HLT 1353

What percent of a person's weight problems can be attributed to his/her genes?

40%

How much more vitamin C per day does a smoker need to consume than a non-smoker?

40-35mg more than a non-smoker -Nonsmokers need to consume 60 mg of vitamin C each day; -a smoker must ingest 100 mg of vitamin C each day in order to gain the same nutritional benefits

For a 2000 calorie/day diet, about how many slices of bread should someone consume if they want to meet their daily requirement for grains?

6 slices of bread (1 oz.= 1 slice of bread and you need to eat 6 oz. of grains every day.)

Per your book, how wide should "healthy plate" be?

A "healthy plate" is typically smaller in size, about 9″ in diameter, than a typical dinner plate found in most homes and is certainly smaller than the average size plate served in restaurants. - it takes about 20 min for your stomach to signal is full, to the brain

Read the true-life story titled, Man Indicted in Death of A&M Student. You should be able to recognize its summary in a list of multiple choice answers and answer any question I ask about it.

A San Antonio man accused of posing as a woman on the Internet and luring a Texas A&M University junior to an out-of-town rendezvous was indicted Wednesday on charges of murdering the student. Lockwood has been in the Hays County Jail on $500,000 bail since April 27, when he was arrested for Kujawa's murder.

It is extremely important for pregnant women to consume folic acid every day (to prevent neural tube defects). How much more folic acid per day should a pregnant woman consume than a non-pregnant woman?

A man or a nonpregnant woman should consume 180-200 mcg of folic acid, whereas a pregnant woman should consume approximately 400 mcg of folic acid per day

What are the risks of genital herpes infection for a newborn?

A newborn may be infected with genital herpes while passing through the birth canal (Crooks and Baur 2009). Infection in the newborn can cause mental retardation, blindness, or even death (Crooks and Baur 2009)

How is a positive self-worth represented?

A positive self-worth is represented in confidence, a healthy body, and a positive attitude about yourself and others.

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

Why is it particularly harmful to consume "Trans fats?" --- Trans fats and saturated fats are more difficult for your body to break down than mono & polyunsaturated fats

Because it raises LDL (low-density lipoproteins), "bad," cholesterol and increases the risk of coronary heart disease.

Is emergency contraception (the morning after pill) considered an abortion medication?

EC helps prevent pregnancy, whereas medication abortion terminates pregnancy. Hormonal methods of contraception, including EC, prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and fertilization (ACOG 2011). More specifically, EC works by delaying or inhibiting ovulation, and/or altering tubal transport of sperm and/ or ova (thereby inhibiting fertilization), and/or altering the endometrium (thereby inhibiting implantation) (Trussell and Jordan 2006).

What is "essential fat" and what are the ranges for a healthy college-aged woman and man?

Essential fat is that fat which is necessary for normal physiological functioning. If a female gets below 11%-13% of essential body fat, she typically experiences hormonal disturbances and may have menstruation cessation. Essential fat for men is around 3% body fat.

Cholesterol is not required for consumption since the body manufactures its own. If you choose to add cholesterol to your diet, what should your maximum daily intake be?

Maximum daily intake of cholesterol should be less than 300 mg/day. Cholesterol is only found in animal products

How can severe restriction of calories negatively affect your appearance? Hint: Think "muscle mass" and "long term weight goals"

Muscle mass is lost with the rapid weight loss of severe caloric restriction. Muscle helps the body burn fat so without it weight will be gained back over time, but in the form fat. Not only will this cause you to be more overweight than before, but also you will have a less toned appearance.

What percentage of women experience their water breaking?

Only 1 in 10 women will experience a dramatic amniotic gush or flow.

Jody is an ovolactovegetarian. What does she consume that vegans do not consume?

Ovolactovegetarians consume eggs and dairy products. Vegans completely void meat, chicken, fish, eggs or milk products.

What type of dietary fiber should you consume if you have cholesterol problems or diabetes?

Soluble fiber- dissolves in water.

Why wouldn't a vitamin be considered a macronutrient?

Vitamins are only needed in small quantities making them a micronutrient not a macronutrient. Macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Vitamins are a micronutrient.

What are the roles of water in the body, per your textbook?

Water lubricates joints, absorbs shock, regulates body temperature, maintains blood volume, and transports fluids throughout the body, while comprising 60% of an individual's body.

How does weight gain occur? (hint: think of the term positive caloric balance).

