History Test; Egypt

What made a good pharaoh in the Old Kingdom

In the old Kingdom, the pharaoh is viewed as an inaccessible god-king... During this time, the Egyptian kings were referred to as gods. Despite the infinite amount of power Egyptian kings possessed, it was their job to uphold fundamental order and harmony. The kings were supposed to rule based on principles such as truth, justice, order and harmony.

Describe the geography of Ancient Egypt. How was this compared to Mesopotamia?

It had natural barriers surrounding all of it. These natural barriers were the deserts surrounding them. It was virtually on every side; Mesopotamia was grassland; no protecting on either side is a dessert

Step Pyramid of Djoser

It is the first pyramid to be built with a step looking architecture. It was basically pyramid on top of pyramid on top of pyramid

Pharaoh Khufu

Khufu was the second pharaoh of the 4th dynasty, he followed his possible father, king Sneferu, on the throne. He is generally accepted as having commissioned the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, but many other aspects of his reign are rather poorly documented.

Who was Ramses II?

Lived from 1279 BCE - 1213 BCE Military Expeditions into Levant, Nubia, and Libya; very good at military leading/expeditions. Monument building; he will build a lot of monuments to himself. The difference between him and other Pharaohs is that he is the one the built them and they were monuments rather than pyramids.

Before the Old Kingdom there were two distinct cultures, what were these cultures? Describe them.

Lower Egypt- Agricultural based; Ships food to upper Egypt Upper Egypt- Trade with everyone; Raw materials; meat, metals, ect.

How did the first intermediate period end?

Mentuhotep II of Thebes reinstituted the status of Pharaoh

What are the characterstics/things that are starting to happen in the New Kingdom?

Military Power Expansion Offense is the best defense Wealth

How did the Middle Kingdom decline?

Outside invasion Hyksos; They are coming from the North Kushites; They are coming from the South They helped invade Egypt before... They were ready to invade when the time was right, now

What are the beliefs of Judaism? What was their holy book?

Patriarchal; government controlled by men The Torah; it is their holy book (like the bible) Tradition of prophets

What made a good pharaoh in the New Kingdom

Pharaoh viewed not only as a leader and ruler of an empire, but also as an important figure in religion and religious practice

Who was the first dynasty to unify Egypt? When?

3100 BCE- First Dynasty to unify Egypt We don't know who did it; King Menes or King Narmer, and it could be the same person. King Menes was the most common one to be named as the first dynast to unify Egypt

How long did the old kingdom last?

500 years

When was Cleopatra alive?

69 BCE - 30 BCE

What is a Sarcophagus?

A coffin. Made to look like the person inside it. Written on it are blessings for the fallen and curses for people who tried to disturb them. It is very expensive to have made.

Ancient Egypt was isolated form the outside world, how did this affect it and its culture?

Has its own culture; isolation tank

Who was Hatshepsut?

She was the pharaoh from 1503 - 1482 BCE. First Female Pharaoh. Regent of step-son Thutmose III; rules for him because he is very young. She is better that what he would've ever been. Very controversial. Appearance in art; she is very good at being a Pharaoh. She has a false beard, and she doesn't want to be depicted as a women because women were looked down on by the all men. Not a gender identity. Legacy "First great woman in history" Attempts at erasure?

What are 5 things that the Old Kingdom is credited with having?

Stablity; Comes from the fact that it is well protected. They don't have to worry about it Well-protected; Natural barriers Isolated; Deserts surround the kingdom. They are surrounded by nothingness Wealthy; They were very wealthy because they are isolated and they don't waste their money on things because they don't have people attacking or trying to take their money. They don't have people taking their money because they are isolated. No one is attacking them Monument builders; The proof is the pyramids. They have money to blow so they are making these giant pyramids

Who is Seth

Strange creature; giraffe, camel, ant eater, aardvark? God of chaos, storm, desert, violence, and foreigners Trouble maker

The Bent Pyramid

The Bent Pyramid is an ancient Egyptian pyramid built under the Old Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu (c. 2600 BC). A unique example of early pyramid development in Egypt, this was the second pyramid built by Sneferu.

What was the New Kingdom also called?

The Bronze Age

What was the end of the New Kingdom called?

The Bronze Age collapse 1200 BCE - 1000 BCE Egypt will now primarily be dominated by foreign powers "Seapeoples", Mycenaeans, Nubian/Kushite, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Ottomans, etc...

