History of the Republican Party (Schlesinger)

De qui était composé le cabinet de Lincoln ? Pourquoi ?

To help ensure that his party, at least, was unified, Lin-coln appointed to his cabinet the men who had been his rivals at the presidential convention: William H. Seward as secretary of state, Edward Bates as attorney general, Simon Cameron as secretary of war, and Salmon P. Chase as secretary of the treasury.

Quell était la philosophie politique du parti WHIG ? 2 axes ppx

The Whig Party took its name from the Whig Party in Great Britain, which was opposed to an overly powerful monarchy. The Whigs in America supported a more power¬ful Congress and also focused on issues of modernization and economic development. The party soon overtook the Democratic Party in urban areas, particularly in the north¬ern United States.

Pourquoi Lincoln fut-il critiqué au début de la GdS ?

The outbreak of war sparked new disagreements in the Republican Party. Some felt that Lincoln was acting too cautiously, not aggressively taking action to demon¬strate the authority of the federal government. Defeats in battle sparked additional criticism of Lincoln's mili¬tary leadership.

Quel événement motiva la montée en puissance du parti WHIG dans les années 1830 ?

-state vs national prerogatives -legislative vs executive power The Whig Party had become a powerful political force in the United States in the 1830s as a response to the strong presidency of Democrat Andrew Jackson. Many Americans were opposed to the idea of a powerful president, preferring that the individual states retain more power. This was an issue that had divided America from its very beginning, when the Founding Fathers debated how much power should be held by the states and how much should be given to the national government. President Jackson expanded the powers of the Execu-tive Branch, in large part through his use of the presiden-tial veto power. Through his use of the veto against any legislation with which he disagreed, it became clear that the Executive Branch could quickly become more power-ful than the Legislative Branch (Congress).

Quels étaient les thèmes de prédilection du PREP ? 3 éléments

The party represented a number of clear political positions: antislavery, conservative economic programs marked by high tariffs on imported goods, and rapid development of the West by government-supported homesteading (lien Jefferson [yeoman farmer]).

Arrêt Dred Scott v. Sanford ? (date)

...

Compromis du Missouri (date)

1820 Accord trouvé entre les partisans et opposants de l'esclavage à la suite de la demande d'admission du Missouri comme Etat esclavagiste en 1819, laquelle menace de rompre l'équilibre entre les Etats à esclaves et les Etats libres, mais aussi de faciliter la propagation de l'esclavage dans le Nord. Le compromis de 1820 consiste à prévoir, avec celle du Missouri, l'admission concomitante du Maine comme état libre, et à fixer un frontière, la latitude 36°30 comme ligne de séparation entre les états esclavagistes et les autres. En dépit de l'habileté qui avait permis son adoption, le compromis du Missouri ne fit que retarder l'émergence de la querelle entre le sud esclavagiste, et le nord, querelle qui fut attisée par l'arrêt Dred Scott en 1857.

Date de l'élection / Date de l'inauguration

Abraham Lincoln, was elected on November 6, 1860. The date of his inauguration—March 4, 1861.

Fugitive Slave Act ?

Adoptée le 18 septembre 1850, cette loi favorise les propriétaires d'esclaves en créant un corps de commissaires fédéraux pouvant publier des mandats exigeant l'arrestation des esclaves en fuite et leur renvoi dans leur état d'origine sans qu'ils ne disposent d'un affidavit. De plus, la loi prévoit des sanctions à l'encontre des citoyens américains qui aideraient les esclaves en fuite.

Pourquoi les Républicains perdirent-ils la majorité au Congrès ?

After Grant's reelection, the corruption and scandals that had troubled his administration in its first term con-tinued. Grant had been a strong general but was a weak president, and his administration was known for re-warding his supporters with political positions and laws favorable to their businesses or states. Gradually, voters became disgusted with the corruption, and, in the elec¬tion of 1874, the Republicans lost control of Congress.

Afin d'éviter une élection à trois candidats, qu'est-ce que les Républicains ont décidé de faire lors de la RNC ?

As Wilson's first term in office drew to a close, leaders within the Republican and Progressive parties were deter-mined to avoid another three-way race that would ensure Wilson a second term in office. As an effort to begin the negotiations, both the Republican and Progressive politi¬cal conventions were scheduled for the same week in the same city—Chicago.

Contrairement aux partis comme le Free Soil Party, qu'est devenu le PREP ?

As the collapse of the Whig Party became evident, Lincoln and other prominent political figures agreed to join the new party. Free Soilers, Democrats, and Know Nothings, as well as Whigs, helped ensure that this new party was more a coalition than a single-issue organization.

Quelle conséquence la conjonction des opinions politiques et de l'ethnicité de Czolgosz engendra-t-elle ? 1 exp/con 1 date

Anarchist Exclusion Act en 1903. Dans les jours qui suivent l'attentat, la presse dénonce les actions des anarchistes59, et soutient l'idée de liens entre le mouvement anarchiste et l'immigration. Le président Theodore Roosevelt requiert que le Congrès vote une loi, la première aux États-Unis depuis les Alien and Sedition Acts de 1798, permettant d'interroger les migrants sur leur opinion politique60,61. Le législateur américain vote, le 3 mars 1903, l'Anarchist Exclusion Act qui dans sa section deux stipule : « que les catégories suivantes d'étrangers doivent être exclues de l'admission aux États-Unis : tous les idiots, malades mentaux, épileptiques, et personnes ayant souffert de maladie mentale dans les cinq années précédentes ; les personnes ayant précédemment souffert d'attaques de démence ; les indigents ; personnes risquant d'échoir à la charge de l'État ; les mendiants professionnels ; les personnes atteintes d'une maladie contagieuse dangereuse ; les personnes qui ont été reconnues coupables d'un crime ou autre délit impliquant la turpitude morale ; les polygames, anarchistes, ou personnes qui croient ou prônent le renversement par la force ou la violence du gouvernement des États-Unis ou de tout gouvernement ou de toutes formes du droit, ou l'assassinat d'agents de la fonction publique ; les prostituées et les personnes qui procurent ou tentent de faire venir des prostituées ou des femmes à des fins de prostitution ; ... »62 Outre l'exclusion des immigrants anarchistes, la loi autorise la déportation de ceux déjà admis aux États-Unis, mais qui se révèlent être des anarchistes. Le premier ressortissant étranger à être expulsé en vertu de la nouvelle loi est John Turner, arrêté le 23 octobre 1903, après avoir donné une conférence au Murray Hill Lyceum. Lors d'une fouille par les agents de l'immigration, on trouve sur lui une copie du Free Society63 de Johann Most ainsi que son agenda de conférences qui en mentionne une sur les « martyrs de Haymarket »64. Ce qui suffit à le faire condamner à la déportation. Il est incarcéré à Ellis Island pendant trois mois, en attendant les résultats de son appel auprès de la Cour suprême, avant d'être remis en liberté sous caution. Il donne ensuite quelques conférences dans le pays, espérant à tort que la Cour suprême déclare la loi contraire à la Constitution65, puis rentre chez lui en Grande-Bretagne avant que le jugement à son encontre ne soit rendu.

Free Soil Party ? Free Soilers ? (nom propreà

Après 1848, nom donné aux hommes politiques s'opposant à une expansion de l'esclavage dans les territoires situés dans l'ouest des Etats-Unis. Lors de l'élection de 1848, c'est Martin Van Buren qui défend cette idée. Les Free Soilers s'inquiètent de la menace que fait peser l'esclavage sur l'idéal Jeffersonien d'une république composée de citoyens indépendants et autonomes comme les artisans et les paysans propriétaires. Comme lui, ils sont opposés au salariat, qu'ils voient comme une forme d'esclavage ("wage slavery") et voient dans l'expansion vers l'ouest la possibilité de maintenir une Amérique rurale, qui ne peut donc pas être composée d'Etats esclavagistes.

Quelle loi Arthur fit-il voter afin de réformer la fonction publique ? Quelle était sa position quant à l'immigration ? (2 lois)

Arthur became a surprise champion of civil service re-form, supporting the passage of the Pendleton Act, which created a civil service with requirements based on merit rather than political party membership. It was also un¬der Chester Arthur that the first general federal immigra¬tion law, which prevented immigrants who were paupers (without any means of support), criminals, or insane from entering the United States, was passed. Pendleton Act : Loi promulguée le 16 janvier 1883, elle remet en cause le système des dépouilles (spoils system) en créant une commission chargée d'organiser des examens afin d'évaluer les compétences des candidats à des postes de la fonction publique. Les lois votées en 1882 marquèrent la volonté du gouvernement d'imposer un contrôle fédéral sur l'immigration. Ainsi, l'Immigration Act exigea de chaque nouveau venu le paiement d'une taxe de 50 cents et interdit l'entrée du territoire aux aliénés, aux repris de justice et aux indigents, tandis que le Chinese Exclusion Act mit fin à l'immigration chinoise pour dix ans.

Pourquoi lui a-t-on refusé de se représenter ?

Arthur won the admiration of many for his firm stance on civil service reform, but he alienated many Republicans who had benefited from the more lenient system. He was the only president denied renomination by his own party.

Quel changement intervint à la fin du XIXème siècle en matière de politique américaine ? Le PREP parvint-il à établir un consensus quant à ce changement ? 1 exp/con ("open-door policy") 1 NP (Hay) 1 date (Spanish-American War)

During McKinley's first term, the United States be- came more involved in world politics. There was a war with Spain—the 10-week Spanish-American War in 1898—and the United States added to its territory by acquiring Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, as well as by annexing (taking control of) Hawaii. In addition, McKinley's secretary of state called for an "open door" policy on trade with China. America was emerging as a world power. Not all Re-publicans supported this new America, which seized terri¬tory and traded around the world. Some, mainly the older Republicans who had supported Lincoln from the days of the party's founding, opposed this idea of America as a colonial power. They remembered when the party had stood proudly on an antislavery platform and viewed the seizing of territories in the Pacific as a different form of slavery. Open door policy / notes A la fin du XIXème siècle, les grandes puissances occidentales voient la Chine comme un enjeu économique et y obtiennent des sphères d'influence et des territoires à bail. Soucieux d'éviter une division du pays qui laisserait les Etats-Unis de côté, le ministre des affaires étrangères John Hay, en 1899 et 1900, envoie à la Russie, l'Allemagne, l"Italie et la France ses notes sur la "porte ouverte", (l'égalité de traitement commercial pour tous) leur demandant de respecter la souveraineté de la Chine et de ne pas pratiquer de discrimination à l'encontre des marchands étrangers dans leurs concessions respectives. La stratégie de la "porte ouverte" montre surtout l'inquiétude des Etats-Unis face à la montée de l'impérialisme européen. The Open Door Policy: Doing Business in China China was in political and economic disarray as the end of the 19th century approached. The giant was not recognized as a sovereign nation by the major powers, who were busy elbowing one another for trading privileges and plotting how the country could be partitioned. The imperial nations sought spheres of influence and claimed extraterritorial rights in China. The United States took Far Eastern matters more seriously after the Spanish-American War, when they came into possession of the Philippines. In the fall of 1898, President McKinley stated his desire for the creation of an "open door" that would allow all trading nations access to the Chinese market. The following year, Secretary of State John Hay sought a formal endorsement of the concept by circulating diplomatic notes among the major powers, enabling the secretary to be credited with authoring the Open Door policy. Hay's proposal for an Open Door Policy called for the establishment of equal trading rights to all nations in all parts of China and for recognition of Chinese territorial integrity (meaning that the country should not be carved up). The impact of such an Open Door Policy would be to put all of the imperial nations on an equal footing and minimize the power of those nations with existing spheres of influence. No nation formally agreed to Hay's policy; each used the other nations' reluctance to endorse the Open Door as an excuse for their own inaction. An undeterred Hay simply announced that agreement had been reached. Only Russia and Japan voiced displeasure. On the surface, it appeared that the United States had advanced a reform viewpoint, but the truth was otherwise. The U.S. had no sphere of influence in China, but had long maintained an active trade there. If other nations were to partition China, the United States would likely be excluded from future commercial activities. In short, Hay was simply trying to protect the prospects of American businessmen and investors. Challenges to the Open Door policy would be mounted frequently in the ensuing years, including the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 in which Chinese nationalists resorted to armed opposition in an attempt to end foreign occupation of their country; Japanese incursions into Manchuria following the Russo-Japanese War; and the "21 Demands" levied by Japan on China in 1915. An effort was made to shore up the Open Door in 1921-22 at the Washington Naval Conference, but a challenge was again mounted by the Japanese in the 1930s as they expanded their control in Manchuria. China would not be recognized as a sovereign state until after World War II. OPEN DOOR POLICY (shaky grammar) The Open Door Policy was then introduced by John Hay, to hopefully give the American powers more influence within the trading spheres in the Eastern hemisphere. Many other nations have already had advantages within the Eastern Hemisphere, since they had there own spheres of trading influence all throughout the continents. Hay had proposed to all nations that each nation would have been given equal trading rights in all parts of China and for the recognition of Chinese territorial integrity. Therefore, if this policy was followed by all nation, every nation would have been given equal powers, and minimize the power of those nations with pre-existing powers within their own spheres of influences. Also, this power would not carve up the Chinese empire to be separately influences and controlled by different European powers. England, Germany, France, and Italy all showed no opposition, however, Japan and Russia voiced their discontent, but was not heard. Results Eventually, Japan and all the Europeans followed and accepted the Open Door Policy in diplomatic relations. Only Russia rejected this offer from the USA. Hay thus announced that all powers had accepted this Open Door Policy as the "final and definitive" form, but could not stop any nation that unwanted to follow this policy, unless they risked going to war. Soon, even before the diplomatic maneuvering over the Open Door ended, the Boxers, a secret Chinese martial-arts society launched a revolt against the foreigners that entered China in the Boxers Rebellion.

