Holocaust - Final

Kastner Trial

- 1954-1956... this story is complicated. Kaztner was part of an effort of smuggling Jews out of Budapest Ghetto and get them into Switzerland. Shortly after the trials he was assassinated. He was an Israeli counselor. 1. Kastner had come from Hungary and been a part of the administration of the Ghettos there. 1954: He was accused of deep corruption in Hungary in the 1940's/ He was accused of collaborating with the Nazi's. 2. Kastner had arranged to get some wealthy Jews out of Hungary and to Switzerland including his own family. Had made an enormous amount of money doing so. Government of Israel sued the people who made this accusation for libel. 3. No one was actually punished- Kastner had at least done wrong things and made money off the saving of wealthy Jews. His trial was extremely embarrassing for the Israeli government because Kastner was an elite in the government there.

Ulm Einsatzkommando Trial

- 1958 commander of killing squad and 10 members of this killing squad were but on trial in Ulm. This was the first time a German court put a real trial on. It deeply embarrassed the German government.1. 10 members of a commando were arrested and put onto trial in a German court for crimes committed in the German riche. 2. Convicted as accessories, but they were punished in a German court and sentenced. Konrad Adenauer created an office set out to prosecute Nazi crimes in Germany- still their today.

ZOB

- April 1943: 60,000 Jews were left in the Warsaw ghetto ZOB: began to plan an armed uprising. This uprising spread up the killing process for fear that there would be more uprisings. - Underground Jewish resistance group in 1943. It was clear that more deportations were coming and they would rather die fighting than go willingly. - Nazi's had to send in additional troops to help fight against the ZOB. This occurred in the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943. - "Operation Harvest Festival" is in part inspired by the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Showed how dangerous it was to leave behind people who had nothing to loose. - Sent the message that Jews would go down fighting if they could, but also caused the Nazi's to speed up the killing process.

*National Buchenwald Memorial

- Built 1953-58 by the east Germans. There was an assistance that communist come first1. Camp in the center of East Germany, built in 1953-58. Buchenwald was liberated by the Americans but this memorial does not depict them. It also does not show anything Jewish, they are saying this was a camp full of German communist. 2. Political monument and not a memorial to the Jews who suffered.

Operation Bernadotte

- Count Folke Bernaditte (1895-1948) the saving of about 20,000 prisoners. These 20,000 inmates were Bargaining chip for Germany and Himmler's own life.

*Hans Kammler

- He was given a lot of money to build underground Nazi weapons. The SS began to burrow underground. They made the V1 and V2 rockets and aircraft. 240,000 people were working for Hans Kammler. - The SS began using forced labor to dig out factories from the mountains. Deadly and huge mission that was also very ineffective, workers were given sub-par tools to dig. 2. 240,000 concentration camp Jews worked for Hans. There wasn't a lost of incentive for quality work from the Jews. The V1's and V2's had little to no effect on the war and required more effort that it was worth for these wonder weapons.

Beihilfe

- Lower criminal responsibility1. Accessory to a crime- did not author the idea but did follow through with the act. If you are charged as an accessory there was a statue of limitations and you could not be charged as an accessory forever, no charges after 1956. 2. Maybe you did the crime, but you did it under the authority of Hitler/Himmler/Heindrich. Makes the chain of authority extremely hard to prove. 3. These issues made it less desirable to prosecute Germans. Didn't do this because he didn't like Jews, he did it because he was ordered to do so.

Luxembourg Agreement

- Signing in 1952 (negotiations). These were German trained lawyers. They all had to speak English. (material German responsibility). Payments given to Jews from all over the world. The German government have paid 70 billion dollars to Jews that were affected during the Holocaust. 1. September 10th, 1952: Israeli's had all the sky for how this would go- What language will we negotiate this in? NOT German. All of them there were all from Austria or Germany, all were lawyers. Treaty was written in English and no German copy was to be made. 2. Negotiators were not supposed to talk to each other outside of negotiations. Series of agreements that would restore relations between Israel and Germany. Germany would pay 830 million dollars over 12 years, to the state of Israel to ease the cost of re-settling Holocaust survivors. 3. Nobody expected that communism would fall out and make room for more survivors to collect from Germany. People thought that he was being paid to forget the Holocaust- which he was not. 4. Menachem Begin created the government party that is still in power today in Israeli. the Luxembourg Agreements were the first time the Federal Republic of Germany made an appearance.

