worldbeat market -Picked up briefly (1989-91) by Mango, a division of Island Records, in their attempt to find a worldbeat star like Bob Marley after Marley's death

Late 70s Progressive Rock

-Progressive rock had lost some popularity by mid 70s -Popular progressive rock bands of late 70s generally had simpler music than earlier generation -Examples: Kansas, Styx, Rush, Queen

Mbira on Radio

-RBC mobile units recorded throughout the country, however, most of the recording took place in the radio studios in Mbare, a township in south Harare -The Zezuru mbira (generally referred to as the Shona mbira) was widely recorded by the RBC "Thumb piano" -Between 22 and 28 plucked metal keys in three manuals attached to a sound board -Mbira has a deep history and plays an integral role in Shona belief structure -Interlocking texture, 2 primary parts -Cyclical -Mbira music seems to have provided the best indigenous fit with the medium of radio -Popular among radio announcers and listeners -Many young musicians, particularly guitarists, became familiar with the mbira over the radio

The Big Album

-Record labels began setting higher standards for album sales -Prior to 1975, the "Gold Album" certification from the RIAA was the highest award, for albums that sold 500,000 copies or more, any album that sold this much was considered extremely successful -In the 70s, the RIAA created the "platinum" award for albums selling 1 million copies or more An early platinum example: Frampton Comes Alive! (1976) by Peter Frampton

Orfeon A Go Go

-Rock and roll dance program on XEW Channel 2 (Mexico City) a Televisa network -Started in 1960 as a Mexican version of American Bandstand and ran until 1970 -Show featured popular youth rock bands of the time, such as Los Locas Del Ritmo, Los Rockin Devils, Los Hitters, and Bill Haley and his Comets -Was the first music show specifically targeting Mexican youth and featuring rock and roll almost exclusively -Show was later distributed more widely in Mexico and by 1969 in NYC or Univision which was owned by Televisa

1980s: Rock Re-Emergence

-Rock continues underground until 80s when some popular rock bands begin to emerge from the seedy hoyos fonquis -Band Botellita de jerez provides a good example of a band from this period, they called their music "guaca-rock" and claimed they were making a uniquely Mexican style of rock -Given existing negative associations with the music, and the band's Sex Pistols-like attitude, they were not well received by the middle class

Corporate Rock

-Rock generally became more profitable in the 70s, attracting corporations -Multinational corps with no music connections or experience began buying record labels hoping to profit from commercial rock music -Aside from the rise of corporate record labels and radio, rock venues became bigger: stadiums and sports arenas rather than theaters and ballrooms, tours became longer -Individual musicians also enjoyed large profits -Since industry was increasingly focused on massive profits, people in industry were more cautious and conservative about taking on new bands with unconventional sounds, preferring to play it safe -Attitude led some music critics to lament late 70s as a time of bland "corporate rock"

Album Oriented Radio (AOR)

-Rock radio became increasingly commercial, moving away from the freeform format, corporate radio stations prioritized shorter songs that allowed for more advertisements, ideal song length became 4-5 min

Avandaro: Rock Y Ruedas

-September 11, 1971 in Avandaro, Mexico -Commonly referred to as "The Mexican Woodstock" -12 hour festival -Festival was conceived and produced by people at Televisa as a TV documentary, including the host of Siempre en Domingo, it was planned around a car racing festival that already took place in Avandaro -An estimated 250,000 people attended

Brief History of Zimbabwe

-Shona kingdoms ruled from 8th century -"Shona" is an all-encompassing social category comprised of various smaller ethnic groups largely living in northern Zimbabwe -Southern Rhodesia- British colony from 1923 -Ian Smith declares independence in 1965 -Institutionalized racism -Liberation struggle - 1966-1979 Chimurenga War

Proto-Punk

-Term refers to bands that created music with stylistic elements of what would become punk rock, but were not part of the punk scene -New York, Detroit -Proto-punk grows out of the aesthetics of garage rock -Proto-punk examples include velvet underground (NY), iggy and the stooges (Detroit), MCS (Detroit) -Also cases emerging earlier beyond the US and UK in the 60s, Los Saicos (Peru)

Gloria Rios Y Las Estrellitas Del Ritmo

-The band forms in 1955, they are considered the first Mexican rock band -Adapted Bill Haley's Rock around the clock to Spanish and perform it on XEW and later on TV and film -Gloria starred in the film La Locura del Rock and Roll in 1956 and appeared on Juventud Desenfrenada (1956)

