History of the Holocaust Final Exam Part 2 (2nd half of material)

DP camps were placed well away from concentration camp sites True or False?

False

Operation Brandt is named after a street in Berlin True or False

False

The United Nation's decision to establish the Jewish state was supported by both Israelis and Palestinians True or False?

False

Holocaust deniers advertise in university newspapers. True or False?

True

In the Nuremberg Trials, videos from the concentration camps were a crucial piece of evidence. True or False?

True

Large numbers of Holocaust survivors fought in the Israeli wars in 1948 and 1949 True or False?

True

Lesbian women were largely ignored by the Nazi administration. True or False?

True

Alfred Jodl was the deputy to Wilhelm Keitel, the Nazi Defense Minister. Since Keitel was already on trial at Nuremberg, which count was MOST likely applied to Jodl to show that he was not just following orders from his superior? a. Count 1 Conspiracy b. Count 2 Crimes Against Peace c. Count 3 War Crimes d. Count 4 Crimes Against Humanity

a. Count 1 Conspiracy

What conclusions can you draw from Eisenhower's summoning of major news agents such as Joseph Pulitzer and Edward R. Murrow to the concentration camps for tours? a. He thought that people might be more willing to believe news agents than the government. b. He believed that he could stir up anti-German feelings among US reporters. c. He was attempting to control the amount of people who had information about the camps. d. He did not have access to recording and photography equipment like the news agents did.

a. He thought that people might be more willing to believe news agents than the government.

Bosco is a member of M23, a militant group fighting for control of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Bosco feels that his mission is of the greatest importance, and if blood must be spilled to complete his mission, so be it. What is MOST likely Bosco's end goal in this conflict? a. He wants to create an independent Tutsi state so that Tutsi will have a safe place to live. b. He wants to rid the country of all Tutsi and put leadership back in the hands of Hutus. c. He believes that those who speak Kinyarwanda are inferior and need to be run out. d. He is in favor of UN control of both Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

a. He wants to create an independent Tutsi state so that Tutsi will have a safe place to live.

The outline of the Wannsee Conference has been cited to support some arguments that there was never a direct reference to systematically killing the Jews. Those who use this as an example say that surely if there were a solid plan by the Nazis to exterminate Jews, they would have documentation of commands from Nazi authorities. What would this type of reasoning be classified as? a. Holocaust denial b. Holocaust distortion c. Holocaust misuse d. Holocaust education

a. Holocaust denial

Essea has always been interested in where her name came from. Her mother tells her that she is named for her great grandmother, who once lived in Belgium. Essea asks her mother if she ever got to meet great grandmother but her mother shakes her head sadly. She explains to Essea that her grandmother was killed during World War II. It was a time when Roma people all throughout Europe were rounded up by the Nazis and put into camps or shot. What term would Essea's mother MOST likely use to describe this time? a. Porrajmos b. Holocaust c. Khurban d. Shoah

a. Porrajmos

How was the Law for Prevention of Hereditary Disease used when it came to chronic alcoholics or beggars on the street? a. The law was used to force sterilization on them. b. The law was used to imprison them in concentration camps. c. The law was used to send them to the gas chamber. d. This law did not apply to asocials like alcoholics or homeless.

a. The law was used to force sterilization on them.

How did prejudices already present against the Romani people allow the Nazis access to records of Roma living in Germany? a. There was required registration of Romani from 1918-1933. b. Newspaper articles had published locations of Roma camps. c. Hospitals kept records of any Roma baby that was born there. d. The Romani people were not treated any differently than others.

a. There was required registration of Romani from 1918-1933.

Which claim does the Leuchter Report make? a. Zyklon B was not used in gas chambers. b. There is cyanide residue in gas chambers. c. Carbon monoxide was used in gas chambers. d. There were no gas chambers.

a. Zyklon B was not used in gas chambers.