International Criminal Court

- To prosecute war crimes and genocide. This happened in 2002.1. Established to try war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. 132 members of the ICC and has issued 39 indictments since it started. Each indictment is against an African. Hight number is from Sudan and 6 is from the DR of Congo. 2. Said to be good at trying people if they are African. After 2001, Global War on Terror began. 2002: The American Service Member Protection Act. 3. "Use any means necessary," to recover any American citizen held by the court. America was supposed to invade the Netherland if they are arrested under the ICC.

Black September

- took the Israeli Olympic team hostage. This happened in Munich, 1972. East Germany funded these hostages.

Belsen 92

1. "Belsen 92 Horror of the New Holocaust." Holocaust was the standard reference to use when civilians were attacked. 2. 1945: The word Genocide did not exist. 1992: The Holocaust is a recognizable international idea. Knew their readers would know what Belsen was because the Holocaust was so wide spread. 3. Massacre at Srebrenica: Women were all raped and men were taken to a hit and shot with machine guns into a mass grave.

"We are told the American soldier does not know what he is fighting for..."

1. "Now at least he knows what he is fighting against." Dwight D. Eisenhower said this after liberating Buchenwald. 2. He says this 6 years into the war and 4 years into the American involvement in the war. Rude because this says that the United States didn't realize they were fighting the war to stop the Holocaust. Shows how discounted America was from the war.

*Schicksalsgemeinschaft

1. "We are all in this together, that fate of our community is the fate of us all." 2. Came to mean "we are all in this together, we are all going down on this ship." The average German family knew what was going on with the Jews in Europe. (Would often purchase furniture from fleeing Jews).

*Operation Bagration

1. ( largest battle in 1941) Crushing of Army group center- 9 million military personnel died. Occurred 3 weeks after the D-Day invasion, and was launched by the Soviets. 2. 90% of all German soldiers were killed by the Soviets- 11 million combat fatalities. 3. United States army lost 135,576 men in action- compared to Soviet losses you see the scope of the attacks.

Vel d'Hiv

1. 13,000 Jews were rounded up here and shipped East. 2. France was one of Germany's allies and inJuly 1942 assisted them in rounding up the Jews of Vel d'Hiv. (They wanted to make sure East European Jews were being deported and not French Jews). 3. Outcry over the deportation of the Jews, especially at policies that separated children from their families.

*Hell of Treblinka

1. 1945: Grossman tried to get this story published. - one of the first published essays about the pain of the holocaust2. Book depicted what a concentration/death camp was for the first time. Grossman was with the Soviets when they liberated Treblinka in 1944.

Yom Hashoah

1. 1951, the Israeli parliament established an Israeli Holocaust Remembrance Day. Not to have the word Holocaust in it. 2. Deeply controversial in Israel- there was already a religious Jewish day for remembering catastrophes in Jewish history. A day baed on the Warsaw ghetto uprising in 1943. No longer a story about lambs being lead to slaughter, it is a story of Jews fighting back. 3. Created to commemorate the will to live. Today in some Israeli towns Yom Hashoah is not celebrated. Day beings with victimization and ends with those who rose up in the ghettos and struck back.

Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial

1. 1963-1965: 20 defendants were tried for their crimes at Auschwitz. Mainly Senior staff members. Judges in this trial were very conservative, and most of the men on trial would be convicted of very minor crimes. 2. People who had killed without being asked too were punished harder than those who ran the gas chambers. Last of the BIG trials facing the Holocaust. Case went against those who had been a part of the Holocaust and had been living in broad day light.