Technology in the 90s

-Tech advancing at a rapid pace and the internet became part of everyday life -Mp3 format becomes ubiquitous thanks to the efforts of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO/IEC), particularly the MPEG group (Motion Picture Experts Group) -1982: mp3 tracked back to a PhD thesis project by Karlheinz Bradenburg, who sought to create a new process of transferring data -1986: Bradenburg conceives of a system that would "exploit the limitations of human hearing", format compresses digital audio by removing frequencies imperceptible by human ear -1988: team forms to develop the format after the ISO calls for a standard format, team called MPEG -1992: MPEG-3 (mp3) created but doesn't immediately catch on -1995: year when mp3 becomes ubiquitous as means of exchanging files over the internet, mostly due to the wide distribution of decoding software: winamp was the first widely available app that could decode and play back the mp3 music files -In late 90s, the portable mp3 player created, allowing people to listen to their illegally downloaded songs at any time, any place -1999: Napster, created by Shawn Fanning, allows people to freely exchange mp3 files- without paying for them, results in a lawsuit from the RIAA (which they won) due to lost profits -Napster becomes a legit service and is the first of many attempts by the industry to bridge gap between old practices and listeners' new expectations -Changed the way people listened to, accessed, and thought about pop music -Created the widespread expectation that music should be easily available via download on the internet and should be free -Made it easy to get just the songs you wanted to hear, thus became unnecessary to purchase entire albums -By end of the decade and in the early 2000s the industry is severely affected by illegal downloads and begins moving toward a digital internet based model, iTunes store opens in 2003, offering an easy and legal way to download music

Hardcore in LA

-The sound has distorted guitars, fast tempos, and is loud -Ideals/practices: very physical, moshing and slam dancing, stage diving -Important bands: Fear, Black Flag, Minutemen, X, Germs, Circle Jerks, Adolescents, the Descendants -La hardcore scene is centered around Black Flag -LA hardcore closely tied to suburban, skateboard subculture -Greg Ginn of Black Flag starts his own label SST, releases records by La punk bands and proto-indie rock bands like Sonic Youth, Dinosaur Jr, and the Minutemen -Iconic Black Flag logo and album covers are drown by Ginn's brother, Raymond Pettibon, who would become a well-known gallery artist

Glam Rock

-Theatrical presentation that emerges in early 70s, in the context of increasingly elaborate rock concerts -Known as "glitter rock" in UK and "glam" in NY -Male performers wore makeup, feminine or androgynous clothing -More of an aesthetic rather than a cohesive musical style, sound varied -Key figures: (UK) David Bowie, T. Rex. Suzi Quattro, (US) New York Dolls

1980s Context

-Time of economic prosperity -Significant growth in the technology sector: smaller, accessible personal computers were beginning to reach the public -Proliferation of cable TV, launch of MTV -Politically, a move toward conservatism, particularly as it pertained to economics. Overall, American cultural expressions (e.g. tv, film) reflect a growing cultural value given to professionalism and acquisition of wealth, including among young people as the figure of the "yuppie" emerges -Music industry embraced and benefited from the wealth and technological advances of the period while cannibalizing and recycling the aesthetics of the 60s and 70s -Punk and disco as discrete genres fall out of favor but the sound, aesthetics, and subcultures produced from those styles form the basis of 1980s music

Refritos

-Translated covers of popular US rock and roll or rhythm and blues hits -In the translation, local slang was added -Most kept the general idea of the song, but some changed the melody or meaning substantially -"Rock and roll" was latinized to "rocanrol"

Are Gamers Musicians?

-Yes -Player must read on screen notation and coordinate their movements simultaneously -Player is "gatekeeper for pre recorded material" -Correct fretting/strumming allows each note to make its way from game console to speakers -No -Players are "expert automatons" playing simulated guitars -Game choreographs the human's movements -No spontaneity or creativity -Performers have no creative dominion over the song that comes out

Hair Metal/Hair Bands

-Androgynous appearance: women's clothes, long hair, makeup, high heels, the characteristic hairstyle was heavily teased straight hair in a feminine style -Inspired by KISS, David Bowie, Alice Cooper -Also sometimes called "glam metal" -In contrast to glam rock- which worked against hegemonic ideas of sexuality and gender, glam metal's stars were always perceived as hetereosexual and masculine, in spite of their make up and heels -Some scholars argue this was a fun, over the top way for men to express individuality in a conservative America -dissonance between the visual appearance and the lyrics, which stressed hetereosexuality and masculinity -Androgynous play is only on the superficial, visual level and not intended to represent any LGBT identity, nor was it read that way by fans at the time

Iggy and the Stooges

-Band formed in Michigan in 1967 and was part of Detroit's hard rock scene -Members: James "Iggy" Pop, Ron and Scott Asheton, David Alexander, James Williamson -Iggy was influenced by Jim Morrison's (The Doors) performance style

Television (band)

-Band had a more prog rock sound, with extended jams and use of keyboards, more chord changes -Played often at CBGB, and headlined the show where the Ramones made their debug -Example: Marquee Moon