A dictator rules his country by force. He allows his security team to enforce the law as they see fit. Many times, they mete out punishment by brutally beating or torturing those from whom they want to get information. Proof of what is happening garners the attention of members of the United Nations. Which specific charge would this incident MOST likely fall under? a. crimes against humanity b. war crimes c. genocide d. terrorism

a. crimes against humanity

The US Memorial Holocaust Museum notes that 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust. From where do they MOST likely get this number? a. from Nazi records that say 6.6 million b. from the amount of bodies uncovered in mass graves c. from the estimates of Soviet soldiers who liberated Auschwitz d. from the number of people who were put into DP camps afterwards

a. from Nazi records that say 6.6 million

What was Operation Brandt? a. the continuation and expansion of Aktion T4 b. the euthanasia of disabled children c. the murder of the disabled by Einsatzgruppen in Poland d. the operation against the Roma

a. the continuation and expansion of Aktion T4

Tasha is working on a research paper about the Holocaust. She finds an article online that asserts that Jewish citizens of Germany held more than 90 percent of the country's money before the Nazi party came to power. This greed, the article explains, in the face of German reparations that were causing regular people to go hungry was the basis for the boycott of Jewish businesses. Tasha finds that fact interesting and wants to put it into her research paper. What might be a good question for Tasha to consider before she cites this article in her research? a. Does the writer sound knowledgeable about the subject? b. Are these claims exaggerated? c. Has this fact been used anywhere else online? d. Does this fact give a good reason for the boycott?

b. Are these claims exaggerated?

It is 1914 and Mariam's father has been called to fight with the Turkish army. He has left the family vineyard in the care of her mother, who tries to maintain it while raising Mariam and her baby sister. One night, guards come with whips, telling Mariam's mother to walk. She and her daughters are added to a group that is being driven into the desert. As they walk under the hot sun, driven by the guards, Miriam's little sister cries out for water. Eventually, she stops crying and Miriam helps her mother dig a small hole to bury her in. What is MOST likely happening during the time that Mariam is living? a. Holocaust b. Armenian genocide c. Rwandan genocide d. Killing fields of Cambodia

b. Armenian genocide

During the time period building up to World War II, Hitler's philosophies had little in common with those of other nation's leaders. One group he strongly opposed was also seen as dangerous in other countries. Which group did Hitler imprison early on in the concentration camps? a. Jews b. Communists c. capitalists c. Roma

b. Communists

Why might dictator Juan Peron have found the Nuremberg Trials so distasteful? a. He did not believe that the Nazis killed the Jews in concentration camps. b. He did not believe that leaders should be held accountable for wartime acts. c. He had made a secret alliance with Hitler to take over South America. d. He was upset that Argentina was not invited to participate in the trials.

b. He did not believe that leaders should be held accountable for wartime acts.

Jardani is a Sinti who has been swept up in the Nazi raids. He is transferred to a concentration camp, along with other Romani. Jardani feels that no one understands what is happening and decides to petition for help. Since Jardani is Sinti, who would he MOST likely ask for help? a. He would ask only other Sinti or Roma. b. He might reach out to the Catholic bishop. c. He might attempt to contact the American government. d. He might send a letter to the Hungarian king.

b. He might reach out to the Catholic bishop.

Ohrdruf concentration camp was liberated by the US Army under the command of Brigadier General Joseph Cutrona. Since his superior, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, was not on hand when the camp was liberated, he could have accepted the report sent to him by Cutrona on the situation at the camp. Why did Eisenhower decide to tour the camp for himself? a. He wanted to be able to downplay and cover up what the soldiers had discovered. b. He wanted to be able to testify as an eyewitness in case people denied what happened. c. He was hoping to use the publicity of touring the camp to launch his political career. d. He did not trust Cutrona to be competent at his job as Brigadier General.

b. He wanted to be able to testify as an eyewitness in case people denied what happened.

Although Adolf Eichmann managed to escape capture and evade the Nuremburg trials, for what reason did Israeli Mossad MOST likely continue to hunt for him? a. They were convinced that he knew where Hitler was hiding. b. He was directly responsible for organizing the Final Solution. c. They wanted to catch every escaped Nazi and bring them to justice. d. They believed he had taken important Hebrew artifacts when he fled.

b. He was directly responsible for organizing the Final Solution.

Included among the defendants of the Doctor's Trial was Viktor Brack, an SS colonel. Brack was not a physician and had no medical background. Since the trial was mainly about the euthanasia program and Aktion T-4, why was he MOST likely included as a defendant? a. He was probably studying to be a doctor at the camps. b. He was probably a Nazi Party official who helped organize the programs. c. He was most likely the chemist who invented Zyklon-B gas used on patients. d. He may have sold the buses to the Nazis for use in transporting patients.

b. He was probably a Nazi Party official who helped organize the programs.