Weight gain occurs when you regularly eat more calories than you use through normal bodily functions and physical activity. --When your total caloric requirements are in excess of 3500 calories, you gain 1 lb

Know the symptoms of each stage of syphilis infection. Stage 1

a painless sore (chancre) about the size of a dime may appear at the point where the bacteria first entered the body, usually 3 weeks after contact. This sore may appear around or in the vagina, on the penis, or inside the mouth or anus. Sores inside the vagina or anus are often unnoticed and may disappear on their own if not treated; however, the bacterial infection remains.

negative caloric balance

a state in which the amount of calories consumed in food falls short of the amount of calories expended through metabolism and physical activity

Abuse phases: calm phase

consists of a period of peace during which the abuse may slow or stop. Promises made during the honeymoon phase may even be kept. The abuser may go on acting as if the abuse never occurred or was a one-time event. The victim wants to believe the abuse will stop and holds on to the hope that the abuser will change.

Gonorrhea

is caused by the bacterium called Neisseria gonorrhea. Infection is found primarily in the linings of the urethra, vagina, mouth, and rectum (Crowley 2009). Symptoms in males include a foul-smelling thick, creamy white, yellow, or yellow-green discharge from the penis, painful urination, blood or pus in the urine, and enlarged lymph nodes in the groin area. In females, the symptoms include similar discharge from the vagina, pain during urination, pelvic pain, or irregular and painful menstruation

Ability to recognize the anatomical parts & functions of the male & female reproductive systems.

male & female reproductive system

Abuse phases: The honeymoon phase

may consist of flowers, apologies, and acting in a manner that originally attracted the abused to the abuser. This phase may last a day, a week, or sometimes longer.

Abuse phases: The tension phase

typically builds slowly over time. This phase may consist of small insults that build into public humiliation and belittling.

Abuse phases: The explosion/Incident ("acting out) phase

typically happens in the privacy of a home or away from witnesses. Behaviors during this phase can include but are not limited to hitting, throwing down stairs, rape, and in some cases death. This is a dangerous cycle with high stakes.

A low birth-weight infant weighs less than

x<2500 grams (less than)

The first step to having a healthy relationship is to focus on yourself and develop a positive self-worth. What questions might you ask yourself when trying to achieve positive self-worth?

(1) Whom do you see in the mirror? and (2) Would you want a relationship with you?

Vincent eats a granola bar containing 24 grams of carbohydrates. How many calories from carbohydrates does Vincent consume?

(24 * 4)= 96 calories --- 1gr=4cals

Vincent consumes a steak containing 62 grams of protein. How many calories from protein is Vincent consuming?

(62 * 4) = 248 calories --- 1gr=4cals

Vincent's steak has 7.2 grams of fat. How many calories from fat are in Vincent's steak?

(7.2 * 9) = 64.8 calories --- 1gr=9cals

Applying knowledge: John wants to maximize his muscular strength, endurance, and growth. He weighs 68 kg. How many grams of protein should he be consuming in a day? How many calories from protein does this equal? How many additional calories from complex carbohydrates should he be consuming every day?

--(68 * 1.5) 102 grams of protein --(102 * 4) 408 calories =500 additional calories

Name the six styles of loving in your textbook and be able to recognize them, should you be presented with any multiple-choice examples.

--EROS—passionate love Becomes sexually involved quickly Intense focus on partner and shares all of him/herself Quick to develop, quick to end --LUDUS—game-playing love Love and sex are seen only as fun, an activity, a diversion Move from partner to partner and often have several at a time Passion for the game, not the partner --STORGE—friendship love Long-term commitment Strong and secure, places less emphasis on passion --MANIA—obsessive love Turbulent and ambivalent Intense mental preoccupation, but little satisfaction Likely to be possessive and jealous --PRAGMA—realistic love Rational and practical Often for evolutionary and economic purposes Intense feelings may develop once a partner is chosen --AGAPE—altruistic love Generous, unselfish giving of oneself Less emphasis on passion and sexuality

What are the phases of the female sexual response and what does each phase consist of?

--Excitement:Vaginal lubrication begins and the vagina, clitoris, labia majora, and minora all fill with blood. The nipples swell, and there is increased tension in many voluntary muscles. --Plateau:The vaginal opening usually decreases in diameter due to swelling, the uterus usually increases in size, and the labia majora and minora become more swollen and engorged. --Orgasm:The muscles of the vaginal wall undergo rhythmic contractions. The number of contractions may range from three to as many as twelve. Involuntary contraction of other muscles may take place as well. --Resolution:Blood rapidly returns to the rest of the body from the vagina, clitoris, labia majora, and minora, resulting in reduced swelling. At this time, the breasts also return to their original size.