Frank Zappa

-Based in LA -Critic of hippie movement and music satirized hippie values and aesthetics -Mothers of Invention, his band, formed in 64 and released first album in 66, Freaked Out! -Contained songs like "who are the brain police" and "hungry freaks, daddy", parodying hippie culture -Followed by 1968 critique of Beatles, We're Only In it For the Money -Enjoyed commercial success in US with album Apostrophe and UK with album Hot Rants Released 62 albums over career, with at least 2 per year -Music combined variety of popular musical styles from 50s-60s, also drew inspiration from classical composers like Stravinsky and Stockhausen and collaborated with orchestras in LA and London, these collabs along with extensive body of creative work led to him being viewed as a serious composer by many -Worked in a subversive, parodic, and humorous mode, critiquing popular music and American culture (particularly Californian culture) from within

Mainstream Rock

-Blend of earlier styles, drawing on everything from rock and roll to psychedelia to folk -Examples: Peter Frampton, The Eagles, Fleetwood Mac, Journey, Boston -These bands were ubiquitous household names that remained influential and popular for decades to come, with younger generations of musicians covering their songs -For first time, rock bands were fronted by people in their 30s, 40s, or older and we begin to see commercially successful rock bands that have careers spanning multiple decades

Queen

-British band led by Freddie Mercury (voice, piano), guitarist Brian May -Mercury born Farrokh Bomi Bulsara in Zanzibar (now Tanzania) to a Zoroastrian family, during the time of colonial British rule, and went to high school in India -1969: moves to London, forms a blues band named Wreckage -Mercury prioritized performativity and visual presentation as necessary elements of a successful career, in addition to being a good musician -1970: Queen forms, with Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor and Brian May, later John Deacon -1974: Queen opens for David Bowie on the TV show, Top of the Pops, led to their song "Seven Seas of Rhye" reaching top 10 of UK charts, "Bohemian Rhapsody" also released that year and spent 9 weeks at top of UK charts -Band headlined a US tour that year -Sheer Heart Attack (1975) was first successful US album -Blended glam rock performance style with progressive rock ambitions, theatrical elements -Known for grandiose live shows, and for Mercury's powerful voice

Marc Bolan and T. Rex

-British glitter rock performer -Considered a pioneer of glam rock -Bolan's band called T. Rex -1971: "Hot Love" stays at top of UK charts for 4 weeks -1971: Top of the Pops T. Rex

Hardcore/New Wave

-By 1979, Punk is waning and people begin to wonder: "is punk dead?" -In the early 1980s punk splinters into two scenes, new wave and hardcore -New wave is largely a marketing category to describe accessible, poppy, and sometimes punk-influenced groups -Hardcore is an aggressive form of punk rock style found in bands like the Ramones and Sex Pistols

Mapfumo's Afro-Rock

-By early 70s, Mapfumo concerned with establishing a style that would attract a wide audience and distinguish him as original -Hallelujah Chicken Run Band, "A new band with new music and new ideas" -Decided to compose their own music- "Afro rock" -"Ngoma Yarira" - 1974 -Pure Zimbabwean traditional, mbira but now played on guitar Shona lyrics -Joshua Hlomayi and Jonah Sithole, the 2 primary guitarists who helped Mapfumo create his band arrangements of mbira music -Both learned to play mbira on the guitar from hearing RBC radio broadcasts

Alternative Rock

-By mid 90s, alternative rock (or post-grunge) was the mainstream sound -After the success of Nirvana and related bands, the music industry turned its attention to this alt sound and away from hair metal and new wave -Overall, early 90s a period where audiences show an interest to harsher sounds (eg gangster rap) that appear to be more authentic than the pop music of the 80s and reflect a general dissatisfaction with society -Mid 90s alt rock blends pop, punk, indie, college rock, and grunge sensibilities, most notably mimicking REM and Nirvana -Alt bands present themselves as being critical of the music industry and capitalism, and having a DIY aesthetic, however this is heavily contested as the bands achieve mainstream success -Alt aesthetics come from grunge, presenting an apathetic, disinterested, ironic detachment, however less pronounced with alt rock, additionally some bands have a more confrontational style that harkens back to punk -Alt bands often more playful than grunge bands, though both share a predilection towards irony -Bands: Green Day, Foo Fighters (David Grohl's band, he switches to guitar and vocals), Weezer (presents a new kind of nerdy img that later becomes prominent)

College Rock

-College rock scene grows out of hardcore -Category refers to music that exists largely outside corporate music industry, however enjoys support from college radio stations (thus it's not entirely anti-institutional like punk) -Music circulates through indie record labels, a network of venues established by hardcore punk, and college radio, which could follow more freeform formats, it is associated with college towns -Roots of college rock are associated with Athens, Georgia, where the university of Georgia is located, the band, REM, best represents the roots of college rock -College rock bands: REM, Dinosaur Jr, Pixies

Indie Rock

-College rock without the college towns/college associations- though still reliant on college radio for the music's circulation -These bands may come from big cities like London, NYC and not necessarily have formed in college -Grows out of hardcore -Emphasis on a DIY ethos: indie labels, self-released material, complete creative control, self-produced albums, homemade artwork, anti-corporate, resistance to signing with major record labels and disdain for commercialism -Indie rock bands: Sonic Youth, the Smiths (UK), the cure (UK) -1980s indie/college rock falls into the umbrella of alternative as it moves into the 90s