As part of their effort to distort facts surrounding the Holocaust, the IHR cites eyewitness testimony that bodies at Treblinka were burned to hide the crimes. They note that partially intact human remains have been found among the 20 feet of human ash at the site. They say this discrepancy shows that the record is flawed. Which question could be used to refute their assertions? a. If the bodies were all burned, how could there be intact human remains? b. If the eyewitnesses were lying about burning bodies, where did the human ash come from? c. If there are only eyewitnesses and no documentation, how could the crime be proven? d. If Treblinka did not exist, where did the intact human remains come from?

b. If the eyewitnesses were lying about burning bodies, where did the human ash come from?

When the Benjamin and Vladka Meed Registry of Holocaust Survivors was founded in 1981, why did the American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors feel that there was a pressing need to get the survivor's stories documented? a. There was a large surge in Holocaust denial around the end of the 1970s. b. In 1981, Holocaust survivors were aging quickly and might not be around much longer. c. Germany had become a communist country and they were afraid records would be destroyed. d. No one had been interested in hearing eye-witness testimony until the 1980s.

b. In 1981, Holocaust survivors were aging quickly and might not be around much longer.

In their dealings with the African people of Darfur, what is MOST likely the reason that the Janjaweed use rape as a weapon? a. It is an effort to create a population of African and Arab children. b. It is an effort to terrorize and destroy the African family units. c. The Janjaweed do not have access to weapons like guns or knives. d. It is used as a reward for soldiers, much like with the Roma in German camps.

b. It is an effort to terrorize and destroy the African family units.

Kris was born in Germany even though his mother was from Cameroon. His parents had met when Kris's German father was sent to take care of some business for the military in Cameroon, and he was able to bring his new wife home to Germany. Kris can hear the rhetoric of the Nazis about the Jews and he understands that the 'Aryan race' does not describe what he sees in the mirror. Kris receives an official Nazi communication ordering him to report to a nearby clinic. Considering Kris's background, what will likely happen when he reports for this mandatory appointment? Although they did not have any physical disabilities, what group was targeted for forced sterilization early on? a. Kris will be deported back to Cameroon. b. Kris will be forcibly sterilized. c. Kris will have to give blood for the soldiers. d. Kris will be euthanized because of his race.

b. Kris will be forcibly sterilized.

Even though the idea was that asocials were being imprisoned to help reeducate them so that they could return as contributing members of society, why was that plan ultimately abandoned? a. Nazis needed to get rid of them before the Soviets and Americans got there. b. Nazis decided they were of no benefit to the state. c. Nazis realized that there was no reason to imprison this group of people. d. Nazis lost many guards as this group routinely tried to escape.

b. Nazis decided they were of no benefit to the state.

How did Operation Brandt impact German soldiers? a. Operation Brandt provided care for traumatized soldiers. b. Operation Brandt killed shell-shocked soldiers, defining them as mentally ill. c. Operation Brandt sent German soldiers into Poland. d. Operation Brandt forced German soldiers to kill those with disabilities.

b. Operation Brandt killed shell-shocked soldiers, defining them as mentally ill.

Why did US military authorities invite famous journalists such as Pulitzer and Morrow to tour the camps? a. They could share the progress of the United States in the war. b. Some journalists doubted the stories were true. c. They needed help in identifying the bodies of victims. d. They wanted to keep them from publicizing what the Nazis did.

b. Some journalists doubted the stories were true.

While preparing evidence for the Nuremberg Trials, French lawyer Armond is pouring through old communications from Nazi commanders. He finds a torn paper that has instructions written in German. The instructions tell commanders to take Jewish prisoners and dig up mass graves, burning the bodies that are found there. Armond is ecstatic because he has heard eyewitness testimony of these events, especially the actions of the Einsatzgruppen, but now he has solid evidence that Nazi leaders knew about it and attempted to cover it up! When news reaches the lawyers for the defendants, how would they MOST likely refer to the order on this document? a. Kristallnacht b. Sonderaktion 1005 c. Sonderaktion Krakau d. Sonderaktion Ungarn

b. Sonderaktion 1005

Nusreta had been a municipal court judge. In 1992, her job was taken, and she was arrested. Nusreta was put in a facility with other women and tortured. Many of the women did not survive. During her time there, Nusreta heard about a nearby village where 8,000 men and boys were killed just because of their ethnic background. Later, Nusreta would testify to an international tribunal about the crimes perpetrated against her. Which genocide would Nusreta MOST likely have provided testimony about? a. The Holocaust b. The Bosnian Genocide c. The Rwandan Genocide d. The Genocide in Darfur

b. The Bosnian Genocide

Why is the Holomodor, or starvation of millions in the Ukraine under Stalin, not recognized as a genocide by the 1948 Genocide Convention? a. It happened before the Genocide Convention was ratified. b. The crimes were committed against a political or social class. c. The crimes were committed against a religious group. d. There is no evidence that the events actually occurred.

b. The crimes were committed against a political or social class.