Comment se sont déroulées les élections de 1864 ? (pour les démocrates puisqu'on sait bien que Lincoln a gagné :) ). Sous quel étendard Lincoln s'est-il présenté aux élections ?

As their candidate, the Democrats chose General George McClellan, who was an officer in the Union Army. Despite the fact that the Democratic Party was being led by a Union general, the platform called for an immediate end to the war, with a convention of the states to be held afterward. It did not indicate whether there would be any specific conditions to this end of the conflict, such as the South agreeing to rejoin the Union. This uncertainty was coupled with suggestions that the Democrats were traitors to the Union. The term Copperhead was applied to Demo¬crats who supported this policy of a negotiated settlement with the South; the term refers to a snake that sneaks up to its prey and strikes without warning. This suggestion of disloyalty to the Union would ultimately doom Democratic efforts to win the presidency. Elle [l'élection de 1864] se solda assez logiquement par la réélection triomphale du président sortant, Abraham Lincoln, issu du parti républicain, mais présenté par le Parti de l'union nationale [National Union Party], formé pour l'occasion par les républicains et une partie des démocrates qui le soutenaient dans la conduite de la guerre.

Une scission intervint au sein du PREP à cette période, laquelle, pourquoi ? 1 exp/con

At the Republican convention, held in St. Louis, an is-sue arose that would ultimately divide the party: whether the U.S. dollar should be backed by silver, which had be-come plentiful because of newly discovered silver mines in the West, or by gold (the then-current and more con-servative approach). Under Hanna's guidance, the Re-publican convention initially avoided taking a position on the divisive issue in the party platform. Dissatisfied with the party's refusal to switch to the silver standard, a group of Republican delegates walked out on the conven-tion. They formed their own party—the National Silver Party—and endorsed the Democratic candidate, Bryan, who supported the silver standard.

Que s'est-il passé au sein du PREP ? (définir le terme mugwump)

Blaine had made enemies within his party, and a group of them, known as mugwumps, soon left the Republicans and began to campaign for Cleveland. Supporters of Blaine criticized these mugwumps for joining a party that one supporter controversially labeled as being linked to "Rum, Romanism [Catholicism] and Rebellion." Mugwumps: Nom donné aux hommes politiques composant l'aile réformatrice du PREP qui soutiennent la candidature du Démocrate Grover Cleveland à l'élection présidentielle de 1884, afin de protester contre l'opposition des caciques du parti, les stalwarts, qui s'étaient opposés à la réforme du système de recrutement des fonctionnaires prévue par la loi Pendleton. Plus généralement, le terme mugwump s'applique à une personne neutre et indépendante. Le terme peut être utilisé pour décrire qqn qui refuse de prendre position, qui ne se mouille pas ou bien qualifier sans connotation péjorative, la neutralité d'un politique. Stalwart : Nom donné à la fin du XIXème siècle par des réformateurs à certains bosses du PREP s'appuyant de manière très prononcée sur le patronage (spoils system) Définition de Bosses dans le glossaire de civi US. (en +)

Pour quel motif Stevens et Sumner étaient-ils si résolument favorables au droit de vote des anciens esclaves ?

Both Stevens and Sumner saw an opportunity for the Republican Party in this Reconstruction period. If the Republican Party was outspoken in its support for giving freed slaves the right to vote, then those new voters would be more likely to vote Republican.

Qui était Ulysses S. Grant ? Qu'est-il devenu au sortir de la guerre de Sécession ?

Both the Democratic and Republican parties had wanted the victorious Union general Ulysses S. Grant to be their candidate for the presidency in 1868. Despite the fact that Grant was not a Republican, he agreed to be nomi¬nated by the Republican Party. The popular war hero was elected president.

Quel important phénomène a eu lieu entre 1845 et 1854

By the middle of the nineteenth century, large waves of immigrants were pouring into America. Nearly 3 mil¬lion immigrants arrived in America between 1845 and 1854, a number that represented more than 14 percent of the country's total population, according to William E. Gienapp's book, The Origins of the Republican Party.

Au moment de l'inauguration de Lincoln, combien d'Etats du Sud avaient fait sécession ?

By the time he was inaugurated as president, seven Southern states had seceded from the Union, and in 1861, the country he had pledged to lead would be torn apart by the Civil War.

Dans la première moitié du XIXème siècle, quels étaient les deux partis majoritaires aux USA ?

Despite the rise of certain small political parties like the "Know Nothings," America was essentially a nation of two political parties. In the first half of the nineteenth century, those two parties were the Democratic Party and the Whig Party.

Décret présidentiel (executive order)

Décision prise par le Président afin de procéder à l'exécution d'une loi. Parmi les décrets présidentiels célèbres, on trouve la proclamation d'émancipation des esclaves en 1863, la décision prise par Roosevelt de fermer le secteur bancaire pour plusieurs jours en 1933, ou encore la décision du président Truman de mettre un terme à la ségrégation dans les forces armées en 1848. Les décrets présidentiels ont force de loi, mais peuvent être renversés ou invalidés par le Congrès.

Système des dépouilles. Spoils system.

En français "patronnage". Ce terme désigne la pratique consistant pour le parti qui l'emporte dans une élection à nommer ses affidés à des postes au sein de la fonction publique d'un Etat ou de l'Etat fédéral, qui est dès lors acquise au parti au pouvoir. La pratique remonte au moins à la présidence de Jackson qui avait remplacé près de 20% des fonctionnaires à la suite de son élection en 1828. The spoil system is a system of political patronage wherein loyal party supporters are awarded with key government positions when a party wins office or takes the majority in the legislature. Political patronage of this nature can be seen in many nations, although it occurs at a much lesser level than it once did. In the United States, where the term has its origin, the president still retains the ability to appoint people to a few key "plums" in the administration as under the old spoil system, but for the most part people must win political positions by merit. When President Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828, members of the opposition party feared the wave of appointments he would make and their fears turned out to be well grounded. "To the victor belong the spoils," a famous Jackson supporter said, and President Jackson appointed people primarily on the basis of loyalty to him and the Democratic Party, rather than because he thought they were especially well-suited to their positions. As the 1800s wore on, people began to protest the spoil system. They argued that it gave presidents a tremendous amount of power, as they could essentially build an entire government of supporters and use this to exert far more control than intended under the Constitution. In addition, highly suitable and talented people with the merit to succeed in appointed positions were passed over because they did not demonstrate sufficient party loyalty. The ability to literally buy appointments, such as ambassadorships, in the spoil system was also heavily criticized. Fighting this and other ethically disputed political practices, advocates began to usher in the civil service. Under the civil service, all government positions are open to anyone. To apply, people must pass a standardized examination. The recruitment process moves forward with people who have passed the examination, with the government interviewing them for positions and selecting people on the basis of merit. Merit is also key to promotion in the civil service. A number of acts of legislature, including the Hatch Act of 1939, were passed to break down the spoil system and provide a more fair government. In the United States today, most government positions fall within the civil service framework. While the president does appoint some people, they must pass a confirmation process and merit is an important consideration in their selection. A handful of appointees are indeed rewarded for loyal party service and campaign assistance, but these numbers are small. Pendleton Act (voir infra) Hatch Act (1939) : Loi promulguée le 2 août 1939 par le président Roosevelt, elle interdit aux fonctionnaires de se porter candidats à des élections, de jouer un rôle important au sein des partis politiques, de lever des fonds pour un candidat, ou même de le soutenir ouvertement. Cette loi trouve ses origines dans les critiques formulées par les élus républicains à l'encontre des fonctionnaires de Works Progress Administration (déf Glossaire), qu'ils accusent d'avoir encouragé les bénéficiaires des emplois qu'ils distribuent à voter pour les démocrates. La loi Hatch témoigne de la montée en puissance des Républicains après les élections de 1938, et de la gestation du mouvement d'opposition au New Deal qui prendra la forme du Maccarthysme peu après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale.

Qu'est-ce que la Panic of 1893 ? Quelles en furent les causes ?

Faillites de certaines entreprises dues à la spéculation. This expansion (Gilded Age) eventually became driven by railroad speculation. Railroads were over-built, incurring expenses that outstripped revenues. Also, new mines flooded the market with silver (due in part to governmental silver purchases required by the 1878 Bland-Allison Act and the 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act), causing its price to fall. In addition, farmers—particularly in wheat and cotton regions—struggled under a decline in prices for agricultural commodities. Ajouter passage Ppl & Nation.

Quelle stratégie "géographique" les candidats républicains avaient-ils mise en place afin de s'assurer la victoire dans certains swing states (état charnière, état pivot) ? En quoi les élections de 1884 ont-elles mis le candidat républicain en difficulté ?

For the Republicans, the election of 1884 represented a geographic shift. They had developed a successful pattern of nominating a presidential candidate from the Midwest and a vice-presidential candidate from the East. Lincoln and Grant were from Illinois; Hayes and Garfield were from Ohio. Blaine was from Maine; his vice-presidential nominee, John Logan, was a congressman from Illinois. The strategy was designed to win uncertain states— the northeastern states generally voted Republican and the Southern states generally voted Democratic, but the midwestern states and the state of New York were less committed to a single party. In the 1884 election, the Democrats also capitalized on this geographic strategy: Cleveland was from New York and his vice-presidential nominee was Thomas Hendricks, the former governor of Indiana.

Quels candidats l'élection de 1884 opposa ? En quoi étaient-ils différents ?

For the election of 1884, the Republicans chose James G. Blaine of Maine as their presidential candidate, despite Chester Arthur's desire to seek another term in of¬fice. Blaine was the ultimate Washington insider: He had served in the House of Representatives for 13 years and in the Senate for 5. He had been Speaker of the House and secretary of state. If Blaine was an insider, his opponent, Democrat Gro-ver Cleveland, was definitely a Washington outsider. In fact, when he was nominated for the presidency, he had only been to Washington, D.C., once. A former mayor of Buffalo and governor of New York, Cleveland had earned a reputation for honesty and a commitment to fighting corruption.

Au moment de la dissolution du parti WHIG, quels rangs ses membres ont-ils rejoints ?

Former Whigs split off; some joined the Democrats and others joined new parties like the Know Nothings or the Free Soil Party

D'où vient le symbole de l'éléphant ?

From that election came a symbol with which the Re-publican Party has been identified ever since: the elephant. The symbol first appeared in a political cartoon by Thomas Nast, which was published by Harper's Weekly in 1874. In Nast's cartoon, a donkey disguised as a lion was shown trying to frighten a group of animals. One of these animals was an elephant. In the cartoon, the donkey symbolized newspapers that supported the Democrats, who had been running a series of editorials that argued against Ulysses S. Grant serving a third term as president. The frightened- looking elephant represented, in Nast's view, Republican voters, who were being frightened by the newspapers into abandoning President Grant. Nast's symbols—the crafty donkey and the timid elephant—were seized upon and used by other cartoonists who wanted to show the results of Democratic attacks against the Republicans. The symbols, initially intended to be critical of both Democrats and Republicans, became closely identified with both political parties. Eventually, Republicans would proudly claim the elephant as their symbol—not the timid elephant of Nast's cartoons, but instead an elephant that represented strength, solid values, and intelligence.

Quelle conception de la fonction présidentielle Grant avait-il ? A-t-elle perduré ?

Grant also believed that policymaking was an important function of Congress and that the president's role was to serve as more of an administrator. This, too, became a part of the Republican Party's philosophy of the time—a strong, activist Congress with a president who then made sure that the laws passed by Congress were carried out.

Comment Grant rendit-il l'association entre le PREP et les big businesses possible ?

Grant soon surrounded himself with cabinet officials and advisers who were, for the most part, wealthy busi-nessmen. This was the beginning of the connection be-tween the Republican Party and big business. It was an era in which rapid development was taking place through¬out the United States, with rights for things like forest de¬velopment, mining, grazing, and farming being parceled out to the highest bidder. Today, many political candi¬dates discuss conservation of natural resources as a part of their policies, but in the 1860s this concept did not ex¬ist. Instead, there was a belief in America as a land of limitless resources and a sense that progress depended on making sure that these resources were used.

Quels furent les deux candidats à l'élection présidentielle de 1892 ?Quel candidat emporta les élections de 1892 ? Pour quelle raison ?

Grover Cleveland. The reaction from consumers (to the rise in prices) was ultimately devastating to the Republican Party. In the congressional elections of 1890, the party was soundly defeated, and, when Harrison sought reelection in 1892, he lost to the man he had defeated four years earlier: former president Grover Cleveland.

Comment Hanna a-t-il révolutionné le PREP ? 4 éléments "vote the way you shot" ?