Patti Smith

-Combined lyrical sophistication with garage rock sound, a blend of high and low art -Patti's first successful single was a cover of Hendrix's "hey joe" -1973: teams up with guitarist Lenny Kaye, who accompanied Patti (singer/songwriter) -Became the first band from the punk scene to sign onto a major label

Disco

-Comes from "discotheque": clubs played pre-recorded music for dancing during 60s -DJ as a mediator -1973: Disco begins to emerge, sweet soul sound with some funk elements, Unlimited Orchestra's "Love's Theme" -1975-76: a harder more rhythmic sound with more funk elements, played by bands associated with funk, Latin percussion, example KC and the Sunshine Band: "Get Down Tonight" -Disco foregrounds female desire in context of era where feminism is becoming mainstream and female sexuality being discussed more openly, many of the songs feature sexually explicit lyrics sung from a feminine perspective, music also promoted with sexually explicit album artwork -Emerges out of black and Latino gay clubs/gay welcoming spaces in NYC after Stonewall -Important spaces include The Loft (David Marcuso's apt as after hours venue that welcomed all kinds of party goers), The Gallery (a nightclub where people went to dance to pre-recorded music hosted by an important DJ in disco development, NIcky Ciano) -Music played was soul, R&B, funk and Latin -Key performers: MFSB, KC and the Sunshine Band, Donna Summer, Sylvester, The Village People, MFSB (Mother Father Sister Brother, studio band in Philly), Gamble and Huff - producer and arranger -Casablanca - disco record label UK, "Northern Soul" the name of the UK counterpart to Disco, very specific dance moves that went with the music -1977: disco goes mainstream -1978: Sat night fever (film) popularizes disco with mainstream, straight, white audiences -1979: Disco demolition night, comiskey park, chicago

Pixies

-Considered by many to be the seminal indie-alternative band -Formed in mid 80s at U. Mass and broke up in 1993 -Joey Santiago (guitar) Charles Thompson (drums), Kim Deal (bass) -Inspired by Minneapolis band Husker Du -Band established a huge cult following among college students but was significantly more successful in England -Known for their new blend of pop, rock, indie sounds -Their loud-soft approach to songs inspired the music of Nirvana -First album: Surfer Rosa (1988) -Signed to Elektra records in 1989, second album: Doolittle

Hardcore in DC

-DC has one of the first hardcore scenes in the US -Bad brains is an early group that pushes the tempo and intensity of punk, originally a fusion group called Mind Power -Minor threat, in part inspired by Bad Brains, begin shortly after and start their own label, Dischord Records, to distribute their records -Teen idles another band -Minor threat advance a unique, behavioral ethic called "straight edge": no drinking, drugs, or promiscuous sex -sound similar to LA hardcore -Ideals and practices include, racial tolerance, political ideas grounded in intellectual debates, anti-drunks

New York Dolls

-David Johansen, Sylvain Sylvain, Johnny Thunders, Arthur Kane -Cross-dressing glam rock band from NYC, traveled to England where they were influenced by glitter rock scene there -Known for wearing dresses, makeup, and platforms and for having flamboyant performance style -Short-lived career with little commercial success, but highly influential -Considered to be a proto-punk band that also pointed way toward hair metal -1974: Too Much Too Soon, produced by George Morton, who had also worked with the Shangri-Las

MTV

-Debuts on August 1, 1981, first video was "video killed the radio star" by the Bugles -MTV builds on success, and draws on elements of rock tv of previous generations, notably American Bandstand -Some conceptualized it as a promo video channel, while others argued for artistic and experimental approach to music video, bringing filmmakers and musicians together -Considering this approach, we can observe links to earlier experiments with music + video in a pop context such as St. Louis Blues, Yellow Submarine, among many others, basically concept of music video not invented with MTV though place of music video in industry and culture shifted significantly at this time -MTV faced challenges in beginning as they struggled to fill 24 hours of programming with music videos, not enough videos being produced by labels who were skeptical of the new medium that reached only cable subscribers (still a growing audience), early MTV's main audience was white teens in the Midwest, and the programming and advertisements were geared toward this audience, thus the network chose to play mostly videos by white mainstream rock acts -MTV heavily critiqued for excluding black artists, early executives claimed that black performers happened to be absent because it was designed to be a rock channel and there were few black performers that fit the AOR radio format that the channel was modeled after, this began to shift in 1983 and by the end of the decade the network had many representations of black artists and their music -1983: Michael Jackson's Billie Jean plays on MTV, first video by a black artist that received heavy rotation on the network (followed by thriller later that year), billie jean incredibly successful and marked shift in attitudes of record companies toward music videos -1988: Yol MTV Raps premiers as the first TV show to focus on hip-hop -Music videos emphasizes visuals, bands with strong visual appear benefited greatly from new medium that was displacing FM radio as the dominant medium, some artists took full advantage of potential of melding of image and music, while others critiqued its superficiality -Madonna and Michael jackson emerged as stars through MTV, prince also used video and film as important elements of music -Along with bands like Culture Club, the Eurythmics, they took the music video medium to new places and developed an important link between image and music in 80s pop culture