Although she is Jewish and remembers hearing her father discuss the Nuremberg Trials that were held after the war, Rachel has not given them a lot of thought. She is now in college and hears that Adolf Eichmann has been found. He is to be tried in Israel for his crimes. Everyone in her dorm is buzzing with the news. Why is Rachel likely to pay more attention to these proceedings than those from the 1940s? a. She has a better understanding of the Holocaust than those who lived in the 40s. b. The trial is going to be televised, unlike the first ones, and Rachel can watch them. c. This defendant is more important than any of the other ones who have been tried before. d. Eichmann is the last surviving Nazi who escaped justice after the Holocaust.

b. The trial is going to be televised, unlike the first ones, and Rachel can watch them.

A few soldiers saw the starving prisoners of Auschwitz and handed over whatever rations they had to try to alleviate their suffering. Some shouted out "You're freed," while other soldiers would hug the prisoners they encountered. Survivors later recounted how shocked they were to receive such comfort. Considering their feelings about something as simple as a hug, what conclusions can be drawn about the Jewish prisoners at that point? a. They had never given up hope that the world would come to their aid. b. They had become accustomed to being treated as subhuman. c. They were too weak to really understand that they were no longer prisoners. d. This was a normal way to greet other people in Germany at the time.

b. They had become accustomed to being treated as subhuman.

As they encountered and liberated concentration camps, American troops became more and more shocked by the scenes in front of them. By far, Dachau was the worst of the camps that US soldiers were exposed to. How were the conditions at Dachau related to the liquidation of some of the other camps? a. Dachau had somehow been forgotten when the liquidation of camps was happening. b. Thousands of prisoners had been sent to Dachau as other camps liquidated, creating overcrowding. c. The commandant of Dachau refused to leave his post as other commandants did, keeping Dachau intact for liberators. d. The other camps had been just as bad as Dachau, but since they were liquidated, the soldiers did not see conditions there.

b. Thousands of prisoners had been sent to Dachau as other camps liquidated, creating overcrowding.

It is 1932 and Stalin is sending his orders to the military in Ukraine. They are instructed to seek out any kulaks, confiscate their property, and remand them to work camps. Which citizen of the Ukraine would be MOST affected by this new order? a. Ivan, a young Communist Party Official in the area b. Ulia, whose parents own the largest farm in the village c. Yegor, a farmhand who milks the cows on a large farm d. Anna, a poor peasant girl who works in the neighbor's field

b. Ulia, whose parents own the largest farm in the village

Wolfgang served as part of the Einsatzgruppen, doing his duty as a commander who traveled through Lithuania and Latvia, cleansing the land for German occupation. As the war came to an end, Wolfgang managed to find a hiding place with a family who were supporters of the Nazi cause. He knows that this place is not safe for him, though, for some townspeople might recognize him and inform the authorities. Wolfgang gets in touch with an old SS friend. This friend arranges for Wolfgang to be smuggled to Iran with false papers. He tells Wolfgang to make sure that everyone he speaks to verifies that they were once in service like he was. This, he says, is the only way Wolfgang can know they are trustworthy. By what method is Wolfgang MOST likely able to avoid punishment for his crimes? a. using the rat lines b. being smuggled out by ODESSA c. being hidden by Catholic priests d. getting passage from the OSI

b. being smuggled out by ODESSA

Micah and his friends gather on the grass to discuss their strategy. While they confer together, the other team waits for their next move. Micah tells Daniel to cover the tall one because he is the one blocking their goals at every turn. Once everyone knows their role, the team turns toward the field, ready to play. They are Jewish prisoners who worked together in Ohrdruf. Who is MOST likely the other team? a. the Nazi guards and officials at Ohrdruf b. other Jewish refugees from the DP camp c. a local German sports team brought to the camp d. Jewish prisoners brought to compete from Dachau