Hanna understood that the Republican Party had reached a crossroads. The philosophy that had inspired party loyalty immediately after the Civil War—"vote the way you shot"—was outdated. Americans were disgusted by the rise of very wealthy industrialists and wary of an economy that concentrated power in the hands of a select few. In Hanna's view, America could become a class¬less society, where all could benefit from its abundant resources. He believed that his state's governor—William McKinley—could become the president, and he set about to make this a reality. Hanna focused on wooing dele-gates in the South, in the Ohio Valley, and in the region of the Great Lakes. Hanna revolutionized the Republican Party as he was masterminding the McKinley campaign. He opened two headquarters—one in Chicago and one in New York, al-though Chicago was the true center of activity. He cen-tralized all national Republican activity through his office and installed a commercial bookkeeping and auditing system for the Republican Party, enabling him to control and oversee how money was being spent. He professionalized the output of campaign literature, providing all of the major newspapers in the country with continuous information favorable to McKinley—carefully written and prepared to fit their newspapers' formats— and supplying them with articles and political cartoons. Millions of campaign leaflets were distributed from the New York and Chicago campaign headquarters. Perhaps more important, Hanna also focused on fund-raising in a way that had not previously been done by American political parties. In previous campaigns, the Re¬publican Party normally ended an election cycle in debt. Hanna was determined to correct this and raised millions of dollars from wealthy industrialists and financiers. Hanna pioneered the use of public opinion surveys, poll¬ing voters in critical states to determine the way in which they might vote. Once a state was determined to be safely in the camp of McKinley, Hanna could turn the focus to other states where voters were still undecided.

Quels furent les réussites les plus retentissantes du mandat de Harrison ?

Harrison's presidency produced many notable achieve-ments. He spoke out forcefully in favor of protecting and conserving America's forests. He had ambitious plans for foreign policy, including U.S. expansion in the Pacific and the construction of a canal that would cross Central America. He focused on expanding and modernizing the U.S. Navy and convened the first Pan-American Con-ference, cementing ties between the United States and Central America. His record on civil rights is noteworthy for its time. He supported two bills that were designed to prevent Southern states from denying African Americans the right to vote. He appointed former slave Frederick Douglass as minister to Haiti. Benjamin Harrison understood the connection between trade and foreign policy and negotiated several important trade agreements. It is in the area of trade and the economy, however, that he encountered the harshest criticism. Harrison supported Republican efforts to pass the landmark Sherman Anti-Trust Act, which was the first bill ever to attempt to limit the power of the large corporations in the United States: Harrison also favored high tariffs on imported goods, and, during his administration, the Republican-controlled Congress passed the McKinley Tariff Act. This act was designed to tax incoming goods at a high rate in order to encourage Americans to buy goods made in the United States. Suffering from a recession, American companies responded by raising the prices of their products.

Comment se déroula l'élection de 1876 ?

Hayes faced another governor in his quest for the presi-dency: New York governor Samuel Tilden, the Demo-cratic candidate for the presidency. A wealthy lawyer who counted many railroad companies as his clients, Tilden had built a reputation for his willingness to battle corruption. The election of 1876 would become known in American history as one of the most disputed presi¬dential elections ever held. Tilden narrowly won a major¬ity of the popular vote, but questions remained. Double and conflicting returns of electoral votes were reported in Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon. To settle the question of who actually had won the presi¬dency, Congress appointed an electoral commission that consisted of five senators, five representatives, and five jus¬tices of the Supreme Court. Eight were Republicans; seven were Democrats. The commission ultimately voted along party lines and, on March 2, 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded all of the electoral votes that had been in question, giving him a one-vote electoral majority (185 to 184). Despite the questionable way in which he won the pres¬idency, Hayes kept his promises to end Reconstruction and reform the civil service. He served only one term.

Que fit Roosevelt ensuite ?

He left the party with his supporters and announced his intention to form a third party and to run for the presidency as that party's candidate. Roosevelt's supporters swiftly began to attack the Re-publican Party, charging its leadership with trying to steal the election. The focus of this new, independent party would be on progress, and its name soon became the Pro-gressive Party (it was also called the Bull Moose Party).

Qu'est-ce qu'un affidavit ?

If you make a written statement to the police or another recognized authority like a notary public that you swear is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, what you've put down on paper is an affidavit. We get the noun affidavit from the Latin affidare, which means "to pledge." When you state something in an affidavit, you're pledging to the powers that be that you're not lying. The word usually appears in legal settings; if you watch a lot of cop shows or courtroom dramas, it probably rings a bell. "According to the affidavit, Mrs. Smith told police she found the burglar in her closet wearing her most expensive pair of shoes." Most of the inmates could identify the officers by last names only, which they spelled in a variety of ways in their affidavits. New York TimesAug 18, 2015 The child's mother got off the bus and began arguing with Smith, according to the affidavit. Washington PostAug 17, 2015 After their arrest, the affidavit states, the couple confessed that they were on their way to join the Islamic State. New York TimesAug 14, 2015 Later, after identifying the suspect, according to the affidavit, he told police he had lied because had "planned to get revenge." Washington PostAug 12, 2015

A quelle date Garfield cessa de fait d'être président ? Dans quelles circonstances ? Comment Arthur décida-t-il de poursuivre le mandat ?

Il fut assassiné le 2 juillet 1881 par Charles J. Guiteau. When Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau (who had unsuccessfully tried to become U.S. ambassador to France) after only four months in office, Arthur vowed to continue the anticorruption stance Garfield had adopted. Image : An engraving of James A. Garfield's assassination, published in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. The caption reads "Washington, D.C.—The attack on the President's life—Scene in the ladies' room of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot—The arrest of the assassin / from sketches by our special artist's [sic] A. Berghaus and C. Upham." President Garfield is at center right, leaning after being shot. He is supported by Secretary of State James G. Blaine who wears a light colored top hat. To left, assassin Charles Guiteau is restrained by members of the crowd, one of whom is about to strike him with a cane.

Quelle position Garfield adopta-t-il à l'encontre de la corruption ?

Il poursuivit la politique de réforme de la fonction publique menée par Hayes.

Comment se solda l'élection de 1856 ?

In 1856, the Republican Party held its first presidential nomination convention in Philadelphia. The candidate they chose was John C. Fremont, a leading figure in the exploration of the West who had earned the nickname "the Pathfinder" for his adventures. The political platform of the new Republican Party was reflected in a campaign that called for Congress to ban slavery in the western ter-ritories and in its slogan: "Free labor, free speech, free men, free Kansas, and Fremont." Despite the fact that his party was new to the national scene, Fremont did surprisingly well, winning two-fifths of the electoral votes and carrying 11 states in the North. Measuring the strengths and failings of the election, party organizers believed that they had focused perhaps too heavily on the slavery issue and resolved to focus, in the Northern states that they had failed to carry, on the issues that spoke most directly to those voters. Tariffs on imports were emphasized in industrial and mining regions. Sup-port for homesteaders was emphasized in regions where that issue was the principal focus of political debate.

Qui fut le cadidat républicain à l'élection de 1876 ? Quel était son programme politique et que parvint-il à accomplir au sein du parti ?

In 1876, the Republicans nominated the governor of Ohio, Rutherford B. Hayes, as their candidate for president. Hayes had been elected three times as governor and had a reputation for honesty and for giving out government jobs based on experience rather than on connections or favors owed. Hayes quickly made it clear that, if elected, he would remove federal troops from the South and would work for reform of the civil service system (the system by which federal jobs were awarded). This served to reunite the Radical Republicans and the Liberal Republicans. (Au sujet de la présidence de Grant : Issue: Civil Service Reform Another major issue of the post Civil War era was reforming the Civil Service system. The term "Civil Service" was coined in 1872. It refers to any government position (in all three branches of government) that is an appointed position rather than an elected one. The system was often referred to as the "spoils system" because the winning candidate would use these positions as rewards for those who were loyal to him and helped him win the election. These people were rarely the most qualified, which resulted in massive incompetence. Civil Service reformers wanted a merit system, whereby test scores determine a person's qualifications for government positions. This would ensure that many of the employees working for the government would be good at their jobs. Grant applied his hands-off approach to this issue as well, allowing each cabinet member to set his own rules. Some experimented with examinations, while others kept traditional spoils system. The lack of a single policy set by the party leader (the president) strained the Republican party and caused a split between more traditional Republican regulars and more liberal reform-minded Republicans).

Quelle fut la raison principale de la défaite Démocrate lors des élections de 1860 ?

In the 1860 presidential election, Republican candi¬date Abraham Lincoln faced a Democratic Party divided by the slavery issue. Northern and Southern divisions of the Democratic Party nominated their own candidates— Stephen A. Douglas from the North and John C. Breck- enridge from the South. Lincoln received only 40 percent of the popular vote but captured the presidency none-theless, winning 60 percent of the electoral votes and 18 Northern states.

Quels étaient les thèmes politiques de prédilection de la campagne de 1874 ?

In the years that followed the Civil War, certain issues would come to dominate Republican Party politics and would do so for several decades. These included how best to handle Reconstruction, questions of corruption, ideas about reforming the way in which government jobs were awarded, and tariffs on imported goods.

Johnson était-il opposé à l'élargissement du suffrage ?

It is important to note that Johnson was not opposed to ensuring that freed slaves were given the right to vote, nor was he a secret supporter of the Confederate cause, as some had charged. He felt, however, that he had a responsibility to follow through on the plan carefully crafted by Lincoln; he also believed that change (includ-ing instituting new voting policies) should proceed slowly, giving the states and citizens time to become accus¬tomed to new policies and new regulations.

Qui fut le VP de Garfield ? Pourquoi ce choix fut-il contesté ?

James A. Garfield was nominated as the Republican candidate in 1880, with Chester Arthur as vice president. Arthur was criticized by many for his reputation for giving jobs to loyal Republicans

Qui fut le candidat retenu pour se présenter à l'élection présidentielle de 1880 ? Fut-il élu ?

James A. Garfield. Oui, il a été élu.

Homestead Act ? (date)

Loi adoptée le 20 mai 1862, elle offre une concession agricole gratuite ("homestead") à tous les jeunes désireux de partir s'installer sur des terres non arpentées. Si la loi Homestead était destinée à encourager l'expansion à l'ouest, c'est le contexte de la guerre de Sécession qui permet son adoption. Jursqu'alors, les Etats du sud y étaient opposés car ils ne souhaitaient pas favoriser la création d'Etats dits "libres", les Free Soilers, au contraire, y apportaient un soutien appuyé et le PREP en avait fait un élément important de son programme en 1860.

Une première division intervint au sein du PREP des suites des désaccords mentionnés sur la carte précédente ? Entre qui et qui ? Quelles en furent les conséquences ? 1 NP 1 exp/con 1 date

The result was a split in the Republican Party between those loyal to Taft and a more liberal group, led by Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin, who organized the National Progressive Republican League in 1911. Their plan was to take control of the Republican Party away from the more conservative Republicans allied with Taft.

Kansas-Nebraska Act ? (date)

La loi Kansas-Nebraska de 1854 abolit la frontière Nord-Sud établie par le Compromis du Missouri et fait de la souveraineté populaire le critère déterminant pour décider si un état sera allié au Sud esclavagiste ou non. Son adoption marque une étape importante dans les événements qui mènent à la guerre de Sécession.

Loi Sherman (Sherman Anti-Trust Act) ? (date)

Le Sherman Anti-Trust Act du 2 juillet 1890 est la première tentative du gouvernement américain de limiter les comportements anticoncurrentiels des entreprises : il signe ainsi la naissance du droit de la concurrence moderne. La loi américaine porte le nom du Sénateur John Sherman de l'Ohio qui s'éleva contre le pouvoir émergent de certaines entreprises constituées en quasi-monopoles : « Si nous refusons qu'un roi gouverne notre pays, nous ne pouvons accepter qu'un roi gouverne notre production, nos transports ou la vente de nos produits. » L'expression d'« anti-trust » vient du fait que la proposition de loi visait à contrer les agissements d'un groupe pétrolier, la Standard Oil, qui était constitué en trust et non sous la forme d'une société dont les droits étaient, à l'époque, limités. Ironiquement, lorsque la Standard Oil fut démantelée, elle avait pris déjà la forme d'une société et le Sherman Antitrust Act ne s'appliqua plus guère aux trusts. Il est complété par le Clayton Antitrust Act de 1914. La législation américaine a servi de modèle à l'élaboration des textes fondamentaux de plusieurs droits de la concurrence à travers le monde. Glossaire : Loi adoptée en 1890 par le Congrès américain pour interdire les trusts, elle est vidée de son sens quatre ans plus tard par la Cour suprême dans l'arrêt E.C. Knight and Co., la Cour statuant que la loi ne porte que sur le commerce, et non sur la production, des marchandises. De plus, la loi Sherman sera ensuite détournée de son objectif premier lorsque la Cour l'invoque dans l'affaire In Re Debs (1894) pour condamner le boycott organisé par l'American Railway Union contre l'entreprise Pullman (Trusts, Grève Pullman).

Qui fut l'assassin de McKinley ?