Alice Cooper

-Detroit-based band/lead singer -Represented a dark theatricality, influenced by the Doors' Jim Morrison -Concerts featured gruesome, gory performances with guillotines, electric chairs, and live snakes -Songs also featured gruesome, gothic themes: "Dead Babies" (1971) -Both music and shows intended to shock the audience, referred to his shows as "little psycho dramas" -glam rock

Heavy Metal

-Emerges as a mainstream music in the 80s, out of the heavy rock approaches of late 70s -Other elements drawn from garage rock, punk -Historians generally trace the roots of heavy metal back to Black Sabbath, other important bands in influencing the sound include Led Zeppelin -Like other 80s rock styles, heavy metal grew out of a desire to return to a simpler (pre-psychedelia/prog rock) style of rock music -Generally associated with (mostly white, and to a lesser extent hispanic) working class communities and blue collar culture -Some scholars argue that many of the negative stereotypes of metal are rooted in negative perceptions of those communities -Music and its fans are often dismissed as primitive or sophisticated headbangers -Tawdry or tack representations of glitz and glamour associated with strip clubs -Dark, gothic style inspired by horror movies, along with this, themes of devil-worshipping (but this is only superficial)

UK Punk

-Emerges out of dire socioeconomic circumstances during an economic recession where young people had few employment opportunities -Inspired by NY punk: NY Dolls, Richard Hell -UK Punk bands commercially successful in UK but not in US -UK Punk expresses a social rebelliousness, nihilism, and trouble making spirit, making political statement about socioeconomic conditions in England -Malcolm McLaren: a clothing store owner in London, met the NY Dolls when on tour in UK and became their manager in 1975, after the band's breakup he returned to London, changed shop's name to Sex, and began managing newly formed Sex Pistols band

1960s Rock Culture in Harare

-Eruption of cosmopolitan youth culture in urban townships -Inspired by "teen culture" associated with rock and roll -Previously "youth" had not been conceptualized as a separate category in Zimbabwe -The Beatles, soul artists, hippie clothing and hairstyles, all became primary models for the electric bands -2 important features of cosmopolitan rock culture, value placed on artistic originality, aspirations among urban youth to become full-time professional musicians

Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation

-Euro-American popular music had been circulating throughout Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia) since late 19th century -By end of 50s, the Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation (RBC) began recording and airing a great deal of indigenous Shona and Ndebele music on African Service Radio -To attract "Africans" to media controlled by the state rather than the potentially "subversive" broadcasts from outside of Zimbabwe

Siouxsie and the Banshees

-Female-fronted band: Siouxsie Sioux (Susan Dallon) on voice/guitar, Sid Vicious Polydor records -1978: released first single "Hong Kong garden" -First album: the Scream -Band continued into 80s and had commercial success into the new wave movement

Black Flag

-Formed the SST record label, which became one of the most prominent labels in the movement -First EP with Nervous Breakdown -Rough production values -Profane lyrics expressing youthful alienation -Very short songs -1981's album Damaged is considered iconic

Ramones

-From Queens, NYC -Members: Tommy, Dee Dee, Johnny, and Joey Ramone Purposely created a biker-like image reminiscent of the 50s greaser -Influenced by rock and roll and popular rock bands like the Beatles and Beach boys, as well as girl groups and R&B, admittedly admired "bubblegum pop" as opposed to serious and ambitious prog rock -Not technically skilled or trained, members developed a unique and expressive musical style -Song lyrics: expressed alienation, isolation, frustration -Music: simple, two three chord songs with distorted guitars, muffled vocals with simple melodies, leader Johnny Ramone disliked guitar solos and rarely played them -First original song: "I Don't Wanna Get Involved With You" -1974: the Ramones find an ad in the Village Voice looking for a band to play a show with Television at CBGB, played first gig there on August 16, 1974, the first of 74 shows they played at the venue that year -Band became known for their energetic performances and began drawing larger audiences to the venue -That same year, they recorded a demo tape with 15 songs and played several auditions for labels, also attempted to play gigs in other states but audiences were not receptive -1975: band gets signed to Sire Records -1976: band releases debut album, Ramones -Includes Blitzkrieg Bop, Today Your Love, Tommorow the World, Now I wanna sniff some glue -Despite success in NYC, band could not find audiences receptive to their music in the northeast -1976: Ramones tour England and inspire a new generation of punk musicians who formed the Sex Pistols, the Clash, generation X -That same year, they played their first LA gigs, also finding receptive audiences and influencing the formation of the LA punk scene