USHMM

1. 1979: Inspired by watching Holocaust on television, Jimmy Carter created this. Created to be an American monument to the Holocaust. USHMM honor the experience of Jews who came to the US to seek refuge. 2. Jews were told no when they tried to enter the US, they also wanted to turn the Jewish story into a positive one, coming to the holden land (Americanization of the Holocaust). 3. Flags displayed of American divisions associated with liberating something during the Holocaust. The Holocaust had happened far to the East of these American units and by the time they liberated anything the majority of the Jews were already dead. 4. USHMM: way to clean, deportation train car is not a good representation of what it actually meant to be in one. No right way to memorialize the Holocaust.

Transnistria

1. A part of Romania with a large Jewish population, Jews were driven into Transnistria to die. 2. 300,000 Jews would be murdered in or around here. Romanian Jews said no to deporting their Jews to places in Poland because they saw a difference in Jews from the heartland of Romania and those on the borders. 3. Early 1942: If you were one of Hitler's allies you thought you would be getting something from their victory- By the end of 1942 you realized it was going to be a long war that Hitler may not win.

*Soviet Special Camp #2

1. After 1945 Buchenwald became a soviet prison camp. Held in inhumane conditions, the prison held 28,000 prisoners of which 7,000 died. Some were Nazi's others the Soviet army just did not like. 2. 58,000 concentration camp prisoners died, and 7,000 German Soviets had died. Poles are put into the ground to symbolize the bodies found. Wreaths laid to honor German victims and also those harmed by Germans.

Nazi Murder Mills

1. An AD shown before movies and depicted the death of T-4 camps, POW and other mass deaths like Buchenwald (doesn't mention the word Jew). Released the last week of April, 1945. 2. 20,000 people were left of the original 80,000 Buchenwald held. Vast majority of the people found at Buchenwald were not Jews, it was a part of a huge camp system that housed Jews, killing centers, and other people groups. 3. Not Anti-Semitist idea but there were no Jews left, they were all dead by then.

Aliyah Bet

1. Assentation B- Britain was in the way of Jews getting to Palestine, Jews of Europe who wanted to go to Palestine began to set up smuggling networks by land and sea (Plan B). Plan A was to go legally, that didn't work. 2. British couldn't control of stop the illegal immigration, and when the British did arrest them it made them look awful putting Jews into camps. Wanted to create national embarrassment for Britain.

*"Berline is free of Jews"

1. Berlin had the largest group of Jews still living in Germany. Come 1943 Joseph Gerble's announces that "Berlin is free of Jews."

Raphael Lemkin

1. Born in 1900, a Jew in Russian Poland. Highly educated in Law and History, fascinated by the Armenian mass killings. 2. Escaped and moved to the United States and published a book called "Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe." Clear that it was mass murder going on. 49 members of his family would die. 3. Developed a word to capture what was going on- GENOCIDE. Spent his life trying to prompt the need for a legal crime for what had been done in Europe by the Nazi's.