Applying knowledge: Mr. Wallace wants to maximize his muscular strength, endurance, and growth so he can intimidate the neighborhood bullies and attract a lady. He currently weighs 77.1 kg. Per your book, how many grams of protein should he be consuming each day? How many calories from protein does this equal to? How many additional calories from complex carbohydrates should he be consuming every day?

--Individuals who are trying to maximize muscular strength, endurance, and growth should take in the recommended 1.5 g of protein per kilogram of body weight, as well as an additional 500 calories of complex carbohydrates. The recommended protein and additional complex carbohydrates will work together to provide the extra nutrients and glucose needed for the increased muscular work load. --Grams of protein he should be consuming: (77.1 * 1.5 = 115.65 ) --Calories from protein= from question 12 on study guide (115.65 * 4 = 462.6 calories) --Additional calories from complex carbohydrates= 500 additional complex carbohydrates

Make sure you know the RDAs (recommended daily allowances) for pretty much everything. I'll be asking you guys about them on the test e.g. RDA for sodium, vitamin C, vitamin D, cholesterol, the minerals etc....

--Sodium: 2,300 mg per day --Vit C: 60 mg per day (non smoking) and 100 mg per day for smokers --Vit D: 1000-4000 IU or 25-100 mg --Cholesterol: less than 300 mg a day Folic acid: 180-200 mcg for non-pregnant women and 400 mcg for pregnant women

What is the difference between "The Pill" and "Mini-pills"

--The pill (oral contraceptive pills) is a prescription medication containing the hormones estrogen and/or progesterone, which usually prevent the release of the egg, thickens the cervical mucus, and reduces the buildup of the endometrial lining within the uterus. The sperm is thus unable to penetrate the egg, and/or the fertilized egg is prevented from implanting in the uterus. --Mini-pills (oral contraceptive pills) are a prescription medication containing progesterone only, which usually prevents the release of the egg, thickens the cervical mucus, and reduces the buildup of the endometrial lining within the uterus. The sperm is thus unable to penetrate the egg, and/or the fertilized egg is prevented from implanting in the uterus.

What is the function of the testes and epididymis?

--The testes are the reproductive ball-shaped glands, inside the scrotum, which are also referred to as testicles. Sperm and hormone production are the two main functions of the testes (Crooks and Baur 2007). Sperm are formed constantly, beginning during puberty, inside the highly coiled thin tubes called seminiferous tubules within each testis. Between the seminiferous tubules are cells that produce sex hormones. One such important sex hormone is testosterone, which stimulates the production of sperm. --On top of the each testis, another tightly coiled tube called the epididymis, where nearly mature sperm complete the maturation process (Crooks and Baur 2009). Mature sperm are stored in the epididymis until they are released during ejaculation.

What are essential amino acids? What are non-essential amino acids?

-Eleven of the twenty are nonessential amino acids—they are manufactured in the body if food proteins in a person's diet provide enough nitrogen. -Nine of the twenty are essential amino acids—the body cannot produce these, and thus must be supplied through an individual's diet.

Foods rich in vitamin C enhance the absorption of what?

-It enhances the absorption of Iron. -Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning that if you do take it in excess, your kidneys strain to excrete all the extra vit. C out. -Yes, it is possible to take too much of a vitamin or mineral and yes—this can hurt you.

How do we define overweight vs. obese?

-Overweight is defined as an excess of body weight to some height standard, or a BMI between 25 and 30. -Obesity is a term that refers to excess fat with an accompanying loss of function and an increase in health problems, or a BMI of 30 or more.

What is the difference between a simple carbohydrate and a complex carbohydrate? What examples does your book give of both?

-Simple carbohydrates are sugars that have little nutritive value beyond their energy content. Sugars that are found naturally in milk, fruit, honey as well as artificially added to foods such as cereals, fruit juices, or candy are examples of simple carbohydrates -Complex carbohydrates provide the body with a steady source of energy for hours. In healthy amounts, complex carbohydrates from whole grain sources are the preferred carbohydrate of choice for dieters as they promote a slower release of the growth-hormone insulin. Examples of complex carbohydrates include whole wheat breads, whole wheat pastas, brown rice, quinoa.

These types of minerals are needed in quantities less than 100mg per day.

-Trace minerals (microminerals): essential to healthy living, they are needed in smaller quantities (less than 100 mg per day) than macrominerals. -Examples: chromium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc.

What is an episiotomy? Do most women typically require this?