b. other Jewish refugees from the DP camp

A skirmish breaks out over a disputed area between the border of two nations. Each country claims ownership of the area, although there are people living there who hail from both sides. The skirmish escalates until both countries are sending tanks and airplanes to secure what they believe is their property. One commander manages to capture a local police precinct, executing the head of police and his deputies. Later, when called to account for the deaths of these civilians, which specific charge would the commander MOST likely be charged with? a. crimes against humanity b. war crimes c. genocide d. terrorism

b. war crimes

Anna Maria and her twin sister were subjects of some of Josef Mengele's terrible experiments at Auschwitz. She is now writing her memoirs. Which would MOST likely be the chapter concerning the last part of her time at Auschwitz? a. "Taken to Berlin" b. "The Nazis Send Us Home" c. "Left Behind to Die" d. "Beginning the Death March"

c. "Left Behind to Die"

Why did it take until the 1960s to bring Eichmann to justice? a. No one knew where he was hiding. b. There was not enough evidence to confirm his identity. c. Argentina was unconcerned about his arrest warrant. d. Wiesenthal had to wait until the United States got involved.

c. Argentina was unconcerned about his arrest warrant.

Bianca is watching the evening news and hears about a terrible genocide that has occurred in a country halfway across the world. She sees images of little children in refugee camps and listens to stories about the lack of medicine and school available for them. Bianca's heart goes out to these children. What would be the BEST way for Bianca to help them? a. Try to speak out against hatred in her own community, so it doesn't happen again. b. Write to the president of the country where the genocide happened, asking them to stop. c. Donate money to a reputable charity that works directly with the refugees in the camp. d. Contact several news organizations to see if they will report the refugees' situation

c. Donate money to a reputable charity that works directly with the refugees in the camp.

As a child, Eliana watched her mother prepare for every Sabbath. She saw her father get dressed to attend the synagogue. Eliana never really thought much about this, only that they were family traditions. After surviving the Holocaust, Eliana becomes regular in attending services in the synagogue. She devotes much time to prayer and endeavors to teach her children about the importance of following Jewish tradition. Which statement BEST describes the way religion has affected Eliana's life? a. Eliana became much less religious after the Holocaust. b. Eliana felt the same way about religion after the Holocaust as she did before. c. Eliana used religion to cope with what she had experienced during the Holocaust. d. Eliana became disillusioned about her parent's religion and found one of her own.

c. Eliana used religion to cope with what she had experienced during the Holocaust.

Otto was born in Auschwitz and managed to be hidden by the midwife. He was only two years old when the camp was liberated. Now, Otto experiences sudden panic attacks. His doctor believes they are related to the years of his life that he spent in Auschwitz and the DP camps. Since Otto doesn't have any solid memories of this time, how might he be encouraged to process them? a. He would be encouraged to visit the site again and speak about his experiences. b. He would be encouraged to forget whatever he can and pretend it didn't happen. c. He would be encouraged to use art such as painting to express the feelings that he has. d. He would be encouraged to write about the things he does remember from the camps.

c. He would be encouraged to use art such as painting to express the feelings that he has.

Josef Kramer, the commandant of Bergen-Belsen, was later put on trial for the fate of those left behind at Bergen-Belsen. Although they were alive, so many were close to death, and British medics had almost no chance of saving their lives. Prosecutors wanted to hold Kramer responsible for their deaths. How would Kramer have MOST likely justified leaving the prisoners the way he did? a. He had done everything possible to make sure the prisoners had medical care. b. The prisoners were in perfect shape when he left so anything that happened after was not his fault. c. Hitler had wanted them all killed before the British arrived, so he spared their lives. d. Kramer had no knowledge about the situation of prisoners in Bergen-Belsen

c. Hitler had wanted them all killed before the British arrived, so he spared their lives.

Rudolf Hoess provided detailed testimony of the crimes he and other Nazis committed during the Holocaust. Yet, he was called as a defense witness for Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Why would Kaltenbrunner feel that Hoess's graphic testimony could benefit him? a. It would help the judges see how organized and efficient the Nazi's actions were. b. It would allow the judges to understand that there were worse defendants than Kaltenbrunner. c. Hoess testified that he never saw Kaltenbrunner commit crimes so he should not be tried. d. Hoess testified that Kaltenbrunner expressed remorse over his actions during the Holocaust.

c. Hoess testified that he never saw Kaltenbrunner commit crimes so he should not be tried.