Leon Czolgosz À la fin du xixe siècle, début du xxe siècle, le mouvement anarchiste compte, aux États-Unis, quelques grands théoriciens du courant individualiste, comme Benjamin Tucker,Voltairine de Cleyre ou Alexandre Berkman. Leur influence se fait particulièrement sentir dans le milieu ouvrier13 et le soutien à la cause des femmes14. Czolgosz, fils d'émigrants polonais, est né à Détroit dans le Michigan, en 1873. Il avait travaillé dans une usine mais se trouve alors au chômage depuis plusieurs années et vit avec sa famille en 1901. Il s'est intéressé à l'anarchisme au cours des années qui ont précédé. En mai 1901, il assiste à une conférence donnée par la célèbre anarchiste, Emma Goldman, à Cleveland dans l'Ohio. Il se rend ensuite chez Goldman à Chicago, le 12 juillet, et s'entretient brièvement avec elle15. Goldman est plus tard arrêtée et détenue pour une courte durée en raison de soupçons de complicité dans le meurtre de McKinley16,17. Dans son témoignage du 7 septembre, Czolgosz, indique que huit jours auparavant, à Chicago, il a lu que McKinley visiterait l'exposition. Il a immédiatement pris le train pour Buffalo et loué une chambre d'hôtel. Il se trouve à la foire le 5 septembre pour le President's Day et écoute le discours de McKinley. Il est alors tenté de tirer sur le président, mais ne le fait pas parce qu'il se trouve trop éloigné. Il décide plutôt de revenir le lendemain. Il rejoint la file de ceux qui désirent serrer la main au président. Il a entouré la main qui tient le pistolet d'un foulard blanc afin de le cacher18. L'agent du Secret Service, George Foster, explique plus tard n'avoir pas remarqué la main enveloppée de Czolgosz car celui-ci se tenait très près de l'homme qui le précédait dans la file19. L'opinion publique manifeste de l'hostilité lorsqu'Emma Goldman publie un article dans lequel elle compare Czolgosz à Marcus Junius Brutus, l'assassin de Jules César et traite McKinley de « président des rois de l'argent et des magnats des affaires. »50 Certains anarchistes et radicaux refusent d'apporter leur aide à Goldman dans ses efforts pour soutenir Czolgosz, convaincus que ce dernier a porté atteinte à l'image du mouvement51. Le procès de Czolgosz s'ouvre le 23 septembre 1901, neuf jours seulement après la mort du président. Les témoins de l'accusation se relayent à la barre pendant deux jours. Il s'agit essentiellement des médecins qui ont soigné McKinley et de quelques témoins oculaires de l'attentat. L'avocat de la défense, Loran Lewis, n'appelle aucun témoin, et insiste sur le refus de Czolgosz de parler et de coopérer avec ses défenseurs. Il admet la culpabilité de son client et déclare que « la seule question qui puisse être discutée ou considérée dans ce cas est ... S'agit-il de l'acte d'une personne saine d'esprit ou non ? Si c'est le cas, alors l'accusé est coupable de meurtre ... Si c'est l'œuvre d'un fou, alors il ne peut être coupable de meurtre et doit être acquitté de cette accusation et devrait être interné dans un asile d'aliénés »52. Le jury ne prend qu'une demi-heure pour décider de la culpabilité. Le 26 septembre, Czolgosz est condamné à mort25, puis incarcéré au pénitencier d'État d'Auburn 53. Czolgosz exprime ses remords en déclarant : « Je désire que les gens sachent que je suis désolé de ce que j'ai fait. C'était une erreur et c'était injuste. Si j'avais à le revivre à nouveau, je ne le referais pas. Mais il est trop tard pour en parler. Je suis désolé d'avoir tué le président »54. Il est exécuté par électrocution, le 29 octobre 190153. Son corps est plongé dans un bain d'acide pour être dissous puis est enterré dans la prison de Sing Sing à New York55.

Pourquoi la naissance du parti Républicain est-elle survenue dans ce contexte ?

Les partis tels que les Know Nothings ou les Free Soilers n'axaient leur programme politique que sur une seule problématique => It soon became clear, however, that a political party organized around a single issue would have only limited appeal, drawing votes only from those who felt most strongly about that particular issue. A new political party was needed, a party that would provide a unified platform to address the many issues that were di¬viding the nation, a party that would represent a change from the past but whose positions would be solid enough to appeal to a large number of Americans

Comment Lincoln concevait-il la Reconstruction ?

Lincoln's plan for the end of the Civil War was clear: He believed that restraint should be used in helping the Southern states to rebuild. He did not want the rebellious states to be crushed, nor did he want the fed-eral government to assume any power over the Southern states that it had not held before the war began.

Qui était Salmon P. Chase ? Qu'a-t-il tenté de faire ? Comment étaient appelés ses partisans ? Quelles étaient leurs positions ? Comment Lincoln a-t-il réagi ? Quel devint le nom temporaire du PREP ? Pourquoi ?

Lincoln's secretary of the treasury, Salmon P. Chase, mounted a brief effort to challenge Lincoln for the presi-dential nomination. His supporters represented a wing of the Republican Party also known as "Republican Radi-cals," who opposed making any concessions to the South in order to achieve peace. The Radicals also strongly felt that slavery should be abolished throughout the Union and that African Americans should be given full political and social rights. In his cabinet post, Chase also bene¬fited from the support of many powerful financial lead¬ers. Surprisingly, Lincoln did not immediately ask Chase to resign from the cabinet when he began his campaign to unseat the president. Lincoln was determined to hold together not only the Union, but the Republican Party as well. To help underscore this, the party was now referred to as the National Union Party or Union Party. Légende : Salmon P. Chase (above) opposed Lincoln during his first campaign, and even attempted to challenge Lincoln in his campaign for reelection. Despite this, Lincoln appointed Chase as secretary of the treasury during his first term, and nominated Chase as chief justice of the Supreme Court during his second term.

Débats entre Lincoln et Douglas.

Lors de la campagne électorale précéédant les élections au poste de Sénateur de l'Illinois en 1858, Abraham Lincoln et Stephen Douglas, son adversaire, parcourent l'Etat et participent à sept débats portant sur la question de l'esclavage? Ces débats attirèrent une foule nombreuse et furent publiés dans leur intégralité dans la presse nationale. Douglas remporta l'élection mais ces débats permirent à Lincoln d'acquérir une stature nationale en proposant une critique morale de l'esclavage. Selon Lincoln, bien que les Noirs américains soient inférieurs intellectuellement aux Blancs, leur droit de profiter des fruits de leur travail était incontestable.

A quel égard les stratégies de campagne de McKinley et de Bryan différaient-elles ? 1 exp/con

McKinley became the Republican nominee, and Hanna was chosen as the Republican National Committee's chairman. This marked a new era in the Republican Party—Hanna was not a chairman in name only, but a leader who devised the party's plans and mapped out its strategies. It was Hanna's idea that McKinley would spend his campaign for the presidency in his hometown of Canton, Ohio. Bryan was grabbing headlines by barn-storming (traveling) around the country, a revolutionary new tactic in campaigning. Hanna decided that the more reserved McKinley would not go out to meet the people— instead, he would bring the people to him, in a series of "front-porch meetings." About 10 to 20 times a day, McKinley would walk out onto his front porch, dressed formally, and meet with dif-ferent groups: editors, ministers, farmers, railroad workers, African Americans, and different religious groups. It was designed to emphasize McKinley's human side, as well as his refusal to make class distinctions—he welcomed all Americans to his front porch, the campaign suggested, and wanted to share his views with them.

Qu'arriva-t-il au président McKinley en 1901 ? Où ? Que se passa-t-il ensuite ?

McKinley was assassinated in 1901, shot during an ap-pearance at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He died on September 14, and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as president. Image : Clipping of a wash drawing by T. Dart Walker depicting the assassination of President William McKinley by Leon Czolgosz at Pan-American Exposition reception on September 6, 1901.

Comment McKinley parvint-il à vaincre son adversaire ?

McKinley's rise to the top of the ticket was in large part the work of Cleveland businessman Mark Hanna.

Emancipation Proclamation. (dates)

On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. In this speech, he stated that ". . . on the first day of January . . . all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." This speech essentially warned Confederate states that, if they did not stop fighting and rejoin the Union by January 1, 1863, all slaves in their states would be free. There was political maneuvering behind this speech. Lincoln was un¬der pressure from those firmly opposed to slavery within his party, but he also knew that troops in southern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky were protesting the idea of fighting a war to end slavery. When the date of January 1, 1863, arrived and the na-tion was entering its third year of civil war, Lincoln fol-lowed up with the formal Emancipation Proclamation, stating that "all persons held as slaves" within the Con-federate states "are, and henceforward shall be free." It is important to note that this proclamation applied only to slaves held in states that had seceded from the Union; slaves held in border states that had supported the Union were not freed. It also, of course, depended on a Union victory in the Civil War in order for the proc¬lamation to be enforced. La Proclamation d'émancipation (Emancipation Proclamation) désigne deux décrets (executive orders) du président des États-Unis Abraham Lincoln pendant la guerre de Sécession. Le premier, daté du 22 septembre 1862, déclare libre tout esclave résidant sur le territoire de la Confédération sudiste qui n'est pas sous le contrôle de l'Union dès le 1er janvier 1863. Le second, daté du 1er janvier 1863, désigne explicitement les États concernés. La Proclamation d'émancipation fut attaquée en son temps par les Black Codes pour ne libérer que les esclaves des territoires sur lesquels l'Union n'avait aucun pouvoir effectif. Elle fut cependant un premier pas vers l'abolition de l'esclavage qui fut étendue à la fin de la guerre à l'ensemble des États des États-Unis. Usant d'une très fine argumentation d'avocat, Lincoln s'est réclamé de sa position de « Commandant en chef de l'armée et de la marine » (article II, section 2 de la Constitution des États-Unis) et de son serment de "préserver, protéger et défendre la Constitution" pour justifier la supériorité du décret au détriment d'une loi du Congrès des États-Unis. La Proclamation permit aussi aux anciens esclaves de s'enrôler dans l'armée américaine, et ordonna à l'armée de l'Union de reconnaître et de maintenir la liberté des anciens esclaves. La Proclamation ne donna aucune compensation pour les propriétaires, n'interdit pas l'esclavage, et ne garantit pas l'obtention de la citoyenneté américain aux esclaves affranchis. Cependant, elle fit de l'éradication de l'esclavage un but de guerre clair, en plus de la réunification de l'Union. Entre 20 000 et 50 000 esclaves furent émancipés immédiatement dans les régions déjà libérées de la rébellion. La Proclamation ne pût être appliquée dans les régions encore sous l'influence de la rébellion, mais au fur et à mesure que l'Union pris le contrôle des régions confédérées, la Proclamation fourni un cadre légal pour la libération de plus de 3 millions d'esclaves dans ces régions.

Comment se sont soldées les élections législatives de 1888 ?

Par une victoire des Républicains. They simultane¬ously gained control of the White House and of Congress for the first time since 1875.

Peace Democrats Who Opposed the Civil War. (supplément)