Crowning is the term used for when the baby's head fully appears. At this time, the doctor may make a small cut called an episiotomy to enlarge the vaginal opening. Most women do not require an episiotomy to deliver their children

What is Depo-Provera and how long does it protect against pregnancy?

Depo-Provera is a hormone shot injected into the arm or buttocks every 12 weeks, which will prevent the release of the egg, less often thickens the cervical mucus and reduces the build up of the endometrial lining within the uterus thereby preventing conception, and/or the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus. Protects against pregnancy for 12 weeks

Dieting is considered "severe" when you consume less than how many calories per day?

Dieting or cutting back on calories is considered "severe" when an individual ingests fewer than 800 calories in a day.

Opening of the cervix during labor is called

Dilation

Explain what happens during effacement (thinning of the cervix).

During the final month of pregnancy, the cervix stretches and thins in preparation of delivery. A healthcare provider will usually measure effacement in the final two months of pregnancy as a percentage. The doctor may indicate that his patient is 25% effaced or 75%. This number can only be determined during an exam by a healthcare provider

For a 2000 calorie/day diet, how many cups of milk should someone consume if they want to meet their daily requirement for milk? What if the person is a child between 2-8 years old?

Get 3 cups every day; for kids age 2-8 its 2 cups

How can Hepatitis B be transmitted? Can it be fatal?

Hepatitis B can be transmitted from the mother to the baby during delivery as the baby passes through the birth canal. --Hepatitis B is a potentially serious and, at times, fatal illness. Fortunately, this is one of the few viruses that can be eradicated. Ninety percent of people infected with hepatitis B eliminate the virus. This is done by developing antibodies, called immunoglobulins, which the body produces in response to the presence of the virus. These immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) can be measured in the bloodstream and can detect whether someone has had a hepatitis B infection.

What happens when an egg does not become fertilized after ovulation? This usually happens right before what?

If the egg is not fertilized, it simply disintegrates or flows out with vaginal secretions, usually before menstruation.

If a woman is trying to conceive, when should she start taking prenatal vitamins?

If you are trying to conceive, it is usually a good idea to begin taking prenatal vitamins in the weeks prior to conception.

The HPV vaccine protects against what percentage of cervical cancers? Ideally, when should this vaccine be given?

In 2006, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Gardasil, the first vaccine developed to prevent certain types (16 and 18) of HPV, which cause 70% of cervical cancers and against types 6 and 11, which cause approximately 90% of genital warts. Gardasil has also been shown to protect against anal, vaginal, and vulvar cancers (CDC 2011). The vaccine is designed for females and males in the age between 9 and 26. Ideally, the vaccine would be given before an individual becomes sexually active and is exposed to the viruses. In order for the vaccine to be effective, it must be given in three different doses over a 6-month period.

According to your book, what did weight loss pills in the 1920s contain?

In the 1920s, weight loss pills were found to contain tapeworm eggs.

What type of dietary fiber should you consume if you have issues with constipation or are hoping to prevent colon cancer?

Insoluble fiber- does not dissolve easily in water and cannot be digested by the body

What is one flaw about the BMI system?

It does not take in count the composition of the body. Fat, muscle, bone density, water, etc

Per your textbook, consuming less than what range of calories per day makes it impossible to acquire all your nutrients?

It is impossible to get all the nutrients you need with less than 1000-1200 calories daily.

What does Kinsey's "Scale of Sexual Behavior" suggest?

Kinsey believed that some people did not fit into strict same-gender or opposite-gender sexual behavior. His scale of sexual behavior reflects this belief.

How do Diaphragms and Femcaps work to prevent sperm from reaching the egg?

Latex cup (diaphragm) or silicone cup (Femcap) requires fitting by a clinician. The diaphragm or cap is coated with spermicide before placement in the vagina. The diaphragm or cervical cap combined with spermicide act by destroying the sperm and preventing the sperm from reaching the egg. After intercourse, the Femcap should be left in place for 8 hours.

Define yo-yo dieting.

Losing weight faster often signifies a short-term fix, indicating that the weight loss will be difficult to maintain. Fast weight loss is often followed by fast weight gain. often the weight gain is a bit more than what was initially lost. Repeated bouts of weight loss/gain like this can gradually add unwanted excess weight.

When does PMS (premenstrual syndrome) begin and what are its symptoms? Bitchiness is not a symptom.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) can occur from 1 to 10 days before a woman's period. This syndrome can consist of feeling bloated, diarrhea, nausea, backache, and/or cramping.

What part of the human female reproductive system consists of erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood and doubles in size during sexual arousal?

The clitoris

What is the honeymoon phase of an abusive relationship?