Nirvana

-From Seattle, Washington -Led by Kurt Cobain (voice/guitar/songwriter), Dave Grohl (drums) -Like others in the grunge (and also punk) scene, they projected an amateurish image, with songs like "come as you are" they present a relaxed, slacker aesthetic that contrasts sharply with the dominant styles of pop music and hair metal -Band was originally on the Sub Pop label, then signed to the DGC label in 1991 on which they released Nevermind -First single: "Love Buzz" (1988) from the album Bleach -First hit single: "Smells like Teen Spirit" from Nevermind -Song made the band household names seemingly overnight

Regional Hardcore Punk

-Hardcore scenes differed significantly according to region, existing primarily in urban areas and college towns -Significant scenes with particular styles formed in DC, LA, Twin Cities

Lasting Effects of 60s

-Hippie aesthetic -Concept album, album as "trip" -Expansion of rock's stylistic range to include modern jazz, classical, and electronic music -Popular British bands enjoying commercial success in both UK and US

David Bowie

-Inspired by Little Richard's flamboyant style, early rock and roll, Broadway/West End show tunes -Performed at Davy Jones until 1965 when he changed stage name to David Bowie -First openly bisexual British rock performer -Had eight #1 albums and 23 top ten singles in the UK and was the only UK glam rocker to achieve success in US -Collaborated with important figures outside glam rock such as Brian Eno (founding figure of ambient music) on albums Low and Heroes -1968: first hit single, "Space Oddity" -1971: The Man Who Sold the World, deals with topic of schizophrenia, which ran in his family -1972: The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, created alter ego Ziggy Stardust, an alien rocker inspired by Japanese kabuki theater -Other alter egos: Aladdin SAne, Thin White DUke

Synthesizer-based Disco and Giorgio Moroder

-Known as eurodisco -Giorgio Moroder- Italian disco producer based in Berlin -Created electronic form of disco (eurodiscO) -Worked closely with Donna Summer -Considered a defining figure in disco -Credited with creating the first remix -Released more experimental work under his name, including an all-synth album in 1977

The Clash

-Known for eclectic mixture of ska, reggae, R&B, rock -UK punk -Joe Strummer (voice, guitar), Paul Simonen (bass), Mick Jones(guitar), Tory Chimes (Drums), managed by Bernard Rhodes -1977: first album The Clash on CBS records -First single "White riot" -1978: give'em enough rope -1980: London Calling -Enters american market, "Train in van" 0Radio-friendly, more commercial sound, band was successful in the US and lasted into the 80s -Example of reggae, ska influence: Police and thieves, and the guns of Brixton

Sonic Youth

-Led by Thurston Moore (guitarist), members: Kim Gordon (bass), Lee Ranaldo, Steve Shelley NYC -Inspired by NYC bands of an earlier generation: Velvet Underground, Patti Smith's poetic approach, and by the performance style of Iggy and the Stooges -Mixture of punk, avant garde art, inspired by guitarist/composer Glenn Branca who played with unconventional tuning -Music often described as "atmospheric", likely due to their heavy use of reverb in combo with distortion -Part of the No wave scene in the lower east side (NYC), an ironic response to commercial New Wave -First album Confusion is Sex (1983) released on SST -Band found commercial success after their album, Daydream Notion, but retained their experimental, indie sound while playing in bigger spaces -Considered to be an iconic indie rock, "the band that defined what it means to be "indie"

Minor Threat

-Led by guitarist/vocalist/songwriter ian MacKaye -Considered the most important group in the DC punk scene -"Straight edge" (no drugs or alcohol)

Yes

-Led by vocalist Jon Anderson -Also dealt with spiritual themes, most obviously on Close to the Edge (72), based on Hesse's Siddartha

Velvet Underground

-Lou Reed, John Cale -Reed had studied creative writing and composition and worked with minimalist composer LaMonte Young in a local ensemble -Lyrics paint a dark, gritty picture of urban life -Cale attempts to add avant-garde techniques to a rock context -Based in NY, and particularly associated with the Lower East Side, which was a rough area at the time -Close relationship with Andy Warhol, who was their manager, band performed at many of his art events and collaborated with him on multimedia shows (Exploding Plastic Inevitable) -Known for his gritty style, which contrasted sharply with the peace and love hippie aesthetic of the 60s -Sound often described as dissonant and raw, guitar sound has a lot of feedback and distortion, additionally they use drones, white noise, and extended improv -Most of their music has only one or three chords, pointing toward punk's minimalism -Band was not particularly successful commercially, but had a lot of influence on punk music and proto-punk musicians like Iggy Pop

Marginalized Punk

-Many punk fans and musicians expressed frustration at being excluded or unwelcome in the hardcore punk scene, either because of gender, race, or ethnicity -Gender: Riot Grrl -Race: Afropunk -Ethnicity: Latino Punk, Taqwacore -Race and ethnicity examples point to a fight for cultural citizenship -Cultural citizenship refers to notion of belonging to a society, as expressed through representation and participation in the public sphere