Peace Democrats Who Opposed the Civil War John Miller Emmitsburg Area Historical Society For years, I have heard stories about a group of people who lived along the Mason Dixon Line in Pennsylvania that were opposed to the Civil War. This topic is a forgotten aspect that played a major role in politics in several Maryland and Pennsylvania towns in this region. Maryland is known as a border state and it is common knowledge that the state was split in their loyalties. However, did you know that some Pennsylvania communities were just the same? There were several men who took up arms for the Confederacy from Pennsylvania. Some sources state that almost 2,000 men fought in the Confederate army. As the Civil War progressed, many Pennsylvania Democrats were divided, and as a result their party became divided as well. Some men supported the war while others did not; those that did not support the war became known as a Copperhead. In 1862, once it became known that the Civil War would give way to freedom for African Americans, a race war was inevitable. On September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln announced a formal emancipation of all slaves within the Confederate States that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. Many white citizens as well as immigrants in Pennsylvania feared that their employer would replace them with the freed African Americans, paying them at a lower pay rate. The war was unpopular, and as a result many people rose up against the drafts. Most citizens just wanted peace with the southern states. They felt that a war wasn't worth the lives that would be expended and they did not want new laws being enforced to pay for the war debt. By the Spring of 1863, many Franklin County, Pennsylvania papers gave birth to the Anti-war men known as the Copperheads. Most Civil War buffs have heard the term "Copperhead," but do they really understand who these men were? Looking up the definition of a Copperhead during the time of the American Civil War, the term was dubbed as a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States who opposed the Civil War, wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederate States of America. Copperheads were sometimes identified by a copper cent with the Goddess of Liberty cut out and displayed as a badge upon their coat lapel. Most of the newspaper accounts cited in this article are from Franklin County, Pennsylvania, which borders Northern Maryland cities such as Hagerstown, and within 15 miles of Emmitsburg. Even though these sources are directly related to Pennsylvania, the same sentiments were expressed in the bordering Maryland towns. The term Copperhead was first reported in Waynesboro in the Waynesboro Village Record on March 13, 1863. The Waynesboro Village Record ran an article comparing the 1863 Copperhead to that of the 1814 Copperhead. "Comparing them to the Federalists who convened the infamous Hartford Convention, the article declares that copperheadism of today is the offshoot of copperheadism of 1812-14." But, it adds, "Just as the Federalists were dealt a stunning blow as a consequence of their actions following the U. S. victory over the British, a similar result will befall the latest generation, which will be visited with the scorn and damnation of not only all American freemen, but by the lovers of freedom throughout the world as well." Another story from March 13th was reported about the distribution of a pamphlet that was reported as a "Treasonable Document." This article read: "It is reported that several local, prominent copperheads are involved in a scheme to distribute pamphlets containing a speech recently delivered by "the Ohio traitor, Vallandigam." Despite the fact that Vallandigam was threatened with violence in his own state for his pro-southern views, the piece sardonically notes, for some reason, parties in Franklin County applaud the villain and seek to give him notoriety by disseminating his treasonable documents among the people." In March of 1863, the Copperheads were victorious during the township elections. The Valley Spirit on March 25th, 1863 reported that "During the Spring elections Franklin county is now largely Democratic beyond the peradventure of a doubt. It is an old saying, that the first thunder of the season awakes the snakes, and it must have been the late storm that stirred out the "copperheads" on Friday last. For out they came, though the day was scarcely warm enough for them, and like the Serpent that Aaron cast down before Pharaoh, they very quietly went to work and devoured all the little poisonous snakes that were hissing out their venom around them. Stand firm, Democrats, be moderate, patient, long-suffering, stick together, and the story of Aaron's big snake won't be a circumstance to the way the "blacksnakes" and "blowers" will disappear before next fall." In another article entitled "Union or Loyal League" excerpts from the article reveal "They'll keep the damned copperheads in their places, so this is the object of the organization, is it? They alone are to decide who are "copperheads," and "copperheads" are to be "kept in their places" that is, in other words, to be prevented from expressing their opinions by voice or through the ballot box. Well, let the issue come; the sooner it is met the better. Such is the movement now being inaugurated in Pennsylvania." On March 27th, 1863, the Copperheads made the Waynesboro Village Record. It was reported that on two occasions rebel sympathizers met on the streets after dark and celebrated to honor Jefferson Davis, Stonewall Jackson, and the Southern Cause, however the Copperheads were growing bolder. Another article in the paper stated that the Copperheads did not speak out against the use of African Americans in the Confederate army where blacks and whites would fight/work side by side even though they were opposed to African American men enlisting in segregated regiments of the Union army. On April 1st, 1863, the Valley Spirit reported that the Democratic majority outweighed the Republicans in victories across the Commonwealth. However, when it came to the Democratic Copperhead and the radical Republication known as a Blacksnake, it was stated that a "copperhead is fearless, independent, and brave, while black snakes are cowardly, hissing, and thieving." Soon politics in the local papers began a political war with words. On April 3rd, 1863, the Waynesboro Village Record reported: "The focus of the piece is on the newspaper's claim to political impartiality, which, they admit, has been called into question lately by local copperheads. It is a high crime in their estimation for a paper neutral in politics to denounce traitors of the Vallandigham stripe North, and thus advocate the cause of the Union and true democracy. They call this partiality, abuse of the democratic party, etc. It will be impossible for us to contend with present prices successfully, with the lying "copperheads" resorting to every means in their power." As the war with words stormed throughout the papers, the Waynesboro Village Record on April 14, 1863 reported that "The editors denounce the mounting criticism of Union Leagues made by copperhead newspapers, which contend that the organization is extremely partisan. Copperhead papers every where (says the Hanover Spectator) are making bitter and malignant attacks upon the Union Leagues and charge among other things that they are secret oath bound associations intended to suppress public sentiment by the sword and bayonet." On April 17th, 1863, the Waynesboro Village Record ran an article: "A Copperhead Corns Pinched." It was a rebuttal to an article that appeared in the Chambersburg Valley Spirit, assailing one of the Record's correspondents. The controversy was sparked by the views that disloyal northerners should be "strung up to the telegraph poles along the railroad." As the Copperheads' reputation grew, so did the editorials in the papers. During the Union Loyal League Meeting held in May it was reported by the Waynesboro Village Record that "the organizational meeting for local chapter of the Union League went off smoothly with the exception of the expected interruptions of several copperheads who, like "slimy reptiles," milled about the hall "bellowing" throughout the evening. The man who asserts that nobody is disloyal in the loyal states must be one of two things, a fool or full-fledged traitor. Who tore down under cover of darkness, in Waynesboro, months ago, the American flag? Were they loyal hands?" Franklin County Copperheads would soon be at unease as their leader was arrested. Ohio Representative Clement Laird Vallandigham was the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats and was a vigorous supporter of constitutional states' rights. He did not believe in supporting a war to end slavery, which he felt would lead to the enfranchisement of the African American people. He was arrested by the Union Provost because he had violated an army order against the public expression of sympathy for the Confederate States. He was ordered to be confined for the duration of the Civil War. However, on the order of President Lincoln, Vallandigham "the Copperhead traitor" was instead sent to the enemy lines." On May 22nd, it was reported "The arrest of Vallandigham has sparked considerable unrest among copperheads, even in Waynesboro. Some of his supporters proposed having a rally in town to voice their displeasure with the arrest, but opted not to because it was deemed inexpedient at this time." A week later the Waynesboro Village Record on May 29, 1863, reported "The Original Copperhead, Utilizing an extract from an address given by Benedict Arnold to validate its claim, the piece casts copperheads as the heirs to his legacy of shame." Upon returning to Pennsylvania, Company B of the 126th Pennsylvania had their flag inscribed "Copperheads Beware." Unknown to the soldiers at the time, the flag was soon adopted by the Fulton Union League. While, disarray was all surrounding the arrest of Vallandigham, the Waynesboro Village Record on June 05, 1863, reported that another demonstration was made by the Copperheads at the Waynesboro Square voicing their support to Jefferson Davis and Vallandigham "who, it appears, has become their "pet." On June 12th, 1863, just days before the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania, the Waynesboro Village Record reported that close to 2,000 clergymen in France and England have united to condemn the "Slave Aristocracy." The religious leaders assert that the Confederacy, based as it is on slavery, "is at war with Christianity." In fact, proclaims the piece, outside of the South, with the exception of northern copperheads, this sentiment "is the view of the Christian world." Another article in the same edition read "it is quite easy to determine the motives underlying copperheads' support for the Confederacy: naked self-interest. Proponents of the southern cause in New York advocate "peace at any cost" because they "lost the Southern trade" as a consequence of the war. Similarly, supporters of the rebel cause in Illinois are spurred primarily by the drop in the price of corn occasioned by the onset of the conflict." These malcontents, the article declares, would rather "break up the nation" than sacrifice their own personal economic interests. With the introduction of new publications in Philadelphia, the Copperheads were given the opportunity to reach a broader audience with their political statement. However, several anti-Copperhead supporters stated that the new publications "Expresses sentiments so treasonable, that a man would have to be a bold, bonified traitor to endorse such opinions." In New York, an elderly gentleman was heckled and dragged from the stage at a copperhead meeting because he asserted that South Carolina started the war. Soon the Copperheads would be tested in Waynesboro and the surrounding areas as Confederate soldiers would embark upon their town. Many Copperheads had long anticipated this moment, thinking that their support of the Confederate cause would be warmly received by the soldiers. This turned out to be the exact opposite; in fact many Copperheads were shunned by the Confederate soldiers. Many area newspapers headlined the "Rebels Snub the Copperheads". Pennsylvania residents were treated poorly by the Confederate soldiers such as one case where a Confederate soldier threatened harm to a woman if she did not cut down a Liberty pole. This was according to reporters "one of the most 'malignant copperheads' in town." As Confederate Albert Jenkins and his cavalry brigade made their way northward into Pennsylvania, several Copperheads were surprised to see that the Confederate general refused to shake their hands. In one case Jenkins was reported as saying "Lincoln ought to have hung you and the rest of the Copperheads long ago. We would not tolerate such men in the Southern Confederacy. We respect those who are against us in the North much more than the Copperheads." Many Confederate soldiers voiced their opinions to the Copperheads telling them that if they truly supported the South, they should pick up a musket and join the fight. This stunned the Copperheads to their core. Soon, in July, violence began in New York by the Copperheads when they resisted the draft. The Copperheads were blamed for hanging men from lamp posts as well as trying to start another riot. Many papers criticized the inconstancy of the Copperheads. "To opponents of black enlistment, Copperheads declare a "white man's war." To government calls for white enlistments, Copperheads cry "black man's war." To opponents of black enlistment, Copperheads charge racial inequality." In Kentucky, it was reported that "contempt for the Copperheads who have little respect for the Union soldiers who fight to preserve the Union. The author sees little difference between the rebels and the Copperheads." In Tennessee, the Knoxville Register states that "consideration of those Germans here and elsewhere, who have been led, against their better judgment and the tradition of their Faderland, by copperhead demagogues, to sympathize with the rebels, or at least to place themselves in an attitude of opposition to the administration of the United States Government. We think that with this knowledge of what the rebels think of the Germans and how they purpose to treat them, any German who still blindly follows their Copperhead leaders, is utterly destitute of self-respect and of brotherly feeling for the gallant Germans in our army" In the Franklin Repository published on August 5, 1863 "The Fulton Democrat, edited by the member of the Democratic State Committee for this district, seems exceedingly ambitious to get up a small draft riot in Fulton County. In a late issue an editorial review of the conscription bill thus apologizes for the copperhead thieves and murderers of New York." As the Copperheads' reputation grows they will soon be attacked by their words, actions and political stand regarding several key issues of the day. Many articles in the local Franklin County papers state that African Americans are superior to the Copperheads. Other headlines state that the Copperheads were whispering into the ears of people stating the Government is neglecting the people. Eventually other Democrats began leaving the party. The Union ticket even tried to influence women. On September 30th, 1863, the Franklin Repository stated "To the young women we would say, that if after trying all their persuasive eloquence on their suitors they prove to be incorrigible Copperheads, give them the mitten at once. Don't waste a smile on a fellow who refuses either by bullet or ballot to help put down the rebellion. Make these bucks face the Union music square, or go under!" President Lincoln issued a proclamation that was published in the New York Tribune, "How good a work the President has done for the army and the nation, by his timely interposition between the Copperheads and their cherished object, of defeating the draft and so preventing the reinforcement of the army, when he issued his recent proclamation suspending the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus in certain cases. The schemes of the conspirators of copperheadism have been brought to naught." In Waynesboro, Major B. M. Morrow of the 1st Battalion, 22nd Cavalry responded to accusations that he and his soldiers disrupted a Union meeting previously reported in the Franklin Repository. Major Morrow stated "As for the term of Copperhead applied to me. I care not, as my attachment to the army for more than two years will give the lie to that." While the papers kept fueling the intense political fire regarding Copperheads, this one article is, at the very least, comical. On October 7, 1863, the Franklin Repository wrote "John M. Cooper, formerly of the Spirit, is a Copperhead working as a clerk in Harrisburg and assessing mortgages for the county." The Repository jokes that in order for the county to avoid paying its taxes, Cooper should recommend inviting the rebels to come and visit in order to destroy their property, thus eliminating the need to pay taxes. In late October it was reported that the rebel invasion brought an increased influence to Copperheads who encouraged local citizens to vote against Governor Curtin because the state government was slow in its compensation to the invaded areas. The Copperheads wanted Democrat George Woodward to gain control of Pennsylvania. By the elections of 1863, it was reported that the Copperheads unsuccessfully attempted to prevent the representatives from several states from voting. To make matters worse, all the Pennsylvania Copperheads voted against offering any encouragement for the enlistment of African Americans. During this period many Pennsylvania news editors wanted a "conscription bill that will "gobble up" a due share of the whining, cowardly, copperheads." Even the papers stated that many Union soldiers who deserted from the ranks of the army were aided by the Copperheads. As the Spring of 1864 was winding down, the papers continued to wage war against the Copperheads and "their decisive discomfiture in November" by running several columns in the papers for the Lincoln and Johnson ticket. With this new ad campaign, "A sardonic celebration of the new "marriage" between Copperheads and radicals, joined together by their mutual hatred of Lincoln." The Copperheads would loose that cause when Lincoln was reelected as the President of the United States. Until the close of the war and even during reconstruction, the Copperheads were still viewed as traitors to the Union, and as a result the Republicans held the public's support up to the Great Depression. The term Copperhead would soon fade away as a footnote in history as the nation was coming together as one.

Quelle fut la cause de la création du mouvement de l'Order of the Star-Spangled Banner ? Quelle idéologie sous-tendait son existence ? + surnom. + 1 date + 1 NP

Prejudice against foreigners, particularly Catholic for-eigners, soon followed. In 1850, a political party was formed specifically to give a political platform to this anti-Catholic, antiforeigner ideology. Its name was the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, but party members were given the nickname "Know Nothings" because members were told that, if anyone asked about the party, they were to say that they knew nothing about it. Supplément wiki : The Order of the Star Spangled Banner (OSSB) was an oath-bound secret society in New York City. It was created in 1849 by Charles Allen to protest the rise of Irish, Roman Catholic, and German immigration into the United States. To join the Order, a man had to be at least 21 years old, a Protestant, and willing to obey the Order's dictates without question. Members were Nativists, citizens opposed to immigration, especially by Catholics. They saw Catholics as dangerous, illegal voters under the control of the Pope in Rome. Members invariably responded to questions about the OSSB by claiming that they "knew nothing." This practice caused newspaper editor Horace Greeley to label them "Know Nothings." The OSSB would eventually form the nucleus of the nativist Know Nothing movement which ran candidates in 1855-56 under the American Party ticket. According to The American Pageant: Older-stock Americans...professed to believe that in due time the "alien riffraff" would "establish" the Catholic church at the expense of Protestantism and would introduce "popish idols." The noisier American "nativists" rallied for political action. [..] They promoted a lurid literature of exposure, much of it pure fiction. The authors, sometimes posing as escaped nuns, described the shocking sins they imagined the cloisters concealed, including the secret burial of babies. One of these sensational books - Maria Monk's Awful Disclosures (1836) - sold over 300,000 copies.

