History Test Chp. 26-28

Peacetime Alliance:

(first alliance not during war) -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- Part of policies of containment; strength in numbers; -Members defend one another if attacked -Western European countries and U.S. -Soviet response Warsaw Pact -Eastern European satellites

Ideology of U.S.

-Representative government -Capitalism (Market economy, Private property) -Christian

Ideology of Soviet Union

-Totalitarian (oligarchy) -Socialist (command economy - state controlled, communal ownership) -Atheist

War relocation camps: A. Housed more than 120,000 Japanese Americans during the war. B. Were actually prisoner-of-war camps for captured Germans. C. Served as the German euphemism for Nazi concentration camps. D. helped the families of American Servicemen cope with the absence of husbands and fathers. E. Were the bases that housed American servicemen before they were sent to the front lines.

A. Housed more than 120,000 Japanese Americans during the war.

Operation Overload is also known as: A. Pearl Harbor Day B. D-day C. Armistice Day D. V-day E. D-7

B. D-day

Montgomery bus boycott

Boycott of bus system in Montgomery, Alabama, organized by civil rights activists after the arrest of Rosa Parks.

McCarran Act

Communist must register

Following the Pearl Harbor attack:

D. Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Intelligence-gathering government agency founded in 1947; under President Eisenhower's orders, secretly undermined elected governments deemed susceptible to communism.

House un American Activities Committee and McCarthy:

Sought communist within in American business and government.

Berlin Blockade:

Stalin cuts ground transportation to West Berlin.

Tuskegee Airmen

U.S. Army Air Corps unit of African American pilots whose combat success spurred military and civilian leaders to desegregate the armed forces after the war.

Office of Price Administration

avoid inflation, gouging.

Charles limberg

is most famous spokesperson for American First Committee.

Atlantic Charter

(1941) Joint statement crafted by Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill that listed the war goals of the Allied Powers.

Lend-Lease Act

(1941) Legislation that allowed the president to lend or lease military equipment to any country whose own defense was deemed vital to the defense of the United States.

GI Bill of Rights

(1944) Provided unemployment, education, and financial benefits for World War II veterans to ease their transition back to the civilian world.

Yalta Conference

(1945) Meeting of the "Big Three" Allied leaders, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, to discuss how to divide control of postwar Germany and eastern Europe

Taft-Hartley Labor Act

(1947) Congressional legislation that banned "unfair labor practices" by labor unions, required union leaders to sign anti-Communist "loyalty oaths," and prohibited federal employees from going on strike.

Truman Doctrine

(1947) President Truman's program of "containing" communism in Eastern Europe and providing economic and military aid to any nations at risk of Communist takeover.

Berlin airlift

(1948) Effort by the United States and Great Britain to deliver massive amounts of food and supplies flown in to West Berlin in response to the Soviet land blockade of the city.

Marshall Plan

(1948) Secretary of State George C. Marshall's post-World War II program providing massive U.S. financial and technical assistance to war-torn European countries.

Fair Deal

(1949) President Truman's proposals to build upon the New Deal with national health insurance, the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Labor Act, new civil rights legislation, and other initiatives; most were rejected by the Republican-controlled Congress.

NSC-68

(1950) Top-secret policy paper approved by President Truman that outlined a militaristic approach to combating the spread of global communism.

Brown v. Board of Education

(1954) Landmark Supreme Court case that struck down racial segregation in public schools and declared "separate-but-equal" unconstitutional.

Federal-Aid Highway Act

(1956) Largest federal project in U.S. history that created a national network of interstate highways and was the largest federal project in history.

Battle of Midway

A 1942 battle that proved to be a turning point in the Pacific front during World War II; it was the Japanese navy's first major defeat in 350 years.

War Production Board

Federal agency created by President Roosevelt in 1942 that converted America's industrial output to war production. -defense contracts, central planning of economy.

Beats

Group of bohemian, downtown New York writers, artists, and musicians who flouted convention in favor of liberated forms of self-expression.

Hiroshima

Japanese port city that was the first target of the newly developed atomic bomb on August 6, 1945. Most of the city was destroyed.

Baby boom

Markedly high birth rate in the years following World War II, leading to the biggest demographic "bubble" in U.S. history.