Ivan the Terrible

1. Born in post was Soviet Union. Drafted into the Soviet Army in 1941, trained and fought in the Red Army as it fell backwards against the Germans. Became a prisoner of the Germans. Recognized this was not a good place to be. Soviet POW's have no business living in German camps. 2. The Germans may have captured him, but it was Stalin who was the real enemy, maybe thought Ukraine could be an Ally for the Germans. Got out of the camp and went to a training facility for Ukrainian people to serve in Hitler's army. 3. After the war he found himself in a DP camp. Made the case that he was an anti-communist and would face persecution if he went back to the Soviet Union. 1952 he was given permission to emigrate to the United States. One of the forms asked if he worked for the Nazi regime- he said no. 4. Moved to Cleveland, worked for Ford. Became an American citizen in 1958. Was the model for a successful immigrant. In the late 1970's a Ukrainian Newspaper posted a list of those who collaborated with Hitler and his name was on it. 5. OSI did some digging and found evidence of Ivan going to work in death camps as a guard after the training camps. 6.The United States detained him and pointed out that in 1952 he said he had never worked for the Nazis.Prosecuted him for lying on his immigration application and was deported to Israeli not Soviet Ukraine because that was on the other side of the Iron curtain. 7. Only the second person to charge formally in Israeli for crimes against the Jewish people. Went on trial in the mid 1980s and was one of the last trials to have eye-witness accounts. Survivors talked about how he was known as "Ivan the Terrible." Had been a monster, tortured prisoners and run the gassing facility. Last chance for Treblinka survivors to give their stories. 8. Demjanjuk was sentenced to death, only the second person (Ichmen) to be sentenced to death. Appealed, and then the Soviet Union collapsed. Historians rushed into the Soviet archives- Became very clear that Demjanjuk was not the right man. 9. Ivan the Terrible was real but was a different Ukrainian man. There was an uproar in Israeli on what to do- he was guilt of something but he was not the man the eye witnesses had identified. Israeli supreme court threw out his case- "Ivan the Slightly Less Terrible." 10. Case built against him had fallen apart, and he had not been at Treblinka. Sent him back to the United States and gained citizenship again in 1988. Ivan the Slightly Less Terrible was now investigated for other crimes. Extradited to Germany and charged with 28,000 counts of accessory to Murder for his part at Sobabor. 11. German courts accepted eye-witness testimonies and would also read transcripts given decades before and use them as eye-witness accounts. Convicted and sentenced to 5 years in prison, appealed and lived under guard in a nursing home in German when he died in 2011. 12. He was investigated by authorities in three different countries for 40 years, lost his American citizenship twice, and was sentenced twice. When he died there was the idea that this was the last time there would be a Holocaust trial. OSI continues to seek out Nazi's in the United States.

*Westerbork

1. Camp where Jews could be held for deportation to the East. 2. 98,000 Jews would be deported from here to Auschwitz and others. (Well remembered because Anne Frank stopped here).

*Sophia Scholl

1. Caught dropping trifles by a college janitor. Given a speedy trial to enforce the racial law they "violated." 2. Judge Roland Freisler- sentenced them to death. 3. Sophia was 22 years-old when she was beheaded. In 1943 after the defeat of Stalingrad there was no mercy whatsoever.

Displaced Person- DP

1. Citizens of allied nations who had been made homeless by the war were considered DP. In 1945 there was 7 million registered displaced persons living in Germany. 2. Jews were a tiny minority of the 7 million displaced person- because the Jews of Europe had mostly been killed. 3. Many DP's just wanted to go home- so they did (this took care of a large amount of DP's). 6 million went home, leaving 1 million still in camps in Germany. Knowns as the "Hardcore" for still being in the DP camps, came from Eastern Europe and 90% were non-Jewish. 4. 40% of Polish DP had to serve jail time for aiding the Germans. Jews in the DP camps began to grow when Jews returned to retrieve their things.

Genocide Convention

1. December 9th, 1948: Approved by the League of Nations. Every time there is a case of Genocide there is a debate over its legality and how well it fits into the charter. 2. The intent had to be there, everyone doesn't have to die to be genocide. 3. Written describing the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the only genocide to actually want to kill off every Jew in the entire world. This is the largest difference between the Holocaust and other Genocides.

Gerald L.K. Smith

1. Early 1950s, a group of extreme conservative nationalist began to question the story of the Holocaust. Very prominent protestant preacher. Extreme Anti-Communist. "The Cross and the Flag," magazine. 2. Told everyone the Holocaust was a giant Jewish/Communist lie. 6 million Jews didn't die but were brought to the US by communist spies to offset democracy. 3. International conspiracy used to weaken NATO and the West against Communism. The United States was not free of Anti-Semitism and this idea caught on.

Ratlines

1. Elements in the Catholic church in Italy, Spain and other places who thought the Nazi's should be protected. Would then be smuggled down through Italy and taken to South America. 2. Hundreds of high ranking Nazi's escaped through this and would go to Argentina. Ichmen was one of these people. Not sure what Pope Pias the 12th knew about this organization. 3. Escape was fostered by elements within the Catholic church. Supported those who they thought were fighting communism. Went by Richardo Cament.

David Border

1. First man to being taking down the stories of those who survived the Holocaust. Brought along a wax cylinder machine to the DP camps and asked for people to tell him their stories. He could conduct interviews in 13 different languages. 2. The world was becoming aware of the awful events that European Jews had experienced. The Jews in DP camps held out a very long time hoping the Jews of Eastern Europe would join them, but they won't because they are dead. 3. Boder captured the first words and stories of the survivors of the Holocaust and set things into motion.

