Holes Human Anatomy & Physiology- CH.1

Distinguish between Anatomy and Physiology.

Anatomy- Deals with the structure (morphology) of the body parts. (Shapes/placements) Physiology- Deals with the function of the body parts. (What they do/how accomplished).

Differences between axial and appendicular portions of the body.

Axial Portion- consist of head, neck, and trunk Appendicular Portion- consists of arms and legs.

Explain the control of body temperature.

Control of the body temperature is maintained by a self-regulating control mechanism that can receive signals about changes away from the normal set points and cause reactions that return conditions to normal.

Age associated changes at molecular, cellular, tissue and organ levels.

Decreased collagen and elastin, diminished subcutaneous fat, changes in proportion of water to fat in tissues, increased fat, tissue atrophy, organ shrinkage. Cellular level are decreased number of cell division, abnormal cell division, inefficient transport of substances, and insufficient cell damage repair.

Identify the cavities within the axial portion of the body.

Dorsal cavity is located in back of the organism. subdivided into two parts- Cranial cavity within the skull housing brain and the Spinal Cavity containing the spinal cord. Ventral Cavity is the front part of the organism. Subdivided in two parts- Thoracic Cavity housing the lungs and heart and Abdominopelvic Cavity housing the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, urinary bladder, and the reproductive organs.

Explain the relationship between the form and function of body parts.

Function depends on how the part is constructed. Human hand has long fingers heping to grasp objects.

Physical changes associated with aging past the age of 30.

Gray hair, faint lines in facial skin, joint stiffness, increased probability of offspring with abnormal chromosome number. 40's or 50's - experience fading of hair color, wrinkled skin, hypertension, elevated glucose levels. 60's- grayer/whiter hair, deeper skin wrinkles, immunity to certain diseases

Describe homeostatic mechanisms that regulate blood pressure and blood glucose- common and differences?

Homeostasis is maintained by a self-regulating control mechanism that can receive signals about changes away from the normal set points and cause reactions that return conditions to normal.

Define homeostasis and explain its importance.

Homeostasis is the stable internal environment of an organism. If unstable the body will react in certain ways to regain its stable internal environment.

Describe physiological control system, including role of negative feedback.

Homeostatic mechanisms detect changes away from the normal state. Stimulates responses in opposite directions, called negative responses a process called negative feedback.

Describe the relationship between: molecules and cells, tissues and organs, organs and organ systems.

Matter is composed of atoms. Atoms join to form molecules which in large groups make up organelles. Structure and function of body is microscopic cell which contain organelles. Cells organize layers called tissues which grouped together form organs. Groups of organs make an organ system which makes an organism.

Describe the mediastinum and its contents.

Mediastinum is the region that separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments: left and right lungs.

Define Metabolism give examples.

Metabolism are chemical changes that occur within body parts. Conversion of food into energy, growth and repair of cells, decomposition of lipids.

List and describe the ten characteristics of life.

Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion

List the cavities of the head and its contents.

Oral Cavity- mouth area and contains teeth and tongue. Nasal Cavity- Within nose divided into right and left portion by nasal septum. Includes sphenoidal and frontal sinuses. Orbital Cavity- Eyes and skeletal muscles and nerves Middle Ear Cavity- Found inside ear contains the middle ear bones

Define Viscera

Organs found deep within a body cavity.

Distinguish between parietal and visceral membrane.

Parietal membrane refers to a membrane attached to the wall and forms the lining of the cavity. Visceral Membrane is deeper toward the interior and covers the internal organs contained within a cavity.

List and describe the five requirements of organism.

Water- most abundant substance in the body, required for metabolic processes. Metabolic processes transport substances within the body regulating temperature. Food- Provide body with necessary chemicals to sustain life. used in variety of ways by body Oxygen- One fifth of air, used in process of releasing energy from food substances. Heat- Form of energy, product of metabolic reactions. Pressure. Force applied to something. Atmospheric pressure for breathing. Hydro-static pressure for circulatory system.