Sur quel programme Taft fit-il campagne ? Sortit-il victorieux de cette élection ? Qui fut son adversaire ?

Taft campaigned on a Republican ticket that empha-sized the party's wish to continue the policies begun by Roosevelt—further regulation of businesses and revision of tariffs on imported goods. The connection to the popu-lar Roosevelt helped ensure Taft's victory over William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic nominee for the third time.

Comment Roosevelt décida-t-il de réformer le PREP ? Contre quelle éminente figure se dressa-t-il ? Quelles furent les axes principaux de sa politique ? De quel programme politique le PREP se rapprocha-t-il sous la présidence de T.R. ?

Regulation Conservation Foreign Policy ? (développer) ! His personal popularity had helped ensure Roosevelt a place on the Republican ticket, but during his time as president he would lead a series of economic, political, and social reforms that would transform the Republican Party platform. Roosevelt was intelligent, a great reader, and hardworking, as well as a master at the art of politics. Roosevelt's first step upon becoming president was to assume control of the Republican Party. Roosevelt was determined that it would be he, not Mark Hanna, who di-rected the party. He placed men who were loyal to him in key positions and gradually used his connections and his office to transform the Republican Party into his party. Conservation was a key issue for Roosevelt, and so it became a key issue for the Republican Party. Roosevelt proposed stricter regulation of businesses; when Congress seemed reluctant to pass legislation, Roosevelt took his case directly to the people. At times, Roosevelt clashed with others in his party on issues such as railroad regula-tion, government intervention in strikes, and the amounts that corporations could contribute to federal election campaigns. Nevertheless, he was reelected by a majority in 1904 and continued his efforts to promote conservation and regulate businesses. For a brief period of time, under Roosevelt's leadership, the Republican Party moved from a conservative to a more progressive stance.

Une division intervint au sein du PREP entre deux factions opposées quant à la politique de Reconstruction du Sud. Quels en furent les éléments déclencheurs ? Quelles devinrent ces deux factions ?

Scandals and corruption marked Grant's presidency, but Grant himself was never proved to be directly in-volved. He was nominated again for the presidency in 1872. Grant's scandal-ridden presidency and the harsh policies of some Republican leaders toward the South¬ern states during the Reconstruction period prompted a split in the Republican ranks, however. There were the "Radical Republicans," who believed that the South—as the defeated party in the Civil War—must immediately submit to all regulations dictated by the federal govern-ment, no matter what economic or social hardship they caused. There was also a new group of Republicans who favored a more moderate approach to Reconstruction and who strongly disapproved of the corruption that was a fac¬tor in the Grant administration. They named themselves "Liberal Republicans."

Qui succéda à Lincoln ? (2 infos sur son profil)

Son vice-président Andrew Johnson. Andrew Johnson became president after Lincoln's assas¬sination. He faced two immediate hurdles, at least in the eyes of Republican leaders: He was a Democrat, and he was from a Southern state. Article wiki : pourquoi Johnson était-il un démocrate ? En 1860, le colistier de Lincoln avait été le sénateur du Maine, Hannibal Hamlin. Ce dernier avait été un vice-président compétent, était en bonne santé et semblait favorable à un second mandat mais Johnson émergea comme un colistier potentiel de Lincoln pour l'élection de 186490. Lincoln envisagea de choisir un démocrate favorable à la guerre et il envoya un agent sonder la volonté du général Benjamin Butler. En mai 1864, le président dépêcha le général Daniel Sickles en enquête à Nashville. Même si ce dernier nia qu'il était là pour rencontrer le gouverneur, le biographe de Johnson, Hans L. Trefousse, considère que le voyage de Sickles était lié au choix ultérieur de Johnson90. Selon l'historien Albert Castel dans son évaluation de la présidence de Johnson, Lincoln fut impressionné par l'administration de Johnson dans le Tennessee84. Gordon-Reed indique que si le ticket Lincoln-Hamelin était jugé géographiquement équilibré en 1860, « avoir Johnson, le démocrate sudiste favorable à la guerre sur le ticket envoyait le juste message sur la folie de la sécession et la capacité continue d'unité du pays91 ». Un autre facteur était la volonté du secrétaire d'État William Seward d'empêcher le choix de son collègue de New York, l'ancien sénateur et démocrate favorable à la guerre Daniel S. Dickinson (en), pour la vice-présidence car Seward devrait probablement céder sa place en cas de victoire. Après que des journalistes l'eurent informé du probable objectif de la visite de Sickles, Johnson prit un rôle plus actif en donnant des discours et ses amis firent avancer sa candidature en coulisses92. Pour faire campagne sur l'unité, Lincoln se présenta sous la bannière du parti de l'union nationale (en) plutôt que sous celle du parti républicain91. À la convention organisée en juin 1864 à Baltimore, Lincoln fut facilement choisi même si certains avaient évoqué son remplacement par un membre du Cabinet ou l'un des généraux les plus populaires. Après ce choix, l'ancien secrétaire à la Guerre Simon Cameron présenta une résolution pour lui associer Hamlin mais elle fut rejetée. Lors du premier tour de vote pour le choix du vice-président, Johnson arriva en tête avec 200 voix contre 150 pour Hamlin et 108 pour Dickinson. Durant le second tour, les délégués du Kentucky se prononcèrent pour Johnson et ils furent rapidement suivis par les représentants des autres États. Johnson l'emporta alors par 491 votes contre 17 pour Hamlin et huit pour Dickinson. Lincoln exprima sa satisfaction concernant le résultat, « Andy Johnson, à mon avis, est un homme bien93 ». Lorsque la nouvelle arriva à Nashville, une foule se rassembla et Johnson donna un discours affirmant que le choix d'un Sudiste signifiait que les États confédérés n'avaient pas véritablement quitté l'Union93. Même s'il était alors inhabituel pour un candidat de faire activement campagne, Johnson donna de nombreux discours dans le Tennessee, le Kentucky, l'Ohio et l'Indiana. Il chercha également à accroître ses chances dans le Tennessee en rétablissant un gouvernement civil et en faisant que le serment de loyauté soit encore plus restrictif car les électeurs devaient jurer qu'ils s'opposaient à toutes négociations avec la Confédération. Le candidat démocrate pour la présidence, le général George McClellan, espérait éviter de nouvelles victimes en négociant et le serment eut pour conséquence de priver ses électeurs du droit de vote. Lincoln refusa d'annuler la décision de Johnson et leur ticket arriva en tête dans l'État par 25 000 voix d'avance. Le Congrès refusa de prendre en compte les résultats du Tennessee en raison des fraudes mais Lincoln et Johnson remportèrent facilement l'élection en arrivant en tête dans la plupart des États94. Dessin au fusain montrant Johnson à califourchon sur un globe terrestre en train de recoudre la carte des États-Unis. Lincoln utilise un tronc de bois pour faire levier sous le globe et l'empêcher de bouger. Caricature de 1865 représentant Lincoln et Johnson utilisant leurs talents respectifs de bûcheron et de tailleur pour réparer l'Union. Maintenant vice-président élu, Johnson était impatient de terminer le rétablissement d'une administration civile même si le calendrier électoral empêchait son application avant le jour d'investiture du 4 mars. Johnson espérait rester à Nashville pour accomplir cette tache mais les conseillers de Lincoln l'informèrent qu'il prêterait serment en même temps que Lincoln. Pendant l'hiver 1864-1865, les troupes de l'Union achevèrent la reconquête de l'Est du Tennessee dont Greeneville. Juste avant son départ, les électeurs du Tennessee adoptèrent le 22 février une nouvelle constitution qui abolissait l'esclavage. L'un des derniers actes de Johnson en tant que gouverneur militaire fut de confirmer les résultats95. Johnson se rendit alors à Washington pour prêter serment même si selon Gordon-Reed, « à la lumière de ce qui s'est passé le 4 mars 1865, il aurait été préférable que Johnson soit resté à Nashville96 ». Il était peut-être malade ; Castel évoqua une fièvre typhoïde84 mais Gordon-Reed note que rien n'appuie ce diagnostic96. Dans la soirée du 3 mars, Johnson participa à une réception en son honneur et s'enivra fortement. Souffrant d'une gueule de bois le lendemain au Capitole, il demanda de l'alcool à son prédécesseur Hamlin. Ce dernier lui donna une bouteille de whisky et Johnson en prit deux grandes gorgées en déclarant, « j'ai besoin de toute mes forces pour cette occasion ». Au Sénat, il donna un discours décousu devant Lincoln, le Congrès et les dignitaires présents. Au milieu de cette adresse souvent incohérente, Johnson fit une pause et Hamlin profita de l'occasion pour lui faire rapidement prêter le serment du vice-président97. Lincoln, qui avait assisté tristement à la débâcle, prêta serment et délivra son second discours d'investiture qui fut acclamé98. Dans les semaines qui suivirent son investiture, Johnson présida brièvement le Sénat et évita les moqueries en s'éloignant dans la résidence de son ami Francis Preston Blair dans le Maryland. Lorsqu'il revint à Washington, il avait l'intention de retourner dans le Tennessee pour se réinstaller à Greeneville avec sa famille. Il resta finalement à Washington quand il apprit que le général Ulysses S. Grant avait capturé la capitale sudiste, Richmond, ce qui laissait présager la fin de la guerre99. Lincoln déclara, en réponse aux critiques concernant le comportement de Johnson, que « je connais Andy Johnson depuis des années ; il a fait une erreur l'autre jour mais vous ne devez pas être inquiets ; Andy n'est pas un ivrogne100 ».

Qui fut l'autre candidat des élections de 1912 ? Lequel les remporta ? Quel candidat fut touché d'une balle lors d'un de ses discours ?

Taft and Roosevelt were joined in the campaign by the Democratic nominee, Woodrow Wilson, the former president of Princeton University and governor of New Jersey. Three strong candidates, with strong public and party support, canvassed the country trying to appeal to voters. Roosevelt focused the bulk of his attacks not on Taft but on Wilson. In one campaign speech in Milwaukee, Roosevelt was actually shot while speaking and yet urged the crowd not to hurt the shooter, continuing to speak while waving a bloody handkerchief. The divided Republican Party provided Woodrow Wilson with a far easier path to the White House than he might have enjoyed had he faced a single candidate and a unified Republican organization.

Taft rentra en conflit avec les membres du PREP les plus libéraux (liberal Republicans). A quel sujet ? 2 éléments.

Taft soon ran into conflict with the more liberal members of the Republican Party, however, first over a failure to pass the promised tariff revisions and later in a conflict with the head of the Division of Forestry. This leader had been outspoken in his criticism of his supervisor, the secretary of the interior, and Taft was forced to fire him. The firing of a man appointed by Roosevelt led to rumors that Taft would reverse the steps Roosevelt had taken for conservation and sell natural resources to private corporations.

Republican National Convention 1864 wiki (facultatif)

The 1864 National Union Convention, the presidential nominating convention of the still new Republican Party met for its third national convention to nominate candidates for the Presidency and Vice Presidency. Because of the needs and circumstances of wartime politics, the party was reorganized temporarily and known as the National Union Party of the United States which included both Republicans along with Northern and a few Southern "War Democrats" of the opposing Democratic Party, who supported incumbent President Abraham Lincoln's continuation of the war and the slavery emancipation and future Southern Reconstruction policies during the last term. The national convention of the National Unionists, took place from June 7 to June 8, 1864 in Baltimore, Maryland at the Front Street Theatre, on Front Street north of East Fayette Street on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream which ran through downtown towards "The Basin" (today's Inner Harbor). Frémont and Cochrane campaign poster There were two rival Republican conventions in 1864. The first was by a group of radicals upset with President Lincoln's positions so far on the issues of slavery and any future post-war reconciliation with the rebelling Southern states. They met to the northwest in Cleveland in Ohio and nominated the former presidential candidate from the 1856 election, the "Great Pathfinder" and explorer of the West who was also involved in the American campaigns in California during the Mexican-American War in 1846-1847, retired Major General and former Senator John C. Frémont, (1813-1890), for President on May 31, 1864. They also adopted the name for their party as the "Radical Democracy Party". Fremont had two years earlier been reprimanded by the President for his criticism and premature emancipation of slaves (then also known as "contraband") while he was commanding the military department in Missouri and St. Louis at the beginning of the War.[1] This 1864 fission in the Republican Party temporarily divided the new party into two factions: the anti-Lincoln "Radical Republicans", who nominated Frémont, and the pro-Lincoln Republicans/"National Unionists". Frémont abandoned his political campaign in September 1864, two months before the polls opened, after he brokered a political deal in which Lincoln removed the U.S. Postmaster General in his cabinet Montgomery Blair from his office who was also the son of noted Jacksonian supporter and political campaign strategist Frank Blair. The "1864 National Union Convention" was held in the Front Street Theatre on Front and East Fayette Streets, near the east bank of the Jones Falls (which its rear doors with loading platforms opened onto the stream) in downtown Baltimore, Maryland, just two blocks northeast from another frequent convention site at the Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts above the old Centre ("Marsh") Market. The National Unionists met quickly and were held for a short term of two days from June 7 to June 8, 1864. It renominated as expected, President Abraham Lincoln for reelection, and nominated a "War Democrat", the Military Governor Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, for Vice President. Johnson had also been the firebrand former United States Senator from Tennessee who refused to leave his post in December 1860 to February 1861, when all the other southern senators were resigning and leaving their offices in the The Capitol in Washington, D.C. to go join the Confederacy. The ticket was successful in the election of 1864.