Marshal Plan:

Massive economic aid given to rebuild the countries of war-torn Western Europe. Was a type of Economic Containment.

"Axis" alliance

Military alliance formed in 1937 by the three major fascist powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan.

"separate but equal"

Principle underlying legal racial segregation, which was upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and struck down in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

Moderate Republicanism

Promise to curb federal government and restore state and local government authority, spearheaded by President Eisenhower.

"neutrality laws"

Series of laws passed by Congress aimed at avoiding entering a Second World War; these included the Neutrality Act of 1935, which banned loans to warring nations.

Massive retaliation

Strategy that used the threat of nuclear warfare as a means of combating the global spread of communism.

Truman Doctrine:

Support any nation fighting to remain free from communism. Was a type of Military Containment.

Pearl Harbor

Surprise Japanese attack on the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which prompted the immediate American entry into the war.

McCarthy Hearings

Suspected communist in govt. And military.

bracero program

System created in 1942 that permitted seasonal farm workers from Mexico to work in the United States on year-long contracts.

Holocaust

Systematic racist attempt by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews of Europe, resulting in the murder of over 6 million Jews and more than a million other "undesirables."

nonviolent civil disobedience

Tactic of defying unjust laws through peaceful actions championed by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

iron curtain

Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the cold war divide between western Europe and the Soviet Union's Eastern European satellites.

Brinksmanship

Testing each other/ pushing each other's buttons. Example- Berlin Blockade.

Operation Overlord

The Allies' assault on Hitler's "Atlantic Wall," a seemingly impregnable series of fortifications and minefields along the French coastline that German forces had created using captive Europeans for laborers.

"falling domino" theory

Theory that if one country fell to communism, its neighboring countries would follow suit.

Berlin Airlift:

U.S. and G.B. supply West Berlin 24/7, from 6/24/48 to 5/12/49.

containment

U.S. cold war strategy that sought to prevent global Soviet expansion and influence through political, economic, and, if necessary, military pressure as a means of combating the spread of communism.

War leaves two "superpowers" -

US & USSR (Nations stronger at the end of the war)

Massive resistance

White rallying cry disrupting federal efforts to enforce racial integration in the South.

Women's Army Corps (WAC)

Women's branch of the United States Army; by the end of the Second World War nearly 150,000 women had served in the WAC.

Rosenberg Trial

atomic secrets, executed

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Civil rights organization formed by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. that championed nonviolent direct action as a means of ending segregation.

Dien Bien Phu

Cluster of Vietnamese villages and site of a major Vietnamese victory over the French in the First Indochina War.

House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives formed in 1938; it was originally tasked with investigating Nazi subversion during the Second World War and later shifted its focus to rooting out Communists in the government and the motion-picture industry.

Viet Cong

Communist guerrillas in Vietnam who launched attacks on the Diem government.

Suburbia

Communities formed from mass migration of middle-class whites from urban centers.

National Security Act

Congressional legislation passed in 1947 that created the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, and the Central Intelligence Agency.

Soviet and Communist activities in Turkey and Greece were intended to: A. Provoke a war with the Americans and the British. B. Gain the rich natural resources of those countries. C. Inspire Russian patriotic feeling. D. Give the Soviets greater access to the Mediterranean Sea. E. Free those countries from dictatorships.

D. Give the Soviets greater access to the Mediterranean Sea.

Inchon was the site where: A. Chinese forces overran UN positions. B. UN forces establish a defensive perimeter. C. North Korea established its capital. D. MacArthur landed a surprise amphibious attack. E. Where peace negotiations dragged on for 2 years.

D. MacArthur landed a surprise amphibious attack.

The Yalta agreement to hold democratic elections in Eastern Europe was: A. Successful at containing the spread of communism. B. Postponed for two years after the end of the war. C. Fully backed by America's military power. D. Not honored by Stalin. E. Not in the national interests of the United States.

D. Not honored by Stalin.

In the Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, decision, the Supreme Court: A. Was closely divided. B. Ordered an immediate end to Jim Crow segregation. C. Rejected the legal arguments of the NAACP. D. Struck down "separate but equal" in public education. E. Recognized the high quality of black schools in the South.