A political leader experiences negative feedback for comments he made to a group of union workers. He says that union officials are 'Nazis' about what is allowed to be discussed at forums between the workers and politicians. What phrase describes the political leader's statement? a. Holocaust denial b. Holocaust distortion c. Holocaust misuse d. Holocaust education

c. Holocaust misuse

The result of a relatively incompetent commandant, what especially stood out about the camp at Majdanek when the Soviets arrived? a. It was the only camp with live prisoners left in it to testify. b. It had not been used as a death camp so there was nothing to uncover. c. It was almost completely intact with little evidence destroyed. d. All the prisoners in the camp had been exterminated.

c. It was almost completely intact with little evidence destroyed.

Since many of Jehovah's Witnesses were selected to work in the household of Nazi administrators, what conclusion can be drawn about the German's feelings toward this group? a. They were seen as subhuman who were only good for menial work. b. Germans did not believe they were physically strong enough to work in factories. c. Most were non-Jewish so they were seen as more acceptable to be in Nazi homes. d. Germans approved of their beliefs and did not understand why they were imprisoned.

c. Most were non-Jewish so they were seen as more acceptable to be in Nazi homes.

Why would it be extremely risky for former Nazis to hide in a refugee camp? a. The Americans constantly patrolled those camps looking for Nazis. b. Catholic bishop Alois Hudal was on a mission to expose Nazis in DP camps. c. Other refugees might recognize them as former Nazi guards or officials. d. All former victims had tattooed numbers, but they wouldn't have had them.

c. Other refugees might recognize them as former Nazi guards or officials.

Johanna worked as a Nazi guard in occupied France. According to the policies for categorizing crimes laid out by the Moscow Declaration, how would Johanna's prosecution be handled? a. She would be executed instead of awaiting trial. b. She would be extradited to Germany and stand trial there. c. She would be tried in France because that is where she committed her crime. d. She would be tried as a defendant by the International Military Tribunal.

c. She would be tried in France because that is where she committed her crime.

Unlike the Nuremberg Trials, Eichmann's trial included many eyewitness testimonials. What is NOT likely a reason that eyewitnesses testified during this famous trial? a. So victims could face their oppressor and express themselves. b. So the world would hear accounts of what Eichmann was responsible for. c. So Eichmann would feel sorry for what he and other Nazis had done. d. To provide solid proof that Eichmann was guilty of the crimes.

c. So Eichmann would feel sorry for what he and other Nazis had done.

How is the idea of euthanasia in modern times different from the way the Nazis viewed it? a. No one believes that euthanasia is the right thing to do nowadays. b. The Nazis viewed euthanasia as a way to stop a person's suffering. c. The Nazis didn't care about people's suffering but used euthanasia to murder. d. Today, the idea behind euthanasia is that it is not voluntary.

c. The Nazis didn't care about people's suffering but used euthanasia to murder.

Peter is writing a research paper on the Khmer Rouge's rise to power. He discusses how the acts of the Khmer Rouge were very similar to those of Nazi soldiers entering the Soviet Union during WWII. Which statement should Peter include in his paper to show how the two regimes were different? a. The intellectuals and politicians were a target taken out quickly. b. Nazi soldiers shot Soviet citizens by the thousands, but Khmer Rouge did not use guns. c. The Nazis were from another country, but the Khmer Rouge was from Cambodia. d. The Nazis wanted the Soviets to join them, but the Khmer Rouge did not have allies.

c. The Nazis were from another country, but the Khmer Rouge was from Cambodia.

During the Nuremberg Trials, how did the piles of Nazi films and documents help solidify the prosecution's case? a. The prosecution had little eyewitness testimony, so they forged documents. b. Since there was little documentation, the prosecution had to rely on Hoess's statements. c. The Nazis' own documentation was used to prove the crimes had been committed. d. Nazi films and documents clearly showed that very few Jews were actually killed.

c. The Nazis' own documentation was used to prove the crimes had been committed.

