HMD 225 Midterm Study Guide

Ends-based thinking is often characterized as

"do what's best for the greatest number of people."

Which of the following statements about 360-degree feedback is most likely true?

360-degree feedback should be built around a competency model.

Which of the following statements best exemplifies effective delegation?

A leader must give subordinates the freedom to make certain kinds of mistakes.

Work facilitation behaviors are concerned with

Acquiring and Allocating Resources.

Identify a true statement about providing constructive feedback.

An issue related to impressions and evaluative feedback concerns the distinction between job-related feedback and more discretionary feedback.

In the context of perception, which of the following terms is best described as the explanations people develop for the characteristics, behaviors, or actions to which they attend?

Attribution

Which of the following would least likely improve a leader's feedback skills?

Being critical

According to Hogan and Warrenfelz, competencies concerned with analyzing issues, making decisions, and strategic thinking fall into the

Business Skills Category

_______ _________describe leadership situations and are used as vehicles for leadership discussions. Simone, a senior sales manager at ReadMe Inc., cares about developing the skills of her teammates and works beside them as a role model. In the context of the five fundamental archetypes of leadership, she most likely belongs to the ______ _________ _________

Case Studies, Teacher-entor archetype

In the context of group size, which of the following defines subgroups of individuals who often share the same goals, values, and expectations?

Cliques

Which of the following terms refers to how friendly and supportive a leader is toward subordinates?

Consideration

Which statement about delegation is most likely false?

Delegation is an overused management option that frustrates most followers.

In the context of group roles, which of the following is an example of a dysfunctional role?

Dominating

Which of the following involves a willingness to confront your own views and an invitation to others to do so, too?

Double loop learning

A disadvantage of action learning is that it inherently involves time away from immediate job responsibilities.

False

A study of 750 firms by Watson-Wyatt, a human resource consulting firm, reported that companies that used 360-degree feedback systems had a 10.6 percent increase in shareholder value.

False

According to the Leadership Grid, 1,1 leaders are the most effective in workplaces

False

According to the Leadership Pipeline, people who skip organizational levels often turn out to be effective leaders.

False

According to the fundamental archetypes of leadership, the Warrior-Knight archetype refers to a leader who challenges the status quo and guides adaptation.

False

Advantageous comparison refers to the process of using cosmetic words to defuse or disguise the offensiveness of otherwise morally repugnant or distasteful behavior.

False

Analytic intelligence is much more concerned with knowledge and experience than is practical intelligence.

False

Authentic leaders behave as they do to attain status, rewards, and other advantages rather than to achieve personal conviction.

False

Behavioral manifestations of personality traits are often exhibited with conscious thought rather than automatically

False

Effective leaders tend to score high on neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness and low on conscientious and openness to experience.

False

Ends-based thinking is consistent with Kantian philosophy and is characterized colloquially as "following the highest principle or duty.

False

Gen Xers tend to be more committed to a specific organization than to their vocation because they believe in job security.

False

General goals work better than specific goals because they often provide enough information regarding which behaviors are to be changed or when a clear end state has been attained

False

In single-loop learning, individuals tend to learn about subjects outside the comfort zone of their belief systems.

False

In the context of moral potency, moral ownership is best described as the fortitude to face risk and overcome fears associated with taking ethical action.

False

In-group favoritism occurs when people overrate the quality of their work and their contributions to the groups and teams to which they belong.

False

Leader support is a job-centered dimension of behavior and is similar to the initiating structure dimension of the various Ohio State questionnaires.

False

Mentoring is the same as coaching.

False

Research shows that followers are significantly happier when their leaders frequently delegate tasks.

False

Rule-based thinking, known as utilitarianism in philosophy, is premised on the idea that right and wrong are best determined by considering the consequences or results of an action.

False

Social contact is better satisfied by organizations than by groups.

False

Strong situations that are governed by clearly specified rules, demands, and organizational policies maximize the effects that traits have on behavior.

False

Studies indicate that perception is basically a passive activity suggesting that everyone attends to all aspects of a situation equally.

False

Subordinates can usually tell whether or not they are doing a good job even without feedback.

False

Tests of divergent thinking usually have a single best answer, whereas tests of convergent thinking have many possible answers.

False

To maximize the impact of feedback, people should provide feedback to large groups instead of specific individuals.