Quel était l'autre nom donné (probablement par les Nordistes) au drapeau confédéré ?

The Conquered Banner.

The impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, who became the 17th President of the United States after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, was one of the most dramatic events in the political life of the United States during Reconstruction. The first impeachment of a sitting United States president, it was the culmination of a lengthy political battle between the Southern Democrat Johnson and the "Radical Republican" movement that dominated Congress and sought control of the South through Reconstruction policies. Johnson was impeached on February 24, 1868, in the U.S. House of Representatives on eleven articles of impeachment detailing his "high crimes and misdemeanors",[1] in accordance with Article Two of the United States Constitution. The House's primary charge against Johnson was with violation of the Tenure of Office Act, passed by Congress the previous year. Specifically, he had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War (whom the Tenure of Office Act was largely designed to protect), from office and replaced him with General Ulysses S. Grant. The House agreed to the articles of impeachment on March 2, 1868. The trial began three days later in the Senate, with Chief Justice of the United States Salmon P. Chase presiding. The trial concluded on May 16 with Johnson's acquittal. The final tally of votes for conviction was one fewer than the two-thirds required. The impeachment and subsequent trial gained a historical reputation as an act of political expedience, rather than necessity, based on Johnson's defiance of an unconstitutional piece of legislation and with little regard for the will of the public (which, despite the unpopularity of Johnson, opposed the impeachment). Until the impeachment of Bill Clinton 131 years later (which also ended in an acquittal), it was the only impeachment trial of a President in the history of the United States. Contents [hide] 1 Background 1.1 Tenure of Office Act 2 Impeachment 3 Trial 3.1 Acquittal 4 Later review of Johnson's impeachment 5 See Also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background[edit] Tension between the executive and legislative branches had been high since shortly after Johnson's ascension to the White House upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Though a Southerner himself, Johnson had been a fierce and unrelenting critic of the Southern secession that had sparked the Civil War in the first place. Radical Republicans were convinced that as president, Johnson would enact their hardline Reconstruction policies of protection for newly freed slaves and punishment for former slave owners, government, and military officials. (Lincoln had favored a much more moderate and lenient plan for Reconstruction, which the Radicals vehemently opposed but lacked the political capital to stop.)[2] Johnson unexpectedly switched course, rejecting the Radicals. Within six weeks of taking office, Johnson had offered proclamations of general amnesty for most former Confederates, and his initially stricter plans for high-ranking government and military officers quickly dissolved. Johnson also vetoed legislation that extended civil rights and financial support for the former slaves. Congress was able to override only a few of his vetoes, setting the stage for a confrontation between Congress and the president.[3] In August and September 1866, Johnson destroyed his own political support on a speaking tour of Northern states that became known as the Swing Around the Circle. Meant to establish a coalition of voters who would support Johnson in the upcoming midterm congressional elections, the tour instead destroyed his reputation when reports of his undisciplined, vitriolic speeches and ill-advised confrontations with hecklers swept the nation. Contrary to Johnson's hopes, the midterm elections led to veto-proof Republican majorities in Congress. The Radicals were not only able to pass civil rights legislation, but wrestled control of Reconstruction from the president and took the reins themselves by carving the old Confederacy into five military districts.[4] Tenure of Office Act[edit] Congress' control of the military Reconstruction policy was mitigated by Johnson's command of the military as president; however, Johnson had inherited as Secretary of War Lincoln's appointee Edwin M. Stanton, a staunch Radical Republican, who as long as he remained in office would comply with congressional Reconstruction policies. To ensure Stanton was not replaced, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867 over Johnson's veto. The act restricted the president from relieving any member of his Cabinet without express concurrence of the Senate.[5] However, the act was written specifically with Stanton in mind.[6] Because the Tenure of Office Act permitted the president to suspend such officials when Congress was out of session, when Johnson failed to obtain Stanton's resignation he instead suspended Stanton on August 5, 1867, which gave him the opportunity to appoint General Ulysses S. Grant, then serving as Commanding General of the Army, Secretary of War ad interim. On January 7, 1868, the Senate passed a resolution of non-concurrence with Stanton's dismissal. Believing the Tenure of Office Act unconstitutional, Johnson ignored their reinstatement of Stanton until, on January 28, Grant (who did not enjoy politics and resented Johnson's exploitation of his celebrity) sent the president his notice of resignation, effectively returning the office to Stanton. Johnson's second choice for the position was General William Tecumseh Sherman, an enemy of Stanton's, who turned the president down saying he hated politics. Johnson then offered the post to Lorenzo Thomas, who first turned it down, saying that he would like to stay in office as Adjutant General until his retirement. Johnson prevailed, however, and on February 21, 1868, the president appointed Lorenzo Thomas Secretary of War ad interim and ordered the removal of Stanton from office. Thomas personally delivered the president's dismissal notice to Stanton, but the Secretary refused to accept its legitimacy or to vacate the premises. Instead, Stanton had barricaded himself in his office and ordered Thomas arrested for violating the Tenure of Office Act.[7] Thomas asked if he could be brought to the White House to let the president know that he had been placed under arrest. When Stanton realized, however, that the arrest would allow the courts to review the law, he had the charges dropped. Stanton then claimed that Johnson had broken the recently instituted Tenure of Office Act by removing a Cabinet member without Senate approval. The political rhetoric escalated. On February 22, 1868, Representative William D. Kelley of Philadelphia orated: Sir, the bloody and untilled fields of the ten unreconstructed States, the unsheeted ghosts of the two thousand murdered negroes in Texas, cry, if the dead ever evoke vengeance, for the punishment of Andrew Johnson.[8] Impeachment[edit] On February 24, three days after Johnson's dismissal of Stanton, the House of Representatives voted 126 to 47 in favor of a resolution to impeach the president of high crimes and misdemeanors. The two sponsors of the resolution, Thaddeus Stevens and John A. Bingham, were immediately dispatched to inform the Senate that the House had officially voted for impeachment. One week later, the House adopted eleven articles of impeachment against the president. The articles charged Johnson with: Dismissing Edwin Stanton from office after the Senate had voted not to concur with his dismissal and had ordered him reinstated. Appointing Thomas Secretary of War ad interim despite the lack of vacancy in the office, since the dismissal of Stanton had been invalid. Appointing Thomas without the required advice and consent of the Senate. Conspiring, with Thomas and "other persons to the House of Representatives unknown," to unlawfully prevent Stanton from continuing in office. Conspiring to unlawfully curtail faithful execution of the Tenure of Office Act. Conspiring to "seize, take, and possess the property of the United States in the Department of War." Conspiring to "seize, take, and possess the property of the United States in the Department of War" with specific intent to violate the Tenure of Office Act. Issuing to Thomas the authority of the office of Secretary of War with unlawful intent to "control the disbursements of the moneys appropriated for the military service and for the Department of War." Issuing to Major General William H. Emory orders with unlawful intent to violate the Tenure of Office Act. Making three speeches with intent to show disrespect for the Congress among the citizens of the United States. The eleventh article was a summation of the first ten. Trial A trial started in the Senate, headed by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, and committees were organized to represent the prosecution and defense. The impeachment committee was made up of Thaddeus Stevens, Benjamin F. Butler, John A. Bingham, John A. Logan, George S. Boutwell, Thomas Williams and James F. Wilson. Johnson's defense team was made up of Alexander Morgan, Henry Stanbery, William M. Evarts, Benjamin R. Curtis, Thomas A. R. Nelson and Jeremiah S. Black (who resigned before the trial began). The trial began on March 13, 1868.[citation needed] On the first day, Johnson's defense committee asked for forty days to collect evidence and witnesses since the prosecution had had a longer amount of time to do so, but only ten days were granted. The proceedings began on March 23. Senator Garrett Davis argued that because not all states were represented in the Senate the trial could not be held and that it should therefore be adjourned. The motion was voted down. After the charges against the president were made, Henry Stanbery asked for another thirty days to assemble evidence and summon witnesses, saying that in the ten days previously granted there had only been enough time to prepare the president's reply. John A. Logan argued that the trial should begin immediately and that Stanberry was only trying to stall for time. The request was turned down in a vote 41 to 12. However, the Senate voted the next day to give the defense six more days to prepare evidence, which was accepted.[citation needed] The trial commenced again on March 30. Benjamin F. Butler opened for the prosecution with a three-hour speech reviewing historical impeachment trials, dating from King John of England. For days Butler spoke out against Johnson's violations of the Tenure of Office Act and further charged that the president had issued orders directly to Army officers without sending them through General Grant. The defense argued that Johnson had not violated the Tenure of Office Act because President Abraham Lincoln did not reappoint Stanton as Secretary of War at the beginning of his second term in 1865 and that he was therefore a leftover appointment from the 1860 cabinet, which removed his protection by the Tenure of Office Act. The prosecution called several witnesses in the course of the proceedings until April 9, when they rested their case.[citation needed] Benjamin R. Curtis called attention to the fact that after the House passed the Tenure of Office Act, the Senate had amended it, meaning that it had to return it to a Senate-House conference committee to resolve the differences. He followed up by quoting the minutes of those meetings, which revealed that while the House members made no notes about the fact, their sole purpose was to keep Stanton in office, and the Senate had disagreed. The defense then called their first witness, Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas. He did not provide adequate information in the defense's cause and Butler made attempts to use his information to the prosecution's advantage. The next witness was General William T. Sherman, who testified that President Johnson had offered to appoint Sherman to succeed Stanton as Secretary of War in order to ensure that the department was effectively administered. This testimony damaged the prosecution, which expected Sherman to testify that Johnson offered to appoint Sherman as an intentional violation of the Tenure of Office Act, thus forcing a test on whether the act was constitutional. (An intentional violation of the Tenure of Office Act was alleged in one of the articles of impeachment.)[9] Acquittal[edit] Thirty-six "guilty" votes were required to remove Johnson from office. On all three occasions, 35 Senators voted "guilty" and 19 "non-guilty". As the Constitution requires a two-thirds majority for conviction in impeachment trials, Johnson was acquitted. Seven Republican senators were concerned that the proceedings had been manipulated to give a one-sided presentation of the evidence. Senators William Pitt Fessenden (Maine), Joseph S. Fowler (Tennessee), James W. Grimes (Iowa), John B. Henderson (Missouri), Lyman Trumbull (Illinois), Peter G. Van Winkle (West Virginia),[10] and Edmund G. Ross (Kansas), who provided the decisive vote,[11] defied their party by voting against conviction. After the trial, Ben Butler conducted hearings on the widespread reports that Republican senators had been bribed to vote for Johnson's acquittal. In Butler's hearings, and in subsequent inquiries, there was increasing evidence that some acquittal votes were acquired by promises of patronage jobs and cash cards.[12] Later review of Johnson's impeachment[edit] In 1887, the Tenure of Office Act was repealed by Congress, and subsequent rulings by the United States Supreme Court seemed to support Johnson's position that he was entitled to fire Stanton without Congressional approval. The Supreme Court's ruling on a similar piece of later legislation in the 1926 Myers v. United States affirmed the ability of the president to remove a postmaster without Congressional approval, and stated in its majority opinion "that the Tenure of Office Act of 1867...was invalid".[13]

Comment est né le parti Républicain ? (premiers succès, composition, filiation politique [dvlper], cheval de bataille)

The Republican Party first rose to power on local and state levels rather than the national stage. It is thought to have been founded in Ripon, Wisconsin, on the night of March 20, 1854. A group of Whigs, Free Soilers, and Democrats met at a schoolhouse to create a party that accurately reflected their views on government. They chose the name "Republican" to show their ties to Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party (which had briefly been known as the Republican Party when it was founded). Jefferson's party had supported states' rights, a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and a decentralized national government with limited pow¬ers. (The Democratic-Republican Party evolved into the Democratic Party under Andrew Jackson.) Between the first informal gathering in Ripon, Wiscon-sin, and the first formal meeting in Jackson, Michigan, a few months later, the political philosophy of the new Republican Party became clear. Perhaps the key issue at the time was an opposition to the spread of slavery into the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska, as would be allowed under the federal government's Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Quelles furent les différences et ressemblances des programmes politiques républicain et progressiste ?

The Republican and Progressive parties' platforms showed similarities. They both favored limiting campaign funds, improving inland waterways, and conserving natu¬ral resources. The Progressive Party, however, called for a federal commission to regulate trusts, an easier method for amending the constitution, and the right for women to vote. The Progressives also focused on what they called "social and industrial justice"—calling for national and state laws to improve working conditions, make child labor illegal, and regulate workers' hours and pay.

Pour quelle raison se souvient-on de l'élection de 1884 comme étant l'une des plus sanglantes ? Quel était le programme politique des Républicains lors de cette élection ?

The Republican platform was relatively specific in the 1884 campaign. It called for a federally-mandated eight- hour workday, the regulation of corporations, and support for ensuring civil and political rights for all citizens. The Democrats adopted a similar platform. With little difference between the platforms of the two parties, the focus shifted to the candidates themselves. These two candidates would quickly become enmeshed in one of the nastiest political campaigns in American history. Questions were raised about the morals and past behavior of both Blaine and Cleveland. Gossip and ru-mors were published in leading newspapers.