Those who were members of Stalin's representatives at the Genocide Convention may have had to field questions about the millions of Ukrainians who starved to death in the previous decades. Perhaps they discussed how famines arise in every land and there is little that can be done to help the people. Which statement would BEST expose this as a failed argument? a. When famines have occurred, other countries have volunteered to help with food. b. Because the land in Ukraine is so dry, the government should have been prepared for famine. c. The famine was human-made because grain was harvested but the people were kept from it. d. The money Stalin got from German reparations should have been enough to buy food.

c. The famine was human-made because grain was harvested but the people were kept from it.

After many reports of the slaughter of African Muslims in Darfur, what finally led the International Court to investigate? a. Omar Bashir sent a notice to the United Nations that he would not cooperate anymore. b. A young African Muslim woman was able to cross the border and report her story to police. c. US. President George Bush publicly called the acts of Bashir's government a 'genocide.' d. The United Nations were provided with proof that Omar Bashir was conspiring with China.

c. US. President George Bush publicly called the acts of Bashir's government a 'genocide.'

As Nazis worked their way through newly conquered lands, many residents were shot or forced into camps in order to clear the land. Some were allowed to stay, with the idea that they could be good candidates for Germanization. Which person would MOST likely be allowed to continue living in their home? a. Magda, 23-year-old Polish mother of three b. Matis, 58-year-old Lithuanian dairy farmer c. Vaike, 32-year-old primary school teacher from Estonia d. Daniel, 18-year-old Hebrew Rabbinical student in Latvia

c. Vaike, 32-year-old primary school teacher from Estonia

As the Soviet troops approached, Nazi officials ordered prisoners of Auschwitz to march toward Germany. Which prisoner would MOST likely be left behind? a. Kuba, age 18, who had worked in the munitions factory b. Magda, a 35-year-old worker in the sorting house c. Yankel, age 23, who had contracted typhus d. Anya, a 30-year-old Jewish midwife

c. Yankel, age 23, who had contracted typhus

One of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials was called the Judge's Trial. Nazi lawyers and judges were put on trial for writing and implementing the racial laws that furthered Nazi plans. The laws were used to decide who was pure enough to live and who wasn't. Considering the evidence against them, on which charge would these judges MOST likely be found guilty? a. preparation, initiation, and waging of wars of aggression b. crimes against humanity through participation in slave labor c. crimes through the abuse of the judicial process, resulting in mass murder d. crimes against humanity through the plundering occupied territories

c. crimes through the abuse of the judicial process, resulting in mass murder

On a beautiful island, two peoples have lived in peace for many years. One group practices an ancient religion of their ancestors which focuses on nature. The other group worships as part of a religion that began in another country. Sometimes, traditions of one group offend the other. When a terrible storm hits one side of the island, those residents are sure that it was caused because of the disgusting worship of the other group. They decide that the only way to be safe is to clean their island of anyone who practices the opposing religion. Using machetes and guns, they slaughter members of the other group. No one is left alive, even old people or children. If this case were brought to the attention of the international community, on what specific charge could leaders of the remaining group be tried? a. crimes against humanity b. war crimes c. genocide d. terrorism

c. genocide

After a slave uprising overturned the colonial government in Haiti in 1804, the new ruler, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, ordered the killing of the remaining population of white French Creoles on the island. Dessalines did not try to hide this massacre and in fact, bragged about it to other rulers. He was assassinated by his own people but faced no sanction from other nations. In contrast, if a ruler were to single out a group in his nation today and order their extermination, they would be tried in international court. Why is the reaction different? a. The world felt that the French in Haiti deserved the punishment because they were colonists. b. Back then there was no media so no one really knew what Dessalines had done. c. Dessalines was fighting another country, but this leader is fighting their own people. d. After the Genocide Convention of 1948, leaders can be held accountable for genocide.

d. After the Genocide Convention of 1948, leaders can be held accountable for genocide.

Callie is looking through her social media when she sees a post from a friend at school. The post calls into question whether there is evidence to support Holocaust statistics. Callie is surprised because she never thought her friend would be a Holocaust denier. What would be the BEST way for Callie to react to this post? a. Callie should just ignore the post because it's not her problem. b. Callie should unfriend the person since they are obviously racist. c. Callie should report the friend to the school because of the post. d. Callie should reach out to the friend and explain the post is offensive.

d. Callie should reach out to the friend and explain the post is offensive.

