HNSC 1210 - Chapter 7
Vitamin B6 Deficiency
Anemia, depression, confusion, convulsions, scale dermatitis
Folate Deficiency
Anemia, neural tube defects, hyperhomocysteinemia
Vitamin E (functions)
Antioxidant in cell membranes, protect cells from oxidation
Thiamin Deficiency
Beriberi: edema, enlarged heart, muscular weakness, pain, apathy, confusion, paralysis, weight loss
Vitamin A Deficiency
Can lead to blindness, hardening of skin, reduced immunity, failure to grow in children
Biotin (functions)
Co-factor for several enzymes in emtabolism of CHO, fat + protein
Riboflavin Deficiency
Cracks and redness at corners of mouth, inflamed eyes and eyelids, painful tongue, sensitivity to light
Vitamin B6 Toxicity
Depression, fatigue, impaired memory, irritability, headaches, nerve damage, skin lesions
Niacin Toxicity
Flushing, hives, rash, excessive sweating, blurred vision, liver damage
Vitamin C Toxicity
Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, rashes
Pantothenic Acid (functions)
Part of co-enzyme for release of energy from the energy nutrients
Folate (functions)
Part of co-enzyme needed for new cell synthesis
Niacin Deficiency
Pellagra (4 D's): diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
Vitamin C Deficiency
Scurvy
Vitamin D Toxicity
Symptoms: elevated blood Ca++, calcification of soft tissues, excessive thirst, headache, nausea, weakness
Vitamin K (functions)
Synthesis of blood clotting proteins + bone proteins
Pantothenic Acid Deficiency
Vomiting, intestinal distress, insomnia, fatigue
Vitamin K
- DRI Men = 120 ug/d Women = 90 ug/d - Sources: bacterial production in colon - Food sources: green leafy veggie, cabbage family, liver, eggs, milk, beans
B Vitamins
- Involves in energy metabolism as part of co-enzymes - Food sources: varied sources, grains, veggies, seeds, milk
Water-soluble Vitamins
- B vitamins, vitamin C - Easily absorbed and excreted in urine - Not stored extensively in tissues
Beta-carotene
- Builds up in fat underneath skin turning it yellow - Lack of beta-carotene can lead to macular degeneration
Riboflavin (function)
- Co-enzyme in energy metabolism - Supports vision and skin health
Vitamin B6 (functions)
- Co-enzyme needed in AA and FA metabolism - Convert tryptophan to niacin to serotonin - Makes hemoglobin for RBCs
Vitamin C (functions)
- Collagen synthesis - Antioxidant - Restores vitamin E to active form - Supports immune system - Boost Fe absorption
Thiamin (vit B1)
- DRI = 1.1-1.2 mg/d - Food sources: sunflower seeds, meat, baked potato
Riboflavin (vit B2)
- DRI = 1.1-1.3 mg/d - Food sources: liver, enriched cereals, milk
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- DRI = 1.3 mg/d - Food sources: liver, chicken breast, baked potato, banana
Niacin (vit B3)
- DRI = 14-16 mg/d - Food sources: chicken breast, tuna, mushrooms, baked potato - High amounts used as drug from lowering blood lipids
Vitamin E
- DRI = 15 mg/d - UL = 1000 mg/g - Chemical name: tocopherol - Sources: vegetable oil, wheat germ, sunflower seeds, nuts
Vitamin D
- DRI = 15 ug/d (Adults); 20 ug/d (Seniors) - UL = 100 ug/d - Chemical name: cholecalciferol - Food sources: fortified milk, salmon, shrimp - Sunlight
Biotin
- DRI = 30 ug/d - Food sources: carrot, lettuce, tomatoes, nuts
Folate
- DRI = 400 ug/d - Food sources: liver, lentils, green leafy veggies, pinto beans - PLANT BASED
Pantothenic Acid
- DRI = 5 mg/d - Food sources: liver, meat, whole grain, legumes
Vitamin C
- DRI = 75-90 mg/d - UL = 2000 mg/d - Food sources: citrus, other fruits + veggies
Vitamin A (functions)
- Eyesight - Gene regulation - Skin and body linings - Immunity - Growth
Biotin Deficiency
- Not common - Occurs when too many raw egg whites are consumed - Symptoms: abnormal heart action, loss of appetite, nausea, depression, muscle pain, dry round eyes, nose, and mouth
Vitamin A
- RDA = 700-900 ug/d - UL = 3000 ug/d - Chemical forms: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, beta-carotene - Food sources: liver, fish oil, milk, veggies
Vitamin E Toxicity
- Rare - Interactions with anti-clotting medication may cause hemorrhage
Vitamin K Deficiency
- Rare, except in newborns - Could occur in adults on antibiotics
Vitamin K Toxicity
- Rare, possible with excessive supplementation - Symptoms: breakage of RBC leading to jaundice + anemia
Vitamin D (functions)
- Regulates Ca++ and P metabolism - Hormone + regulates function of several organs
Vitamin D Deficiency
- Rickets - Adolescence may not develop sufficient bone density - Osteomalacia (adult form of rickets)
Vitamin A Toxicity
- Symptoms: abdominal pain, hair loss, joint pain, stunted growth, bone + muscle soreness, cessation of menstruation, nausea, diarrhea, rashes, damage to liver, and enlargement of spleen - In pregnant women: Fetal malformations
Vitamin D from sunlight
- UV light converts cholesterol in skin to vitamin D precursor - Kidneys + liver finish converting to active vitamin D
Vitamin E Deficiency
- Very rare - Premature babies: erythrocyte hemolysis leading to anemia - Problems with fat absorption + no-fat diets
Fat-soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin A, D, E, K - Found in fats/oils of food - Stored in liver + fatty tissues - Require bile for absorption - Toxic in excess
