HNSC 1210 - Chapter 7

Vitamin B6 Deficiency

Anemia, depression, confusion, convulsions, scale dermatitis

Folate Deficiency

Anemia, neural tube defects, hyperhomocysteinemia

Vitamin E (functions)

Antioxidant in cell membranes, protect cells from oxidation

Thiamin Deficiency

Beriberi: edema, enlarged heart, muscular weakness, pain, apathy, confusion, paralysis, weight loss

Vitamin A Deficiency

Can lead to blindness, hardening of skin, reduced immunity, failure to grow in children

Biotin (functions)

Co-factor for several enzymes in emtabolism of CHO, fat + protein

Riboflavin Deficiency

Cracks and redness at corners of mouth, inflamed eyes and eyelids, painful tongue, sensitivity to light

Vitamin B6 Toxicity

Depression, fatigue, impaired memory, irritability, headaches, nerve damage, skin lesions

Niacin Toxicity

Flushing, hives, rash, excessive sweating, blurred vision, liver damage

Vitamin C Toxicity

Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, rashes

Pantothenic Acid (functions)

Part of co-enzyme for release of energy from the energy nutrients

Folate (functions)

Part of co-enzyme needed for new cell synthesis

Niacin Deficiency

Pellagra (4 D's): diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

Vitamin C Deficiency

Scurvy

Vitamin D Toxicity

Symptoms: elevated blood Ca++, calcification of soft tissues, excessive thirst, headache, nausea, weakness

Vitamin K (functions)

Synthesis of blood clotting proteins + bone proteins

Pantothenic Acid Deficiency

Vomiting, intestinal distress, insomnia, fatigue

Vitamin K

- DRI Men = 120 ug/d Women = 90 ug/d - Sources: bacterial production in colon - Food sources: green leafy veggie, cabbage family, liver, eggs, milk, beans

B Vitamins

- Involves in energy metabolism as part of co-enzymes - Food sources: varied sources, grains, veggies, seeds, milk

Water-soluble Vitamins

- B vitamins, vitamin C - Easily absorbed and excreted in urine - Not stored extensively in tissues

Beta-carotene

- Builds up in fat underneath skin turning it yellow - Lack of beta-carotene can lead to macular degeneration

Riboflavin (function)

- Co-enzyme in energy metabolism - Supports vision and skin health

Vitamin B6 (functions)

- Co-enzyme needed in AA and FA metabolism - Convert tryptophan to niacin to serotonin - Makes hemoglobin for RBCs

Vitamin C (functions)

- Collagen synthesis - Antioxidant - Restores vitamin E to active form - Supports immune system - Boost Fe absorption

Thiamin (vit B1)

- DRI = 1.1-1.2 mg/d - Food sources: sunflower seeds, meat, baked potato

Riboflavin (vit B2)

- DRI = 1.1-1.3 mg/d - Food sources: liver, enriched cereals, milk

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

- DRI = 1.3 mg/d - Food sources: liver, chicken breast, baked potato, banana

Niacin (vit B3)

- DRI = 14-16 mg/d - Food sources: chicken breast, tuna, mushrooms, baked potato - High amounts used as drug from lowering blood lipids

Vitamin E

- DRI = 15 mg/d - UL = 1000 mg/g - Chemical name: tocopherol - Sources: vegetable oil, wheat germ, sunflower seeds, nuts

Vitamin D

- DRI = 15 ug/d (Adults); 20 ug/d (Seniors) - UL = 100 ug/d - Chemical name: cholecalciferol - Food sources: fortified milk, salmon, shrimp - Sunlight

Biotin

- DRI = 30 ug/d - Food sources: carrot, lettuce, tomatoes, nuts

Folate

- DRI = 400 ug/d - Food sources: liver, lentils, green leafy veggies, pinto beans - PLANT BASED

Pantothenic Acid

- DRI = 5 mg/d - Food sources: liver, meat, whole grain, legumes

Vitamin C

- DRI = 75-90 mg/d - UL = 2000 mg/d - Food sources: citrus, other fruits + veggies

Vitamin A (functions)

- Eyesight - Gene regulation - Skin and body linings - Immunity - Growth

Biotin Deficiency

- Not common - Occurs when too many raw egg whites are consumed - Symptoms: abnormal heart action, loss of appetite, nausea, depression, muscle pain, dry round eyes, nose, and mouth

Vitamin A

- RDA = 700-900 ug/d - UL = 3000 ug/d - Chemical forms: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, beta-carotene - Food sources: liver, fish oil, milk, veggies

Vitamin E Toxicity

- Rare - Interactions with anti-clotting medication may cause hemorrhage

Vitamin K Deficiency

- Rare, except in newborns - Could occur in adults on antibiotics

Vitamin K Toxicity

- Rare, possible with excessive supplementation - Symptoms: breakage of RBC leading to jaundice + anemia

Vitamin D (functions)

- Regulates Ca++ and P metabolism - Hormone + regulates function of several organs

Vitamin D Deficiency

- Rickets - Adolescence may not develop sufficient bone density - Osteomalacia (adult form of rickets)

Vitamin A Toxicity

- Symptoms: abdominal pain, hair loss, joint pain, stunted growth, bone + muscle soreness, cessation of menstruation, nausea, diarrhea, rashes, damage to liver, and enlargement of spleen - In pregnant women: Fetal malformations

Vitamin D from sunlight

- UV light converts cholesterol in skin to vitamin D precursor - Kidneys + liver finish converting to active vitamin D

Vitamin E Deficiency

- Very rare - Premature babies: erythrocyte hemolysis leading to anemia - Problems with fat absorption + no-fat diets

Fat-soluble Vitamins

- Vitamin A, D, E, K - Found in fats/oils of food - Stored in liver + fatty tissues - Require bile for absorption - Toxic in excess