From where would a former Nazi official MOST likely expect to leave Europe if they were being smuggled out by Catholic friars or bishops? a. London, England b. Hamburg, Germany c. Rotterdam, Netherlands d. Genoa, Italy

d. Genoa, Italy

Adam is a British photographer who is brought in to document the horrors found at Bergen-Belsen after its liberation. He takes images of the poor, sick, starved prisoners who can barely raise their heads to look at them. In the distance, Adam watches several men digging a trench to bury bodies while others stood guard over them. He snaps a photo, intending to send this back to his newspaper right away. When the article comes out in the British news, which caption would readers MOST likely find underneath? a. Prisoners are instructed to dig mass graves for the Nazi soldiers killed defending Bergen-Belsen. b. German civilians are forced to dig trenches to bury corpses at the site of Bergen-Belsen. c. British soldiers dig massive graves to bury Jewish casualties at Bergen-Belsen. d. German and Hungarian soldiers and guards bury the bodies of Bergen-Belsen prisoners.

d. German and Hungarian soldiers and guards bury the bodies of Bergen-Belsen prisoners.

As part of his work coordinating the delivery of Zyklon B gas for his company, CEO Hermann Schmitz made trips to camps in Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, Ukraine, and Belarus. According to the policies for categorizing claims laid out by the Moscow Declaration, how would the prosecution of Schmitz be handled? a. He would be executed instead of awaiting trial. b. He would be given the option to forfeit his company. c. He would be tried in Poland since most extermination camps were there. d. He would be tried as a defendant in an international court.

d. He would be tried as a defendant in an international court.

Elsa spent four years in Dachau in her early 20s. After the war, Elsa was able to get married and have a big family. Her life was busy with taking care of her children. As Elsa's children grew up and left home, she worked in the family deli with her husband. Grandchildren arrived and Elsa spent many days caring for them. Once the grandchildren were all in school and their children had taken over the deli, Elsa and her husband retired. After Elsa's husband passed away, she spent much of her time in her apartment. At what point of Elsa's life was she MOST likely to experience depression, sleep disturbances, and anxiety related to her time in the camps? a. Just after the war when the trauma was freshest in her mind. b. During the busy, stressful times of raising children. c. While working with her husband when she must see people in the deli. d. Once Elsa's family was raised and her husband passed away.

d. Once Elsa's family was raised and her husband passed away.

Why can't the United States file charges in the International Court of Justice? a. The United States is not a member of the United Nations. b. The United States did not ratify the Genocide Convention. c. The United States participates in the International Criminal Court. d. The United States placed limitations on the court's jurisdiction.

d. The United States placed limitations on the court's jurisdiction.

Fredrik is seen by his neighbor leaving his home late at night and walking in the direction of a bar that was known to be frequented by people who are gay. Within a week, Fredrik is incarcerated in one of the concentration camps. What MOST likely happened to land Fredrik in this situation? a. The Gestapo must have followed Fredrik, witnessing him engaging in homosexuality. b. The neighbor must have filed charges that led to Fredrik's arrest and trial. c. Fredrik must have had evidence on his person or house that led to his arrest warrant. d. The neighbor must have told the Gestapo, who arrested him without a warrant or trial.

d. The neighbor must have told the Gestapo, who arrested him without a warrant or trial.

Since many Jewish refugees were going to go from living in a cold, northern climate to an arid Mediterranean climate, how did the DP camps attempt to prepare them for the move? a. They provided money to build new houses when they arrived. b. They showed the refugees how to raise sheep and cows, which they would find there. c. They educated the refugees on how to keep themselves clean and free from disease. d. They provided agricultural training so that they could grow food in their new environment.

d. They provided agricultural training so that they could grow food in their new environment.

When US army prosecutor William Denson later began what were called the Dachau trials, he named 40 camp officials as defendants. The officials did not deny their involvement with Dachau camp, but many denied that prisoners were treated harshly or killed while under their care. Denson was not worried about proving them wrong. Which fact would Denson MOST likely use to his advantage when looking for evidence of how prisoners at Dachau were treated? a. Theodore Eicke was the man in charge of Dachau concentration camp. b. Dachau was in use for the longest out of all the concentration camps for a total of 12 years. c. Dachau was one of the first concentration camps and encompassed over 150 subcamps. d. When Dachau was liberated, 30,000 prisoners had been abandoned there and were still alive.

d. When Dachau was liberated, 30,000 prisoners had been abandoned there and were still alive.