History Study Guide Chapters 15-18

While the total number of lynchings is difficult to determine during this time period, from 1880 to the mid-twentieth century, the confirmed number of people lynched reached nearly

4,000

Upon Lincoln's assassination, ____________ became president.

Andrew Johnson

In the aftermath of the Civil War, the black church was a powerful influence in the South. What two denominations commanded the largest African-American following?

Baptist and Methodist

All of the victims of the Ku Klux Klan were black.

False

American presidents during the Gilded Age exerted strong, effective, executive leadership.

False

By 1880, persons of Chinese descent made up over half of California's farm workers.

False

In the late 1800s, farm families in the trans-Mississippi West became less dependent on loans as they were able to purchase land, machinery, and industrial products despite the prices for agricultural goods in the world market.

False

Robert Smalls was a black senator who served one unsuccessful term before being replaced by a white senator in 1900.

False

Some 900 blacks sat in state legislatures during Reconstruction, yet few held local offices.

False

The "white man's burden" was a way of saying that non-white people ruled over white people in many areas around the world and formed part of the progress of civilization that must be stopped.

False

The Black Codes were laws passed by southern Republicans to promote black rights.

False

The West was a remarkably homogeneous region—only in the twentieth century would it become ethnically diverse.

False

With the mechanization of manufacture, skilled workers virtually disappeared from industrial America.

False

What 1893 United States Supreme Court decision authorized the federal government to expel Chinese immigrants without due process of law?

Fong Yue Ting

The leader of the band of several hundred unemployed men who marched on Washington in May 1894 to demand economic relief was

Jacob Coxey.

The author of How the Other Half Lives (1890) was

Jacob Riis.

Between 1879 and 1880, an estimated 40,000-60,000 African-Americans migrated to

Kansas

The new agricultural empire producing wheat and corn for national and international markets arose on the

Middle Border

In Wabash v. Illinois, this prior ruling was essentially reversed.

Munn v. Illinois

In 1900, in the entire South, how many public high schools for blacks existed?

None

Before the Civil War, American citizenship had been closely linked to

Race

All of the following were "captains of industry" except

Samuel Gompers.

The phrase "forty acres and a mule" is derived from

Sherman's Field Order 15.

Which of the following was John D. Rockefeller's company?

Standard Oil Company

The poem by Emma Lazarus including "huddled masses yearning to breathe free" is located on which American landmark?

Statue of Liberty

The House of Representatives approved articles of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson for violation of what law?

The Tenure of Office Act

"Vertical integration" is defined as one company controlling every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution.

True

Black Codes denied black Americans the right to testify against whites, serve on juries or in state militias, or vote.

True

By the 1880s, the labor situation was such that Texas cowboys even went on strike for higher pay.

True

Compared to the United States and the American Indians, Australia's handling of the Aboriginal people was harsher.

True

During the 1872 elections, the Liberal Republicans argued that Reconstruction was a failure.

True

In 1875, Congress excluded Chinese women from entering the country.

True

In 1882 and again in 1902, the United States Congress passed laws excluding immigrants from China.

True

In 1915, the United States Supreme Court invalidated the "grandfather clause" for violating the Fifteenth Amendment.

True

In the Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment had not altered traditional federalism.

True

In the late nineteenth century, black women were largely excluded from jobs as secretaries, typists, and department store clerks.

True

One consequence of the bitter attacks on African-Americans' political rights across the South was that, by 1940, 97 percent of adult black southerners were not registered to vote.

True

Opposition to Reconstruction resulted from the distaste many southerners had for tax increases that were needed to fund public schools and other improvements, and also because many white southerners could not accept black Americans voting, holding office, and enjoying equality before the law.

True

Segregation was more than a form of racial separation; it was one part of an all-encompassing system of white domination.

True

The Civil Service Act of 1883 marked the first step in establishing a professional civil service and removing office-holding from the hands of political machines.

True

The KKK was founded in 1866 as a Tennessee secret society and served, in effect, as a military arm of the Democratic Party.

True

The Knights of Labor regarded inequalities of wealth and power as a growing threat to American democracy.

True

The Platt Amendment authorized the United States to intervene militarily whenever it saw fit.

True

The election of 1896 is sometimes called the first modern presidential campaign, in part, because of the amount of money spent—William McKinley raised some $10 million, while William Jennings Bryan raised only around $300,000.

True

The extermination of the North American bison (buffalo) drastically undermined the livelihood of the Plains Indians.

True

The most famous American Indian victory in American history took place in June 1876 when General George A. Custer and his 250 men perished.

True

The once prosperous Confederate General Braxton Bragg returned from the Civil War to find he had lost everything and lived for some time with his wife in a slave cabin.

True

The congressman from Nebraska who was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1896 and who called for the "free coinage" of silver was

William Jennings Bryan.

The political "boss" of New York City in the early 1870s was

William M. Tweed.

The struggles over land and labor united the postemancipation experience in many countries, yet this one aspect made the United States unique.

Within two years after the end of slavery, black males were given the right to vote.

In the era from 1870 to 1890, the label "the Gilded Age" originally derived from

a derogatory name from literature meaning covered with gold but what lies beneath is of little value.

A "carpetbagger" is

a northerner who settled in the South after the war.