*Miklos Kallay

1. German Ally telling Hitler simply that they would not go along with the plan he had for Hungarian Jews. 2. Hungarian Jewish community would survive in the Summer of 1944- Hungary's Jewish community was then brought to Auschwitz for death. 3. Survived so long because the Hungarian government was unwilling to turn over their Jewish and the Nazi regime was not going to upset them.

*Arrow Cross

1. Germany invaded its own ally Hungary. FERENC SZÁLASI: Crazy ruler of Hungarian government, who was later hung.

Yad Vashem

1. Hall of Names, Had Vashem. Hebrew, Book of Isiah: a place and a name. In Jerusalem, built on mount Hersel (creator of Zionism). Permenant and living reminder that the Zionist project was based on the lack of a homeland for the Jews and it reminds them of the connect between Zionist vision and their current reality.

She'rith Hapletah

1. Hebrew term. The idea is "this is the last". The rebuilding of the Jewish community. This was going to be the cornel of post destruction in a Jewish community." - The surviving remnant." Hope that a small group of European Jewish life had survived and would one day rebuild. Jews knew they couldn't return to where they had come from, Jewish camp life in the years after 1945 assumed a weird feel. 3. Jewish DP communities began reopening Synagogues. Jewish camps had large amounts of babies- 50 babies for every 1,000 people were having babies in 1946. 4. Every baby born was considered a victory over Hitler. A way to literally rebuild Jewish life. Often aided in births were Nazi doctors who were POW's.

Dachau Trials

1. Held by American military courts at Dachau. Tried 16,076 war criminals, about 1/3rd were against those who mistreated American military personal. 1,050were charged with crimes that occurred in or around concentration camps. 2. No jurisdictions against German crimes, so they could only be tried for crimes against non-Germans. Doctors in the T-4 program could not be charged with killing Germans. 3. 1,400 convicted, 432 sentenced to death. These trials established a record of what happened during the Holocaust.

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

1. Iraq's President held "Review of the Holocaust: Global Revision," basically a conference based on the Denial of the Holocaust in 2005. 2. The center of Holocaust denial has moved from Europe to the Muslim middle-east. Europe's demographics have changed as well, creates a dynamic in school systems with an increased Muslim presence. 3. Debates on the Holocaust have become very heated in German schools.

Nürnberg Charter**

1. June 1945: The United States, Britain, France, The Soviet Union. Agreement amongst the four powers to prosecute leading members of the Nazi party. (Many of the largest offenders in the Nazi party were already dead). 2. What crime do you punish these people for? They had started a war and in war people die. The Soviets had shot Polish elites, is that considered a war crime? They might be signing a document that hurt them. 2. Agreed that only German officers/Nazi's with crimes that were not actual crimes. Crimes against peace and attempts to create aggressive war. Only the victors can punish the losers, on very shaky legal ground. 3. Jews are only mentioned in a small section, these trials were not about the Holocaust.

Amended Law on the Institute of National Remembrance

1. Makes it a crime to attribute blame to Poland for what happened during the Holocaust. Auschwitz, Treblinka, and all of these camps were not to be considered Polish death camps. 2. Law was made to criminalize assigning blame to Poland for the camps. Primary target of this language was polish and non-polish historians who asked what they did to stop the final solution. 3. Political coalition that wants to make sure Yedbabna was forgotten. Jews may have been victimized but so were Poles. Creates a deeply unsettled climate for Jews living in Poland.

*Bergen-Belsen

1. Mass mortality camp- July 1944 had 7,300 inmates. Less than a year later at liberation it had 60,000 inmates. 2. 50,000 died over the course of the camps life, one of the most famous being Anne Frank. 3. One of the only camps left in the system that was majority Jewish. 60,000 prisoners liberated here and slightly more than 50% were Jewish. This had been a place of evacuation of Jewish workers, turned mass mortality. 4. British encountered Bergen-Belsen and brought food to the prisoners, they ate it and then began dropping dead because there stomachs were not meant for that much food. Drafter 250 medical students from London to help figure out the best treatment. (14,000 of the 60,000 died after British arrival).