The honeymoon phase may consist of flowers, apologies, and acting in a manner that originally attracted the abused to the abuser. This phase may last a day, a week, or sometimes longer.

How can the hymen tear?

The hymen is the small membrane around the vaginal opening that is believed to tear during initial intercourse, with tampon use, while riding a horse, or other various types of athletic activities. The only function of the hymen is to protect the vaginal tissues early in life.

What are healthy ranges of body fat percentage for a healthy college-aged woman and man?

The ideal range for college-aged females is 18%-23% body fat and 12%-18% body fat for college-aged men.

How does an IUD (intrauterine device) work and how long does it last?

The intrauterine device (IUD) requires a healthcare professional to insert a small plastic device through the cervix and into the uterus. The IUD contains copper or hormones that impede conception or rarely prevent implantation of a fertilized egg. IUDs can last 1-10 years. --Para Gard (copper IUD) may be left in place for up to 10 years; Mirena (hormone IUD) may be left in place for up to 5 years

Which trimester is arguably the most important for a baby's development? Why?

The most dramatic changes in the baby's growth occur during the first trimester which can arguably make this the most crucial time period for development. A study conducted by Dutch researchers and published in the peer-reviewed British medical journal (BMJ) found that this period of a baby's development is a crucial time for a baby's heart health later in life. It is also during this period of growth that a baby is most susceptible to damage from alcohol, drugs, certain medications, first and second hand smoke, and illnesses (Elliott 2014).

When taken within 24 hours of unprotected sex, emergency contraception (the morning after pill) reduces the risk of pregnancy by what percent?

The other type of ECs only contains progestin. When taken within 24 hours of unprotected intercourse, progestin-only ECs were found to reduce the risk of pregnancy by 95% (Ellertson et al. 2003). The progestin-only ECs are taken in two doses, 12 hours apart or at the same time.

Stages of syphilis infection. Stage 2

The second stage occurs 2-8 weeks after the exposure and includes flu-like symptoms and possible hair loss, a rash on the palms of hands and soles of feet, as well as over the entire body (Table 8.4).

What is the set point theory?

The set point theory postulates that the body regulates metabolism to maintain a certain weight, much the same as a thermostat regulates temperature. --If fat stores fall below the "set" point, then the body responds by increasing appetite. If we overeat, then appetite may be reduced or all of the calories available may not be stored

Stages of Syphilis. Stage 3

The tertiary (third stage) syphilis can appear 5-25 years after the initial exposure. Symptoms of this stage may include skin lesions, mental deterioration, loss of balance and vision, loss of sensation, shooting pains in the legs, and heart disease (Crooks and Baur 2009).

How do abusers often make their victims feel "trapped" in the relationship?

They honestly feel the only person that would "put up" with them is their partner, so they feel very trapped. The abusing partner typically isolates their partner from friends and family over an extended period of time.

What vaccination can protect you against Hepatitis B?

This is done by developing antibodies, called immunoglobulins, which the body produces in response to the presence of the virus. These immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) can be measured in the bloodstream and can detect whether someone has had a hepatitis B infection If there is exposure to hepatitis B, an immunoglobulin with a high concentration of antibody against hepatitis B should be given within 2 weeks of exposure --It is imperative that someone with chronic hepatitis B receive the vaccine for hepatitis A to reduce the risk of a very serious complication called acute fulminant hepatitis, in which the liver is rapidly destroyed

What might the tension phase of an abusive relationship consist of?

This phase may consist of small insults that build into public humiliation and belittling.

What is a mucus plug?

Throughout pregnancy, a thick mucus plug protects the cervical opening from bacteria that can enter the uterus. When the cervix thins and relaxes, this plug is expelled. Contrary to what many people expect, the plug is not solid or cork-like, but rather, it is like stringy mucus or discharge.

Syphilis

is a serious bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. Syphilis can be contracted and spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex, as well as through blood and blood products. This disease can be debilitating and even fatal if left untreated. A person may be unknowingly infected with syphilis and transmit it to others.

Chlamydia

is caused by a bacteria-like intracellular parasite called Chlamydia trachomati. Chlamydia is typically spread during vaginal, oral, or anal sex and can infect other body parts such as the eyes, nose, or throat where chlamydia can also be contracted. Symptoms in males include a thin, clear whitish urethral discharge, itching or burning during urination, pain, or swelling in the testes and a low-grade fever. In females, symptoms include moderate vaginal discharge, itching or burning during urination, abdominal pain, bleeding between periods, nausea, headaches, and a low-grade fever.