What does the Double Crown represent?

The Double Crown represented the unification of the two regions of Egypt, Upper and Lower Egypt. It is also referred to as the shmty which means 'The Two Powerful Ones" or as the pschent. The Crown is the combination of the White Crown of Upper Egypt and the Red Crown of Lower Egypt.

What was Ancient Egypt called?

The Gift of the Nile

How was the Nile used for trade?

The Nile was used for trade routes and to travel on (by boat). They aren't going to the desert, they are going up and down the river. This also helped with communications.

Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone is a rock stele, found in 1799, inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt, in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion is Demotic script, and the lowest is Ancient Greek.

What did Egyptians call the Pharaoh?

The living Horus

What is Ka?

The name for the soul

Great Pyramid of Giza

The oldest and largest pyramid built in ancient egypt

Purpose of the Pyramids

The purpose of the pyramids is to show how good the pharaoh is/how powerful he or she is. The pyramids represent their rule over Egypt and how great they were.

How are Ten Commandments related to the American Law?

There are claims that the Ten Commandments are the basis of the American Law Today.

What is the Weighing of the Heart?

They are ushered to this place where your heart on a scale and on the other side is a feather. You would have your heart weighed. Heart is the center of the soul. If the heart weighs more, this dog looking creature eats your heart. If you did good deeds, the death is heavier and you get to experience the after life.

Why do you think that Egyptian Gods and Goddess often have the heads of animals?

They wanted to shape their beliefs on what is around them; It looks cool; THe animals are the servants; Omen or messengers; Animals are innocent; What they look up to, admired strength/speed/beauty/power

When you die, your body has to be perserved, why is this? What is this process called?

This is because in order to live in the afterlife, they believed that you had to wrap up you body and perserve it. This process is called is mummification. Typically the wealthy get this treatment, not the normal people (farmers, ect).

What was Mentuhotep II focuses?

Wealth and Military

KEY QUESTIONS OF THIS UNIT

What are the characteristics of each period? What are the cause of each Intermediate Period? How did Egyptians adapt to the problems they faced? What makes a good King in each period?

Who is Isis

Winged goddess of the wind Not related to the isis of today She is winged

(Lower Egypt is up and Upper Egypt is low)

____

Vasal

a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance.

Papyrus

a material prepared in ancient Egypt from the pithy stem of a water plant, used in sheets throughout the ancient Mediterranean world for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats.

Hyksos

a people of mixed Semitic and Asian descent who invaded Egypt and settled in the Nile delta circa 1640 BC. They formed the 15th and 16th dynasties of Egypt and ruled a large part of the country until driven out circa 1532 BC. (They are one of the groups that invaded Egypt in the middle age)

When was the Great Pyramid in Giza built?

around 2560 BCE

Covenant with Yahweh

it has to do with the Hebrew Bible

Hebrews was the what?

pre-judicim

Ahmose the Great

sometimes written Amosis I, "Amenes" and "Aahmes" and meaning Born of Iah) was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Eighteenth dynasty. ... The name Ahmose is a combination of the divine name 'Ah' and the combining form '-mose'.

Heiroglyphics

writing consisting of hieroglyphs; enigmatic or incomprehensible symbols or writing.

When was the new period?

Ca. 1549 BCE - 1069 BCE

What was the second intermediate period? What went on then?

Ca. 1652 BCE - 1567 BCE Under foreign control- Egypt became a vassal of the Hyksos

When was the Middle Kingdom? What are some characteristics of it?

Ca. 2050 - 1652 BCE Stability and commerce Increase construction Less isolated

When was the first intermediate period? Describe it.

Ca. 2181 BCE- 2050 BCE Egypt no longer unified City-states compete for dominance

When was the Old Kingdom?

Ca. 2700 BCE - 2200 BCE

Who was Abraham?