*Richard von Weizäcker

1. May 8th, 1985: 45th anniversary of the end of the war. "We did not surrender, we were liberated from Nazism, something we created." 2. Talked about the Holocaust and told Germans "you knew," called out Germans for turning a blind eye to the events of the Holocaust.

Nostra Aetate

1. Means "in our time" in Latin. One of the most important and controversial documents created by Vatican 2. Talked about their relationship with Judaism and Islam. 2. Said they didn't accept Anti-Semitism anymore and they needed to focus on what they have in common. Politically motivated. 3. Collective guilt for the killing of Christ- 1965 took back the claim that the Jews killed Christ. Reminder that there is no correct way for an institution to apologize for what went down in the second World War and the Holocaust.

Sonderbehandlung

1. Means "special treatment," most frequently used to describe Jews who were identified as being eligible to be killed. Used words like this to cover up what was actually going on. 2. This way on written documents it never actually says ready for the gas chambers, but that they are ready for special treatment.

Diary of Anne Frank

1. Middle class, German Jewish family, taking refuge in Amsterdam. Fled Germany, but not out of reach. Hitler invaded the Netherlands in 1940. 2. Anne Frank left behind a remarkable diary, containing the unedited thoughts of a teenage girl hiding from the Nazi's. 3. 1947: the Diary appears in Dutch for the first time, called "The Annex." It took 12 years to go from a manuscript to a national movie. Remarkable that in its early stages it brought public attention to what had happened in Europe.

Elie Wiesel

1. Orthodox Jew born in rural Romania. In 1944 he was deported from Hungary to Auschwitz, then to Buchenwald. 2. Lost his father at Buchenwald from disease and went on to reflect on the generation of camp survivors who would go on to shape the way we think about the Holocaust. 3. Survivors recall liberation differently than those soldiers who liberated them. Wiesel would later win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Persilscheine

1. Persil was a famous brand of German detergent. Detergent Certificate: Would clean you of all stains to your life and past. To prove you were not a Nazi you had to fill out a form stating what you were doing during the Holocaust. You also had to get letters of support to prove you weren't a Nazi. 2. Cartoon shows dirty lambs going into the detergent and coming out clean citizens and back into society. "Black becomes White: or, Mechanical Denazification." 3. Mangela: Denazification file says that this physical was a part of a group of natural science and worked with Jesus Christ (he ran awful tests on children and twins during the Holocaust).

Martin Niemöller

1. Protestant Lutheran pastor who spent 7 years in various concentration camps. Helped his message that he had been in camps and knew what happened. 2. He acknowledged that Anti-Semitism was a core value he was raised with. Best known for this quote "First they came for the socialist and I did not speak out because I was not one..." 3. Spent his life fighting against Anti-Semitism.

Institute for Historical Research

1. Received a large amount of Anti-Communist money. The Deniers knew that they were losing the battle so they shifted and decided they weren't pointing out something that didn't happen, but instead having a normal historical debate. 2. Founded by Anti-Semite's. Try to come across as reasonable and educated people who just want to engage in Historical dialogue and debate.

Banality of Evil

1. Revealed how ordinary the people behind the Holocaust were. Eichmann had been kidnapped and this was not legal anywhere, he was also charged with things like "crimes against the Jewish people" which didn't have any footing. 2. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil is a 1963 book by political theorist Hannah Arendt. Arendt, a Jew who fled Germany during Adolf Hitler's rise to power, reported on Adolf Eichmann's trial for The New Yorker. A revised and enlarged edition was published in 1964.2. He was convicted and set to be hung. This made the Holocaust for the first time a global event, people around the world became aware of what all the Holocaust had been and how awful it truly was. 3. This also helped authenticate the stories survivors of the Holocaust had been telling. May 31st, 1962: Eichmann was hung and his ashes were thrown in the ocean. This is the ONLY execution of the Israel state ever.

Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt

1. Said that German Protestants had failed to stand up against Hitler. Not a declaration of guilt for the Holocaust. They said they failed to stand up to Nazism when they had the chance. 2. Not something that Niemoller wanted to make, they were forced to by the World Council of Churches. Saw their faith being tied up with Nazis and would destroy Lutheran faith if it continued. 3. Shockingly vague and semi applauds the Lutherans. We didn't act Christian enough when confronted with Nazism. Doesn't talk about how they actually supported it. 4. Ignored that Nazism's core support was German Protestants/Lutherans. Doesn't mention the Holocaust once. Does not address the fact that German Protestants had not only accepted Nazism but supported it.

David Irving

1. Self taught Historian, Far-right. Early 1980s Holocaust denier. He sued an American Historian for calling him a Holocaust denier and used this to put the idea of the Holocaust on trial. 2. Lost the trial, Chris Browning was a major factor in proving Irving wrong. 2005 arrested in Austria for saying there was no gas chamber in Auschwitz. 3. Served a year in an Austrian jail for Holocaust denial.

Rosenstrasse

1. Several 100 Jewish men in intermixed marriages were called for deportation. Intermixed marriages made you exempt from some Jewish laws. 2. Happened in Berlin and their non-Jewish family protested outside of the police station. The German government thought that deporting these Jews in mixed marriages would hurt moral. Better for public moral, not to crack down. 3. Mixed marriages were a fascinating ordeal in the time of the Holocaust. Almost ALL of the Rosenstrasse Jews would survive the war.

*"No One Will Lift this Shame from Us"

1. Speech given by Theodore Heuss at Bergen-Belsen. First time a major Zionist figure and the German President had been in the same area together. No moral compensation could be paid by Germany to make up for what the Jews suffered through the Holocaust. 2. Part of being a patriot and belonging to this new German state, they had to face the good and the bad, while also accepting responsibility for what happened.

Kaufering

1. Sub-camp to Dachau (main camp) and only camp that was majority Jewish to be liberated by the United States. Didn't even have buildings, they made holes in the ground and covered them with wood and blankets. (Extremely cold during April in Germany and prisoners were basically living in the open with the elements). 2. Found a few thousand starving survivors left, the others had been marched towards the Alpes. ONLY camp in the AMERICAN zone that was mostly Jewish- very important.

Holocaust (The Show)

1. TV series the captivated the world in 1978. The word Holocaust begins to take off as a term in English language publications. Helped to introduce Americans and Europeans to the Holocaust. 2. Important in the US, but critical when it was broadcasted in Germany to Germans. Depicted the Holocaust as a family theme. 3. Jimmy Carter was a huge fan and credits this show for his idea to create the Holocaust council.

*Jean-Paul Akayesu

1. Taba Mayor- urged reconciliation between the two parties in Rwanda. Became a militant. 2. 1994 he was put on trial by the ICTR and was convicted. FIRST person on earth to be convicted of crimes of genocide. Took until 1994, and took so long to convict someone of this because of the Cold War.

Aktion 1005

1. Tasked with cleaning up the killing sites. Went to Aktion Reinhart sites and cleaned up the bodies and destroyed the gas chambers so that invaders would not see what was going on. 2. In 1943 the SS was aware that they needed to start covering up what was done in the East. Everyone involved in the Final Solution knew what they were doing was criminal and that if they lost they would be hung.

Warschauer Kniefall

1. The drop to his knees in Warsaw. Refers to Willy Brandt at the Warsaw memorial. He didn't say anything just stayed on his knees. He said "it is what one does when words fail." 2. Chancellor of West Germany falls to his knees in remorse and without words for Holocaust memorial in Warsaw. 3. Brandt's political skill allowed him to pull this off with remarkable grace. Helped improve the West German government with that of Europe.

Paul Merker

1. Tried to get the East German government to contribute money to the survivors. Would be considered a spy and do jail time for this. People did want East Germany to take responsibility for their actions in the Holocaust but they could not take on communist government. 2. Late 1960s: East German government provided training to Palestine guerrillas associated with the political left fighting against the Jewish state. - Fight Fascism

*DP Act of 1948

1. Truman created this. Allowed 200,000 DP's into the United States- not Jews former forced laborers. The United States was settling thousands of war criminals; eventually 80,000.