Comment Lincoln est-il devenu le candidat du PREP à l'élection de 1860 ?

The Republicans had failed to carry Pennsylvania in 1856, and an argument was made for Senator Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania to be the Republicans' candidate for the presidency. Others sug¬gested Ohio governor Salmon P. Chase, a former Democrat who, it was believed, might be able to pull Democratic sup¬port to the Republican ticket. Edward Bates of Missouri, the Speaker of the House, had strong support from many for his national prominence and legislative experience. Then there was Illinois senator Abraham Lincoln, who had gained at¬tention for his series of debates with Stephen Douglas in 1858. The debate over where the Republican convention would be held reflected the competing support for the different candidates. Seward supporters argued for New York City; Chase supporters felt that Cleveland or Colum-bus was the appropriate choice; St. Louis was the choice for supporters of Bates. The secretary of the Republican National Committee (RNC), a man named Norman Judd, argued that Chicago was a logical compromise choice, be-cause (as Judd suggested) it was the one city that did not have a strong candidate for the presidency. Judd was actually a friend of Abraham Lincoln's, and, once the Republican Party officials had agreed to the choice of Chicago, Judd arranged it so that he would be re¬sponsible for seating guests at the convention. Seward was considered the most likely choice for the presidential nom¬ination, but, by the time New York delegates arrived at the convention, they found that most of the seats were already occupied—by local citizens from Chicago. When Seward's name was put into nomination, a large crowd cheered. The Chicagoans, determined not be outdone by New Yorkers, jumped on their seats and stamped, screamed, whistled, and cheered when the name of "their" candidate, Abra¬ham Lincoln, was put into nomination. It quickly became clear that Lincoln, viewed only as a marginal candidate at best or more likely as a possible choice for vice presi¬dent, needed to be taken seriously. He polled second (after Seward) in electoral votes in the first ballot and received twice as many as Cameron, Chase, or Bates. Lincoln was not at the convention; he was awaiting news of the results in his hometown of Springfield, Il¬linois. His campaign team approached the supporters of Simon Cameron and suggested that, if Cameron would swing his support—and his delegates—to Lincoln, Cam¬eron might be given a post in the Lincoln administration (Cameron would eventually become Lincoln's secretary of war). Cameron agreed, and, on the second ballot, the Pennsylvania delegates switched to Lincoln. By the third ballot, Lincoln had earned enough electoral votes to be nominated.

Pour quelle raison Benjamin Harrison ne parvint-il pas à être réélu en 1892 malgré un bilan de mandat positif ?

The Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison (above) as their candidate in 1888. Although Harrison's presidency produced many notable achievements, the United States also experienced an economic downturn during that time, which led to Harrison's defeat when he ran for reelection in 1892.

The McKinley Tariff Act ? (date) Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act ? (date)

The Tariff Act of 1890, commonly called the McKinley Tariff, was an act of the United States Congress framed by Representative William McKinley that became law on October 1, 1890. The tariff raised the average duty on imports to almost fifty percent, an act designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Protectionism, a tactic supported by Republicans, was fiercely debated by politicians and condemned by Democrats. The McKinley Tariff was replaced with the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act in 1894, which promptly lowered tariff rates.

Petite histoire de l'acronyme GOP ?

The abbreviation GOP is often used to refer to the Republican Party. The term was first used in the 1870s as an abbreviation for Grand Old Party (even though the Democratic Party was far older) in an article in the New York Herald. One other reference from 1875 used the term "G.O.P." to mean "gallant old party." When the use of the still-unpredictable motorcars became popular, the phrase was adapted to mean "get out and push." During the 1964 presidential campaign, the Republicans re-ferred to themselves as the GO Party, and the Nixon adminis-tration tried to appeal to younger voters by using the abbrevia-tion to mean "Generation of Peace." By the late 1970s, the phrase had reverted to its original meaning. Today, GOP once again means "Grand Old Party."

Quand Lincoln fut-il assassiné ?

The direction Lincoln provided for the Republican Party ended on April 15, 1865, when the president was assas-sinated.

Quels candidats s'opposèrent lors de l'élection de 1888 ?

The election of 1888 focused on the tariff laws on im-ported goods. Cleveland, running for reelection, favored changing them; the Republicans were opposed. The Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison of In-diana as their candidate, returning to the winning formula of a presidential candidate from the Midwest. Benjamin Harrison had a distinguished war record and notable ancestors: His great-grandfather, also named Benjamin Harrison, had been a signer of the Declaration of Inde¬pendence; his grandfather, William Henry Harrison, was the ninth president of the United States.

Depuis combien d'années les Républicains avaient-ils occupé la maison blanche ?

The election was very close—only 23,000 votes sepa-rated the two candidates. Cleveland, however, took New York, and with it won the presidency. It was the first defeat for the Republicans since Lincoln's election. After 24 continuous years in the White House, the Republicans were no longer leading the nation.

Quels candidats s'opposèrent lors de la dernière élection présidentielle du XIXème siècle ? Quelles divergences politiques figuraient dans les programmes politiques des deux candidats ?

The final election of the nineteenth century pitted Republican candidate William McKinley, the governor of Ohio, against William Jennings Bryan, a famous speaker with more progressive views on issues like regulating child labor and giving women the right to vote.

Lincoln jouissait-il d'une popularité unanime au sein du PREP ?

The modern Republican Party proudly announces itself as the "party of Lincoln," but Republicans of Lincoln's time were in no way unanimously willing to affiliate themselves with the president. Defeats of Union forces in the war, on¬going questions about slavery, the high rate of casualties, the higher taxes forced by war expenses, and disagree¬ments about the central issues of the war contributed to Republicans' lack of support for their incumbent president when the presidential election of 1864 drew near.

La division initiale fut aggravée par une autre divergence impliquant Taft. Laquelle ? Quelles en furent les conséquences ?

The split within the Republican Party was further deep¬ened by a split between Taft and his former friend and supporter, Roosevelt. Roosevelt was displeased by some of the policies Taft was supporting and also by the men with whom Taft had surrounded himself. At the Republican convention, held in Chicago in 1912, Roosevelt challenged Taft for the nomination. When it be-came clear that his bid would prove unsuccessful, Roose-velt announced that he viewed the Republican convention as unofficial.

Copperheads

The term Copperhead was applied to Demo¬crats who supported this policy of a negotiated settlement with the South; the term refers to a snake that sneaks up to its prey and strikes without warning. This suggestion of disloyalty to the Union would ultimately doom Democratic efforts to win the presidency. Pendant la guerre de Sécession, nom donné par les Républicains aux Peace Democrats, qui demandaientla signature d'un armisticeet l'entame de négociations avec les Etats confédérés. Perçus comme des traitres, ils sont ainsi assimilésaux réseaux clandestins d'opposants à l'Union. Coppehead => vipère cuivrée / mocassin à tête cuivrée.

Quel candidat remporta les élections de 1904 ?

Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) vs Alton Parker (Democrat) L'élection présidentielle américaine de 1904 s'est déroulée le mardi 8 novembre 1904. Elle avait pour but de pourvoir la succession de Theodore Roosevelt à la présidence des États-Unis pour un mandat de quatre ans. Le président élu est entré en fonction le samedi 4 mars 1905.

Ces Républicains anti-colonialistes constituaient-ils une majorité ? Ont-ils influencé les élections de 1900 ? Qui fut choisi pour être le VP du candidat républicain, quel avantage incarnait-il ? 1 nouveau NP.

They were in the minority, though, and McKinley (who was an expansionist!!) was the party's nominee in 1900. McKinley's vice president had died in office, and the Republican Party's new choice for vice president in 1900 was Theodore Roosevelt, the governor of New York. Roosevelt had earned a reputation as a war hero during the Spanish-American War. He was brash and outspoken, a leader and an organizer, and his placement on the ticket gave the Republicans appeal in the West and in other regions of the country where previously the Democrats had dominated.

Quel changement politique l'élection de Grant a-t-elle marqué ?

This marked the beginning of a real Re¬publican dominance in national politics. The Democratic Party—identified with the defeated South—was seriously weakened, and Republicans would control the White House for most of the seven decades that followed the election of Grant.

Comment se déroula l'élection de 1872 ?

This split became evident in the presidential election of 1872, when the Liberal Republicans—along with a group of Democrats—announced that they would nominate their own candidate for the presidency to run against Grant. The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley, a prominent journalist and publisher of the New York Tribune, one of the most influential newspapers in the North. Greeley had been outspoken in his opposition to slavery, even criticizing President Lincoln for moving too slowly to abolish it altogether. He supported equality for freed slaves but believed that the harsh economic restric-tions imposed on the South after the Civil War were mak-ing it impossible for the South to fully rejoin the United States—which won him support among Southern and border states. Some criticized his personal behavior as eccentric, and when the Liberal Republicans announced him as their candidate for the presidency, supporters of Grant quickly labeled Greeley unstable and too excitable. He was soundly defeated in the election, winning only six states (all border or Southern states).

Expliquer l'impeachment de Johnson.

This struggle over who would decide how Reconstruc-tion would be handled pitted leaders of Congress against the president. It was significant for the future of the Re-publican Party as well as for the future of the country. The weak Johnson, lacking support from other Repub-lican Party members, would lose the battle and create a perception that the Republican Party was a "congres-sional party," a political party that favored a strong Con-gress at the expense of a weaker president. Supporters of this view argued that Congress more accurately reflected the will of the people, that congressmen—as representa-tives from different states—were true reflections of what the diverse population of the United States wanted. There were numerous conflicts between Johnson and Congress. These differences resulted in a vote by the House of Representatives to impeach (remove from office) John¬son. Next came a trial in the Senate, where Johnson barely escaped conviction by one vote. He served the remaining months of Lincoln's term, continuing to veto congressional laws related to Reconstruction; however, Congress over¬rode his vetoes, and the plans of the so-called "Radical Republicans" for Reconstruction were passed.

La présidence de Johnson fut contestée par deux parlementaires républicains, lesquels ? Quelles étaient leurs dissensions avec Johnson ?

Two Republican congressional lead¬ers decided to challenge Johnson. One was Senator Charles Sumner, who strongly believed that the war had been fought to free the slaves. Now that the war was over, former slaves must immediately be given the right to vote. It was the job of the federal government, Sumner believed, to force all state governments to immediately create equality. In the House of Representatives was Thaddeus Stevens, a 74-year-old congressman from Pennsylvania who had long been publicly opposed to slavery. He felt that Lin-coln's plan for postwar recovery (known as Reconstruc-tion) of the Union was too timid. The Union had won; the Confederates states had lost. Now these former Confeder-ate states should be told what to do.

Combien (lesquels) de candidats WHIG ont été élus aux élections présidentielles ?

Two Whig candidates were elected to the presidency: William Henry Harrison in 1841 and Zachary Taylor in 1849. Both men died in office => Harrison's Vice President John Tyler took over.

Comment s'est opérée la fragmentation progressive du parti WHIG ? (+ Act) Qui a fait quoi ? John Tyler William Henry Harrison Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore

Vice President John Tyler, who became president when Harrison died, quickly vetoed many of the Whig platform issues and was forced out of the party. With Zachary Taylor's death, Vice President Millard Fillmore became president. He would be the last Whig to serve as president, and during his term in office he signed the Fugitive Slave Act, which offered federal officers' assistance to slaveholders who sought to recapture runaway slaves. This issue would bitterly divide Whigs, and, by the 1852 presidential election, the party positions on slavery and many other critical issues of the day were no longer clear and unified.

Quelle partie de l'électorat vota pour McKinley, et quelle autre vota pour Bryan ? Pourquoi ?

When the results were counted, it was clear that McKinley had won largely as a result of support from the business community and the industrial Northeast. Bryan's votes came largely from agricultural areas—the South, the West, and a large percentage of those in the working class. Many find this election significant because it marked the party loyalties that would shape both Republicans and Democrats into the twenty-first century. The Republicans were the party that supported business and industry and a conservative approach to economics.

Quel candidat républicain succéda à Teddy Roosevelt ?

William Howard Taft He [Teddy] chose not to run for reelection in 1908, instead urging support for his friend, William Howard Taft of Ohio. Roosevelt had wanted to nominate Taft to the Supreme Court, but Taft had refused. He did finally allow Roosevelt to appoint him secretary of war and later put forward his name as a presidential candidate.

Qui fut le candidat démocrate à l'élection de 1900 ?

William Jennings Bryan was once again the Demo¬cratic nominee, and again McKinley defeated him. Mark Hanna, who had been elected to the Senate in 1898, was McKinley's campaign manager and had brilliantly demonstrated to voters how prosperous the economy had become under McKinley by commissioning campaign posters depicting a full dinner pail.

Parmi les questions politiques du moment, laquelle s'avéra être particulièrement importante ?

Yet another issue of political importance, particularly in individual states, was the debate over alcohol. A temper¬ance movement (a movement that called for the strict reg¬ulation or outright banning of sales of alcoholic beverages) had divided political parties in Maine and soon spread to other states. Politicians and their supporters were forced to take a public position on alcohol regulation. Autres problématiques du moment : Other issues sparked additional debate: How and when should businesses be regulated? Should support be given to free enterprise? Should businesses be closed on Sun¬days? Should public funds be given to religious schools? Should prayer be included in public schools? Many of the issues that still mark political discussions today first ap-peared in the nineteenth century.