Music Industry in the 70s

-Music industry grew exponentially in the 70s -Can look at album sales for perspective -1960: record sales total about $60 million -1970: record sales total 1.2 billion -There were mergers between record labels and film companies, leading to more soundtracks being sold as albums

1990s Social Context

-Post cold war era (Berlin wall falls in 1989), US becomes the world's only superpower -Despite brief recession, the 90s were overall a decade of economic prosperity in the US -That prosperity extends to the music industry which is reeling in big profits (at least in beginning of the decade) -Sonic Youth, Nirvana

Punk

-Punk rock emerges in the 70s as an unconventional, counter-hegemonic form of rock that contrasts sharply with mainstream rock (at the time, prog rock, arena rock) -More than a musical style, but a subculture -Scenes formed independently in several US cities, and in the UK

DIY Aesthetic

-Punk subculture strongly characterized by DIY aesthetic and ethos -Means that punk musicians and fans often formed their own networks, independent record labels, and self-published magazines known as "zines" -Zines reported on local punks cenes, and were circulated in local DIY shops known as "distros" -Way for readers in one city to know what was going on in another city's punk scene - as they were not covered by mainstream media

Rock's Place in Latin America

-Rock has had a long-standing presence in Latin America, often it has held a precarious position in society, though this plays out differently in various countries -Rock music in Latin America has been critiqued from all ends of the political spectrum -An unwelcome foreign influence -Desirable, global music that signals a society's embrace of modernity -Threat to traditional values and the moral fabric of society -Voice of oppressed youth -Music for privileged, white youth, inaccessible to the masses -Frivolous music that avoids serious political topics -Disruptive political threat

The Hippie Aesthetic

-Rock musician is an artist, has responsibility to produce sophisticated music -Music should stand up to repeated listening -Lyrics should deal with important issues -Musical ability is important, virtuosity, improvisatory fluency

Miles Davis

-Saw connection between progressive jazz and rock, surprised by widespread popularity of prog rock's extended jams (similar to jazz), began considering ways to fuse two to reach wider audience -Period of music known as electric period, or "electric Miles" -1970- Bitches' Brew reaches #35 on Billboard Charts Members of band all went on to form own projects with rock influences -Keyboardist, Herbie Hancock released Head Hungers (75) -Saxophonist Wayne Shorter and keyboardist Joseph Zawinul formed band Weather Report -Problematic figure with history of misogynist violence

Fear

-Screaming vocals by guitarist/singer Lee Ving -Anti-new york sentiments, see song "New York's alright if you like saxophones" -Controversial performance on SNL in 1981 -LA Hardcore Punk

Grunge

-Seattle rock scene from mid 80s to mid 90s -Emerges out of hardcore punk and the DIY ethos associated with that -Bands coming out of that scene start to create different kinds of sounds that are slower, more melodic and dynamic -Grunge bands generally opposed to the idea of commercial success, rock stardom, and glamour of MTV -Grunge cultivates a slovenly, slacker aesthetic as well as a general ironic detachment, a seemingly more enlightened form of masculinity than the hypersexual hair metal bands -Sub pop record label was an important indie label in the scene, started by Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman, they started the label with the distinct purpose of promoting Seattle music -With the help of a British publicist and journalist, they drew worldwide attention to the city as a hub for indie music -Bands: Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains 1994: considered the end of the grunge movement, when Kurt Cobain committed suicide that spring -Music with similar aesthetics after this period (eg. Dave Grohl's Foo Fighters) is generally referred to as a post-grunge or simply 'alternative'

Concept Albums and Classical Music Connections

-Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band set template for concept album, became key component in progressive rock -Continued some of the themes of the psychedelic era (such as spirituality and religion), while also dealing with technology, politics, and other themes -Albums continued assumption of psychedelic era that "music should provide a trip" -Became common during this era to incorporate elements of classical music (such as instrumentation and parts of rep) and to collaborate with classical orchestras

Themes in Latin America

-Social marginality of rock -Relation between imported/local musics -Language (English v. Spanish/Portuguese) and identity -National and international politics -Youth and class rebellion or disaffection -Politics of gender, race, and ethnicity -Production and circulation of popular music

Hardcore Characteristics

-Sound emerges from the Ramones, Sex Pistols, and is more loud, fast, and aggressive than ever before -Groups formed their own record labels, touring networks, and distribution methods -Moshing, stage diving, circle, and slam dancing become commonplace in the 80s hardcore scenes -A vast underground national network of venues, labels, and fans develop by end of 80s, this infrastructure supported the alternative movement of the 90s

MC5

-Stands for motor city 5 -Leading underground rock group in Detroit by 1967 -Proto-punk sound -Formed in 1964 -Members: Wayne Kramer, Fred Smith, Rob Tyner, Mike Davis, Dennis Thompson -Signed to elektra records, but were dismissed for their use of obscenities and drug arrests. Later signed to Atlantic Records where they released High Time, later moved to England -example : "Kick out the jams"

Dischord Records

-Started by MacKaye and drummer Jeff NElson of Minor Threat -One of the most important indie labels of hardcore punk -Community-based philosophy -Reasonable prices and no corporate interests