Covenant with God He was one of the chosen People

POSSIBLE ESSAY QUESTIONS

Demonstrate an understanding of Ancient Egyptian history including the Old Middle, and New Kingdoms. Describe major characteristics of Egyptian civilization including geography, religion, writing, and other cultural practices Identify enduring contributions of Egyptian civilization Compare and contrast the historical developments of Mesopotamia and Egypt

Who is Heoet

Froggy Lady Frog face Goddess of Childbirth

Who is Apis

God of Agriculture Bull head

Who is Anubis

God of mummification Ushered souls into afterlife

Who is Horus

God of sky, protection, and war Egyptian believed that the Pharaoh was the "living Horus"

Who is Sobek

God of the Nile, the Army, military, and fertility. Crocodile head

Who is Osiris

God of the afterlife, death, life, and resurrection Judge Egyptians souls after death Green skin, partially wrapped like mummy, bowling pin hat

Who was Moses? What did he do? When did he live?

Ca 1300 BCE - 1000 BCE The Exodus The Ten Commandments Israel He freed the Israelites from Egypt

Who is Thoth

(MR ROBERTSON'S FAVORITE) God of Knowledge, Hieroglyphs, and Wisdom Crane face

The Torah

(in Judaism) the law of God as revealed to Moses and recorded in the first five books of the Hebrew scriptures (the Pentateuch).... a scroll containing this.

What made a good pharaoh in the Middle Kingdom

A noticeable difference between the Old and Middle Kingdom was that of the view of the Pharaohs. In the Old Kingdom the pharaoh had been viewed as an inaccessible god-king, while now he was shown as the "shepherd of his people" charged with the task of building public works and producing for the welfare of Egyptians. Instead of building pyramids as Egyptians did in the Old Kingdom, when pharaohs died they were placed and buried in hidden tombs. Their tombs were buried all over Egypt making it difficult for intruders to find and steal.

Who was Amenhotep IV?

A pharaoh that reigned from 1353 BCE - 1336 BCE During his time; religious revolution. Aton. Akhenaton Appearance in art; he was a deformed looked dude. Was not very pleasing to the eye and something was defiantly weird about him.

Who was Tutankhamen?

AKA King Tut. Lived from 1332 BCE - 1323 BCE Boy-pharaoh; very young; 10 years old; most famous because his tomb was perfectly preserved, and we haven't seen that ever before. (Extra reading; look for the curses) Restored polytheism Death and Genealogy; we don't know what happened to him exactly, but we do know that he died very suddenly. Wether it was murder, a fatal war wound, an accident or milaria. We could do X-Ray and DNA testing

When did Abraham live? What was he also called?

Abraham "Father of the Hebrews" CA 2,000 BCE

What did Ahmose I "the Great do/believe in?

Adopt more militaristic culture New technology Remove outside invaders

Who was the one who stopped the second intermediate period?

Ahmose I "the Great:

The Exodus

An exodus is a mass departure of people, especially emigrants. In ancient egypt The Exodus is the departure of the Israelites from Egypt

Egyptian Gods

Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt. The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion, which emerged sometime in prehistory.

Why was Ancient Egypt called "The Gift of the Nile"?

Because the Nile provided the Egyptians many things. The Nile is the unifying factor.

What are Pharaohs?

Pharaohs were the head of state and the divine representative of the gods on earth. If you are a Pharaoh, you are the king and a god Not like mesopotamia where they had literal gods They had many jobs Controlled many things including the flooding of the Nile. They aren't just the king, but are the god. They had to make sure the river flooded on time. They didn't have any control over it though, so they were very dependant on the actual gods to help them because when there was a drought; many people hated them. "What is the king of Upper and Lower Egypt? He is a god by whose dealings one lives, the father and mother of all men alone by himself, without an equal" -Hymn to an Egyptian Pharaoh

How did the old kingdom stop?

Prolonged drought

Based on the responsibilities of the gods, what can you infer was important in Egyptian culture?

Protecting is important They rely on the river and agriculture Environment High morals; the weighing of the soul

What was a pharaoh like in the middle kingdom? What are some of his focuses?

Public Works; Fountains, bathrooms, ect. More useful things than pyramids Entertainment; Hire entertainers to make up plays and travel up and down Egypt to entertain Egyptians. Most of these plays/entertainments were about the adventures of Pharaoh, so it was to get his name out there Leader of spiritual life; He want to be more involved in people's lives because when the last Pharaoh died no one cared because he didn't have a connection with them.

What did the regular flooding of the Nile provide for Egyptians? How did this compare with Mesopotamia?

Regular flooding for secure food supply... They would use the extra water for water for crops, and to drink. Very different from Mesopotamia, they never had water/flooding They would know when they would get the flood so they could plan out everything.