Sharecropping

allowed a black family to rent part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year.

William "Buffalo Bill" Cody was

an entertainer who had a traveling show showcasing reenactments of battles with Indians.

In the summer of 1865, President Andrew Johnson ordered nearly all land in federal hands

be returned to its former owners.

The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871

defined crimes that deprived citizens of their civil and political rights as federal offenses, and under these laws President Grant sent federal marshals to arrest hundreds of accused Klansmen.

The Reconstruction Act of March 1867

divided the South into five military districts and called for creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote.

One of the main purposes of the Freedmen's Bureau was to

ensure a fair and viable system of labor relations between former slaves and former slaveholders.

Which of the following was not a grievance of the Farmers' Alliance and the Populists?

excessive power of the labor unions

In the late 1800s, this geographic area experienced the most dramatic growth in capitalism.

land west of the Mississippi River

The 1887 Dawes Act

led to the loss of tribal lands and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions.

In consequence of the "Bargain of 1877," President Rutherford B. Hayes

ordered federal troops to stop guarding the state houses in Louisiana and South Carolina.

The Burlingame Treaty reaffirmed China's national sovereignty, and

provided reciprocal protection for religious freedom and against discrimination for citizens of each country emigrating or visiting the other.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs established boarding schools for the purpose of

removing Indian children from their parents and tribes and assimilating them into "white ways."

Following the Civil War, white and black farmers in the South

saw the price of cotton fall steadily.

This improvement was key in both the division of time zones as well as improving sales in such brands as Ivory soap and Quaker Oats.

standard gauge for railroads

The industrial revolution in the United States took place principally in

the North and the Midwest.

What was the name of the 1899 policy established by Secretary of State John Hay with regard to China?

the Open Door policy

Radical Republicans in the Reconstruction era shared the view that

the Union victory created a golden opportunity to institutionalize the principle of equal rights for all, regardless of race.

The spirit of innovation contributed to the dynamic and expansive growth of the American economy in the late nineteenth century. Which of the following was not an innovation of the 1870s and 1880s?

the airplane

Elk v. Wilkins (1884) stated that

the rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not apply to American Indians.

Black Americans who refused to sign labor contracts to work for whites during Reconstruction

were often convicted of vagrancy and fined; sometimes they were then auctioned off to work for the person who paid the fine.

The phrase that best captures the vision of the Knights of Labor is

"Cooperative commonwealth."

In the five years following the end of the Civil War, former slaves were guaranteed the following in three amendments to the United States Constitution:

freedom from slavery; recognition as citizens; and the vote for adult black men.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because

it did not enfranchise women.

Founded in 1867, this group claimed more than 700,000 members in the mid-1870s, who called on state governments to establish fair freight rates and warehouse charges.

the Grange

Which were central elements in the lives of post-emancipation blacks in the twenty years following the end of the Civil War?

the family, the church, the school

According to Social Darwinism, government should seek to help the poor, and build an activist state to regulate the nation's corporations.

False

Compared to other religions expanding to the West, the Mormon experience was relatively peaceful and the community accepting.

False

During Radical Reconstruction, following ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, the vast majority of eligible African-Americans registered to vote.

False

During the two decades following the Civil War, which were known as the golden age of the cattle kingdom, cowboys were highly paid.

False

In the last two decades of the nineteenth century, "new immigrants" were welcomed with open arms by the American people.

False

The Social Gospel movement concentrated on attacking individual sins such as drinking and Sabbath-breaking and saw nothing immoral about the pursuit of riches.

False

The victorious Republicans, the "Redeemers," claimed to have redeemed the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern and black control.

False

Under Radical Reconstruction, blacks held most of the South's top elected positions.

False

While Reconstruction brought profound changes, the postwar South was peopled with the same social classes.

False

The 1865 agency responsible for the attempt to establish a working free labor system was called the

Freedmen's Bureau

Which of the following can be associated with the decline of the Knights of Labor?

Haymarket Square

In the late nineteenth century, the Republican Party found particularly strong support among all of the following except

Irish Americans.

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

Kansas Exodus; Booker T. Washington's Atlanta address; Plessy v. Ferguson

What was the name of the organization that sought to organize both skilled and unskilled workers, women as well as men, blacks along with whites, and achieved a membership of nearly 800,000 in 1886?

Knights of Labor

Among the important accomplishments of Reconstruction state governments was the establishment of the South's first state-supported public schools.

True

Both the Baptist and Methodist religions divided into northern and southern branches after the Civil War.

True

By 1890, the vast majority of the remaining Indian population had been removed to reservations scattered across the western states.

True

Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens argued that disloyal planters' land should be confiscated and redistributed among former slaves.

True

During Reconstruction, a number of state governments initiated civil rights legislation that made it illegal for railroads, hotels, and other institutions to discriminate on the basis of race.

True

During Reconstruction, some 2,000 African-Americans held public office, among them fourteen in the United States House of Representatives and two U.S. senators.

True

In 1866, the civil rights bill became the first major law in American history to be passed over a presidential veto.

True

In 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant announced a new "peace policy" in the West.

True

The term "Lochnerism" derived from the 1905 Supreme Court decision Lochner v. New York, in which the Court voided the state's law establishing a ten-hour day maximum for bakers.

True