False

When providing evaluative feedback, it is inappropriate and ineffective to compare a subordinate's behavior with the behavior of peers or co-workers.

False

With in-basket exercises, participants are given a limited amount of time to prioritize and respond to a number of notes, letters, and phone messages from an actual manager's inbox.

False

Identify a true statement about goal setting.

Follower participation in goal setting often leads to higher levels of commitment and performance if the leader is perceived to be incompetent.

The leadership competency of helping a group or community recognize and define its opportunities and issues in ways that result in effective action is known as

Framing

Behaviors that are concerned with motivating subordinates to accomplish the task at hand are called

Goal Emphasis Behaviors.

Which of the following involves participants being given a limited amount of time to prioritize and respond to a number of notes, phone messages, and letters from a fictitious manager's in-basket?

In basket exercises

According to Myers and Myers, there are four basic preference dimensions in which people can differ. Identify a true statement about people exhibiting these dimensions.

Introverted leaders prefer to think things through and announce only final decisions.

Researchers at the University of Michigan concluded that there are four categories of leadership behaviors related to effective group performance. Identify a true statement about one of the four categories, interaction facilitation

It includes those behaviors where leaders act to smooth over and minimize conflicts among followers.

Which of the following statements is true of informal coaching?

It takes place whenever a leader helps followers to change their behaviors.

Which of the following statements is most likely true of delegation

Leaders may feel threatened when delegating an important task because it reduces direct personal control over the work.

_______ _________ involves reinterpreting otherwise immoral behavior in terms of a higher purpose.

Moral Justification

"I remain calm in pressure situations." This statement most likely corresponds to which of the following OCEAN personality dimensions?

Neuroticism

Functional, interdependent roles that are focused on the performance of group tasks are characteristic of which stage of group development?

Performing

Which of the following statements about feedback is most likely false?

Research shows that subordinates believe their leaders give more feedback than their leaders think they do.

Jonathan, a front desk executive at Read Books Inc., handled 40 customer calls per day. He was then sent to a training program last month to improve his communication skills, which cost the organization $500. This month, Read Books observes that his growth is positive and substantial and that he is able to handle 60 customer calls per day. His productivity has increased by $700. This scenario most likely exemple of

Return on investment

Which of the following terms describes a kind of learning between an individual and the environment in which learners seek relatively little feedback that may significantly confront their fundamental ideas or actions?

Single loop learning

Which of the following is a term that refers to the phenomenon of reduced effort by people when they are not individually accountable for their work?

Social loafing

In the context of the developmental stages of groups, which of the following stages is characterized by intragroup conflict, heightened emotional levels, and status differentiation?

Storming

Which of the following fundamental archetypes of leadership is most likely to take risks and action in a crisis?

The Warrior-Knight archetype

Which of the following concepts was most likely promoted by Boris Groysberg?

The difference between portable and nonportable skills

Occurs when people's expectations or predictions play a causal role in bringing about the events they predict.

The self-fulfilling prophecy

Terrorists may call themselves "freedom fighters," and firing someone may be referred to as "letting him or her go."

These are both examples of euphemistic labeling.

According to Zemke's four generations of workers, which of the following statements is most likely true of the Baby Boomers?

They are concerned about creating a level playing field for all.

Identify a true statement about leadership skills according to Hogan and Warrenfelz's four major categories of skills and behaviors found in virtually every organizational competency model.

They are skills and behaviors concerned with building teams and getting results through others.

According to Zemke's four generations of workers, which of the following statements is most likely true of the Veterans?

They represent a wealth of lore and wisdom.

People who are observing an action are much more likely than the actor to make the fundamental attribution error.

This is called the actor/observer difference.

A leadership skill consists of three components: a well-defined body of knowledge, a set of related behaviors, and clear criteria of competent performance.

True

A symptom of groupthink is an illusion of invulnerability, which leads to unwarranted optimism and excessive risk taking by a group

True

Ability-based EQ training programs make extensive use of videos and role plays to help participants better recognize, exhibit, and regulate emotion.

True

According to Peterson and Hicks, good coaches orchestrate rather than dictate development.

True

According to a comprehensive study by Mount, Sytsma, Hazucha, and Holt, white peers and subordinates generally gave about the same level of ratings for both black and white peers and bosses.

True

An advantage of the OCEAN model is that it is a useful method for profiling leaders.

True

An issue related to impressions and evaluative feedback concerns the distinction between job-related feedback and more personal or discretionary feedback.