D. Struck down "separate but equal" in public education.

All of the following were established by the National Security Act of 1947 EXCEPT: A. The Central Intelligence Agency B. The Air Force. C. The National Security Council. D. The Office of Homeland Security. E. A permanent Joint Chiefs of Staff.

D. The Office of Homeland Security.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Defensive political and military alliance formed in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and ten Western European nations to deter Soviet expansion in Europe.

What is the Cold War

Definition: The struggle between the US and USSR over the post WWII world. The struggle between the US and USSR over: Rebuilding Europe and Asia Spreading their ideologies and influence around the world.

"war relocation camps"

Detention camps housing thousands of Japanese Americans from the West Coast who were forcibly interned from 1942 until the end of the Second World War.

The bracero program: A. Led to the forced evacuation of more than 100,000 Japanese Americans. B. Was a reaction to the zoot-suit riots. C. Allowed most recent immigrants to join the American armed services after a thorough background check. D. Sought to mobilize Indian reservations in support of the American war effort. E. Brought some 200,000 Mexican farm workers into the western United States.

E. Brought some 200,000 Mexican farm workers into the western United States.

The baby boom: A. Has been overrated in importance as a social phenomenon. B. Produced a generation devoted to sacrifice. C. Was started by the Cold War. D. Continued throughout the 20th century. E. Greatly helped America's post-war economic growth.

E. Greatly helped America's post-war economic growth.

During the 1948 campaign, the Dixiecrats did all of the following EXCEPT: A. Carry several southern states. B. Support Strom Thurmond for president. C. Support state's rights and segregation. D. Wave Confederate flags E. Stop Truman's support of civil rights.

E. Stop Truman's support of civil rights.

The 1950's group known as the Beats: A. Formed their own political party. B. Numbered about 1 million. C. Were a highly visible group of controversial artist. D. Preferred country living to urban living. E. Were based primarily in Los Angeles.

C. Were a highly visible group of controversial artist.

Fascism

A radical form of totalitarian government that emerged in Italy and Germany in the 1920s in which a dictator uses propaganda and brute force to seize control of all aspects of national life.

The interstate highways system was: A. Responsible for multiple economic effects. B. Of limited benefit for rural Americans. C. To be used only by the military. D. Funded by the state department. E. A plan put together by the CIA.

A. Responsible for multiple economic effects.

The Atlantic Charter: A. Was a joint British-American statement of anti-Axis war aims. B. Reaffirmed American neutrality in the wars in Europe and Asia. C. Is another name for the American declaration of war against Germany. D. Advocated expanding the war in Europe to fight communism.

A. Was a joint British-American statement of anti-Axis war aims.

McCarthyism

Anti-Communist hysteria led by Senator Joseph McCarthy's "witch hunts" attacking the loyalty of politicians, federal employees, and public figures, despite a lack of evidence.

What agency was created to direct industrial conversion to war production? A. Commerce Department B. War Production Board C. Treasury Department D. Office of Scientific Research and Development E. Office of War Information.

B. War Production Board

The taft-hartley act of 1947: A. Helped unions gain strength in the South B. Was designed by Republicans to curb the power of unions. C. Was supported by President Truman due to his difficulties with organized labor. D. Abolished the National Labor Relations Board.

B. Was designed by Republicans to curb the power of unions.

Containment:

Belief that communism must not be allowed to spread.

Dixiecrats

Breakaway faction of southern Democrats who defected from the national Democratic party in 1948 to protest the party's increased support for civil rights and to nominate their own segregationist candidates for elective office.

Suez crisis

British, French, and Israeli attack on Egypt in 1956 after Nasser's seizure of the Suez Canal; President Eisenhower interceded to demand the withdrawal of the British, French, and Israeli forces from the Sinai peninsula and canal.

"D-day" refers to the:

C. Allied invasion at Normandy.

Which of the following is NOT true of the GI Bill? A. It caused a dramatic increase in college enrollments. B. It enabled many veterans to buy new homes. C. It prevented discrimination against Black veterans. D. It led to the creation of the Veterans Administration. E. It is also known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act.

C. It prevented discrimination against Black veterans.

The U.S. Navy crippled the Japanese fleet and destroyed a third of their warplanes at:

C. The Battle of Midway