Harrison Report

1. Truman sent Harrison on an emergency fact finding trip and Harrison submitted a well written report. All of the Jewish DP camps were in American territory. - Earl Harrison wrote the Harrison Report: Jews were being put into camps with non-Jews just based off their origins. Awful and dangerous for the Jews being put in with those who tried to kill them. "We are treating the Jews just as the Nazi's treated them, except we do not exterminate them." 2. Truman knew what he was doing and the Harrison report gave Truman the cover to declare the Jews as a national group. In 1945 specific Jewish displacement camps were created in the United States controlled area of Germany. 3. The United States without questions played a critical role in saving and creating conditions in which Jewish life could start to rebuild. US pressured Britain into allowing Jews to immigrate to Palestine. (Very small amount).

KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau

1. Two decades after the war it was a refugee camp and then because it was public property became a Bavarian police training facility. 2. Opened to the public in 1965. One of the most important tourist sites (900,000 a year), on a train line outside Munich making it a cheap and easy stop. 2. Dachau was a prison camp, but not a death camp. Was for almost all of it history NOT a Jewish camp, until the end when Jews were pushed into the camp did it become a Jewish populated camp. 3. Very important place for religious prisoners to be sent. Was a place of Jewish suffering and death, but much of the memorial aspect of it are not Jewish. Going to Dachau does not mean you have seen the Holocaust. 4. Took 20 years to build the memorial because the city of Dachau was unhappy to be associated with massive amounts of death for the rest of their existence.

Jasenovas

1. Underground Fascist movement called the Ustasha killing squad ini 1942 at Jasenovas. 2. Launched a racial campaign against Serbs, Sinti and Roma, and Jews. 3. 80% of the Jews living in Croatian territory were killed. (Primary target was the Serbs living in Croatian territory). JASENOVAS- "Concentration/killing facilities." (Hitler's racial empire had room for Allies to have their own demographic revolution inside of his own demographic revolution.)

UNRRA

1. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency. Working to help rehabilitate those displaced by the war in Europe, this was a fairly new idea to help those affected by war. 2. When they got to Europe they discovered the problem was worst than they had imagined. Extremely under maned and under qualified. 3. Military of the Allied powers dwarfed that of the UNRRA personal. Had problems finding personal, didn't want to send American's who had ties to any of the European languages (dumb). 4. Those who were most qualifies were no longer allowed to go in fear of biases. 5. The United States was footing the bill for UNRRA and felt they should have more control of it than other nations. Created a legal category for the displaced people- DP.

Johannes Neuhäusler

1. Very Senior official in Catholic Church- Arch Bishop of Munich. Was in Dachau at the end of the war and even testified in trials. Wrote a book on his experiences with the war. 2. the Catholics said they were victims too and ignored other victims to make sure they were painted as victims. Became an outspoken symbol for lesser prison sentences. 3. 1950s was an era of little to no confronting of the Catholic churches role with Nazism.

The Deputy

1. Written by Rolf Hochhuth. An odd work of theater, difficult to follow, easy to get confused, produced badly. Tells the story of Kurt Gerstein, SS man who tried to tell anyone who would listen about what was going on in the death camps. 2. Portrayal of the Catholic church in The Deputy is unforgiving and harsh. The Pope looked cowardly when confronted with the Holocaust and what to do. Not a good moment for the Catholic church.

Palmnicken

Palmnicken/Yantarny, January 1945. 1. Idea that they would be put into boats and floated over the Baltic, when they arrived there were no boats. 2. Women were forced into the freezing water and machine gunned them to death, carried out by teenagers and had been ordered by their superior officer NOT to kill them. Palmnicken: Jan 26, 1945. Prisoners were marched out of a camp to be taken to Palmnicken/ Yantarny (amber industry). 7,000 women were marched along the road to Yantary. The SS men got into a fight about what to do with the prisoners. 3,000 had already died. The SS forced the women into the cold water and shot them in the water.