True

An outsider to a group often is able to learn more about norms than is an insider.

True

Analytic intelligence is general problem-solving ability and can be assessed using standardized mental abilities tests.

True

Feeling leaders tend to analyze, criticize, and approach decisions impersonally and objectively.

True

Forging a partnership is the first step in informal coaching.

True

Giving constructive feedback involves sharing information or perceptions with another about the nature, quality, or impact of that person's behavior.

True

Good coaches not only discuss what needs to change but also make coachees practice targeted behaviors.

True

Groups are characterized by mutual interaction and reciprocal influence.

True

Highly cohesive groups are likely to be characterized by low absenteeism and low turnover.

True

In the context of effective delegation, the first step leaders should take when deciding what to delegate is to identify all their present activities.

True

Leaders and followers use development plans as road maps for changing their own behaviors.

True

Leaders often avoid delegation when a task is a desirable one that could generate power or prestige.

True

Leaders ultimately must be judged on the basis of a framework of values, not just in terms of their effectiveness.

True

Leadership behaviors are a function of intelligence, personality traits, emotional intelligence, values, attitudes, interests, knowledge, and experience.

True

Millennials share an optimism born, perhaps, from having been raised by parents devoted to the task of bringing their generation to adulthood.

True

Moral reasoning refers to the process leaders use to make decisions about ethical and unethical behaviors.

True

Norms can be imported from an organization existing outside a team.

True

Organizational goals are most likely to be achieved if there is commitment at both the top and the bottom of the organization

True

Research has shown that openness to experience is an important component of leadership effectiveness and seems particularly important at higher organizational levels or for success in overseas assignments.

True

Servant leadership puts an emphasis on listening effectively to others.

True

Setting easy goals rarely leads to high levels of performance.

True

Some supervisors hesitate to use positive feedback because they believe subordinates may see it as politically manipulative, ingratiating, or insincere.

True

Technology-based approaches to leader development, such as video games and virtual reality simulations, require speedy thought and action.

True

The Forer effect occurs when people give high accuracy ratings to descriptive statements that are personally flattering but so vague that they could apply to virtually anyone.

True

The Leadership Pipeline provides a useful framework for thinking about how leadership competencies change as people are promoted through organizations.

True

The context and style of leaders' behavior are also factors that affect their ability to build teams and get results through others.

True

The most productive way to develop as a leader is to travel along the spiral of experience.

True

The strength of the relationship between personality traits and leadership effectiveness is often inversely related to the relative strength of the situation.

True

The times when people most need to break out of the mold created by past learning patterns are the times when they are most unwilling to do so.

True

The ultimate test of a servant leader's work is whether those served develop toward being more responsible, caring, and competent individuals.

True

Through a distortion of consequences, people minimize the harm caused by their behavior.

True

Walker and Smither reported that managers who shared their 360-degree feedback results with their followers and worked on an action plan to improve their ratings had a dramatic improvement in others' ratings over a five-year period.

True

With respect to creative intelligence, perhaps the most important point leaders should remember is that their primary role is not so much to be creative themselves as to build an environment where others can be creative.

True

With role ambiguity, the problem is lack of clarity about just what the expectations are.

True

A store manager asks his employee to keep the outdated stocks of a product at the front of the shelf so that they can be sold. However, the employee is unwilling to mislead customers as this deception is inconsistent with the employee's values and beliefs. In this scenario, the employee is most likely to experience

a person-role conflict.

Leadership development is enhanced when an experience involves three processes, which are

action, observation, and reflection.

According to Reuven Bar-On's model of emotional intelligence, reality testing, flexibility, and problem-solving relate to

adaptability.

In the context of the developmental stages of groups, which of the following is a characteristic of the norming stage?

clear emergence of a leader

According to the Five Factor Model (FFM) or OCEAN model of personality, the dimension of neuroticism is most likely

concerned with how people react to stress, change, failure, or personal criticism.

Raymond scores high on practical intelligence and has extensive knowledge and experience in leading a pharmaceutical research team. He is likely to feel uncomfortable and unprepared when asked to organize a major fund-raising activity for a charitable institution. This example illustrates that practical intelligence is most likely

domain specific

According to Zemke's four generations of workers, the Millennials

doubt the wisdom of traditional racial and sexual categorizing.