The Sex Pistols

-Steve Jones (guitar), Paul Cook (drums), Glen Matlock (bass), John Lydon (voice), Matlock later replaced by Sid Vicious -Managed by Malcolm McLaren -McLaren changed Lydon's stage name to Johnny Rotten -1976: signed to EMI records, but dropped from label after the band cursed on live TV -Then signed with A&M records, who also dropped them, finally signed to virgin records, which released their material, band collected advances from all 3 labels before ever releasing any music, giving them a bad reputation -Band known for being violent (both on and off stage) and for singing about anarchy, fascism, violence -BBC banned their music, record stores refused to stock their albums, record planet employees refused to manufacture the records, concert halls refused to book them -1977: released first album, Never Mind the Bollocks Here's the Sex Pistols -Album debuted at #1 on UK charts, singles include anarchy in the UK and god save the queen -1978: band breaks up -Sex pistols considered pioneers of UK punk, inspiring new punk bands to form around the country, they were admired for manipulating the music industry, critiquing the government, and expressing angst and frustration of young Brits

Tommy

-The Who released particularly influential concept album in progressive rock tradition in 1969 -Concept album written by Pete Townsend and performed by The Who -About a boy who's deaf, blind, and mute, reaches spiritual enlightenment through playing pinball and becoming a guru, loses following when he tells people they need to sacrifice to reach enlightenment, critique of superficial nature of hippie spirituality -Film incorporates orchestral instruments -Became a film in 75 -Band followed up Tommy with two concept albums in 71 and 73: Who's Next and Quadrophenia, which about a Mod (from the British 60s culture) who seeks meaning in his life

Minutemen

-Trio San Pedro port district -Lacked distortion and anarchist attitudes -Their mantra was "we jam econo" expressing their desire to distance themselves from the excess of corporate rock -Back-to-basics philosophy -See the song "History lesson, part 2" (1984) from album Double Nickels on the Dime -Incorporates spoken word -LA Hardcore Punk

American Heavy Metal

-US bands formed underground networks and scenes throughout the nation, however the most important scene was in LA -Band Van Halen was the first metal band to find commercial success and other bands tried to follow in their footsteps -LA bands: Van Halen (JumP), Quiet Riot, Montley Crue, Guns N' Roses, Poison -Bands who found the most mainstream success were Bon Jovi (NJ), and guns n' roses (LA)

Progressive Rock Features

-Very long songs that often function more as jams -Experimentalism and incorporation of avant-garde techniques -Sometimes a display of virtuosity in long solos -Intended for attentive listening

New Wave

-With bands like the Sex Pistols, punk developed a reputation for being dangerous for the music industry -Industry began categorizing more accessible punk bands as "new wave" -Examples: Blondie, Talking Heads

Afropunk

-coalesces as a movement in the early 2000s -resurrecting the history of black punk music and creating new spaces for punks that felt excluded due to racism -movement creates new festival spaces for black punk bands and fans, though it quickly becomes a space for embracing all kinds of alternative identities in the black community

Riot Grrl

-early 90s feminist punk movement meant to carve out a space for women in punk, subculture based around music and zines -Primarily concerned with gender equality in music scenes and society, based on the tenets of Third Wave Feminism that emerged in the 60s-70s -Name means "Music that emphasizes girls' and women's equality and independence", sometimes known as"vernacular feminism" -Name comes from a reaction to the 91 DC race riots, co-founder of the movement, Jen Smith (of Bratmobile) called for a "girl riot", the "grrl" implies a growling sound and aims to resemanticize the world "girl" -originally just concerned with carving out place in the punk scene, but had a lasting influence expanding the spectrum of identity expressions available to women -Emerged from communities of women punk fans who made zines with feminist themes as a reaction to being excluded from the scene -First of these was Girl Germs (Allison Wolfe and Molly Neuman) -Other zines included Jigsaw (Tobi Vail), Bikini Kill (Kathleen Hanna, Tobi Vail) -Zines discussed feminist issues: sexuality, sexual abuse, discrimination, emphasized empowerment, solidarity, and creativity -Decided to begin forming punk bands, Bikini Kill (forms in 90) and Bratmobile (forms in 91) were the leading bands of the movement -Sound emerges out of hardcore punk and overlaps a bit with grunge, though music is defined more by what it stands for than what it sounds like -Key figures: Tobi Vail and Kathleen Hanna -Bands: Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Huggy Bear, L7

Jazz Rock

-studio/session musicians during 70s usually trained as jazz musicians -Rock musicians looked to jazz musicians as examples of virtuosity and technical prowess -In jazz, bebop era (characterized by fast changes, complex harmonies, and virtuosic soloing) was giving way to calmer new style of modal jazz (Miles Davis) as well as fusions that incorporated a more electronic sound (Herbie Hancock, later Miles Davis) -Miles Davis in particular was a favorite of rock audiences