Which of the following is a possible solution for groupthink?

establishing an independent subgroup to make recommendations

In the context of group size, leaders with a small span of control tend to be more directive, spend less time with individual subordinates, and use more impersonal approaches when influencing followers than do leaders with a large span of control

false

The sum of the forces that attract members to a group, provide resistance to leaving it, and motivate them to be active in it is called

group cohesion.

Community leaders are most likely to

have fewer resources than most other leaders

Leaders who score low in neuroticism tend to

hide their emotions

In the context of the principles of effective delegation, which of the following is the first step of deciding what to delegate?

identifying all the present activities

Dr. Jonathon realizes that his patient is suffering from a highly contagious disease that is likely to pose a threat to the entire city. However, he is uncertain about sharing this information with city officials to protect his patient's privacy. In this scenario, which of the following ethical dilemmas does the doctor most likely face?

individual versus community

Which of the following terms refers to how much a leader emphasizes meeting work goals and accomplishing tasks?

initiating structure

In the context of group roles, which of the following occurs when someone receives inconsistent signals from several others about expected behavior?

intersender role conflict

A manager makes the following statement to a subordinate: "I need this report back in five minutes, and it better be perfect." Which term best describes this type of role conflict?

intrasender role conflict

According to Myers and Myers's basic preference dimensions in which people can differ, the thinking-feeling dimension

is concerned with the considerations leaders prefer when making decisions.

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, creative intelligence

is the ability to produce work that is both novel and useful.

Building social capital

is the leadership competency of developing and maintaining relationships that allow people to work together.

Goal emphasis and work facilitation are____ ______ dimensions of leadership behavior.

job-centered

The __________________ states that if one simply works hard and achieves superior results, then good things will happen.

just world hypothesis

In a _______ ________ _________ , superiors, peers, and direct reports provide ratings on the extent to which target individuals demonstrate too much, just the right amount, or too little strategic, operations, enabling, or forcing leadership behavior for a particular position.

leadership versatility approach

It is most likely important to have specific goals for the purpose of

measuring progress

In the context of moral potency, the belief or confidence in one's capability to mobilize various personal, interpersonal, and other external resources to persist despite moral adversity is referred to as

moral efficiency

In the context of the nature of groups, _______ are the informal rules groups adopt to regulate and regularize group members' behaviors.

norms

In the context of group cohesion, which of the following occurs when illegal actions are taken by overly zealous and loyal subordinates who believe that what they are doing will please their leaders?

ollieism

People do not see everything that happens in a particular leadership situation, nor do they hear everything; instead they are selective in what they attend to and what they, in turn, understand. A phenomenon that demonstrates this selectivity is called

perceptual set.

When giving performance feedback privately to a subordinate, what should a leader most likely emphasize?

positive behaviors and results

Which of the following best describes ethics?

principles of right conduct

The inefficiencies created by more and more people working together are called

process losses.

Unlike leaders who score low in conscientiousness, those who score high in conscientiousness

rarely get into trouble.

Molly, a member of a product development team, is most likely experiencing ______ _______ if she wonders, "Just what am I supposed to be doing?"

role ambiguity

What should a coach most likely do to help a follower stick to a development plan?

schedule regular reflection sessions

In the context of group size, which of the following is a phenomenon in which working in the presence of others increases effort or productivity?

social facilitation

In the context of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, leaders and followers who possess high levels of analytic intelligence

tend to be quick learners and do well in school

Which of the following theories explains the interesting relationships between leader intelligence and experience levels, and group performance in stressful versus nonstressful conditions?

the cognitive resources theory

The tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes of behavior and underestimate the environmental causes when others fail is called

the fundamental attribution error

Leadership behavior enacted by individuals who take action to maintain ethical standards in the face of questionable moral behaviors by higher-ups is referred to as

upward ethical leadership.

In the _______ ________ ________ ________ , 10-15 superiors, peers, and direct reports are asked to share a target individual's strengths and areas of improvement as a leader in phone or face-to-face interviews.

verbal 360-degree technique

Hall and Donnell reported findings of five separate studies involving over 12,000 managers that explored the relationship between managerial achievement and attitudes toward subordinates. Overall, they found that managers who strongly subscribed to Theory X beliefs

were highly likely to be in their lower-achieving group

Leaders who pull people together on the basis of shared beliefs and a common sense of organizational purpose and belonging are most likely the ones

who create a compelling vision.