Holocaust midterm 1

Spanish Expulsion

1492 *expulsion from England, Spain, and Portugal *not expelled if converted to Christianity *temporary and partial expulsions from France and German cities *beginning of countries getting rid of jews

Benito Mussolini

1883-1945 facist leader in italy him and hitler had plans of expansion

Adolf Hitler

1889-1945 leader of the Nazi party helped create the holocaust

Herero genocide

1904-1907 Campaign of racial extermination and punishment of the Nama, Herero, and San people German colony in Africa

World War I

1914 caused by the killing of Franz Ferdinand (Austria) Britain, Italy, and Russia VS. Austria, Germany, Ottoman Empire united Germany/ created nationalism created resentment towards the treaty of versailles

October revolution/ russiann

1917 communism seemed like a viable and real alternative placed Bolsheviks in power

Revolution/ Bolshevik

1917 lenin against the provisional gov Although jews stayed silent, antisemites used this to say that jews were for communism

weimar republic

1918 first liberal gov in Germany weak gov, blamed for econ problems, made it easier for hitler to claim to take control/ used dictatorship

Treaty of Versailles

1919 peace treaty at the end of WWI blaming Germany for the war imposes heavy territorial loss and reparations Germany feels betrayed helps break down German morale= easier for any power to take control

Facism

1920s hyper nationalist party with the goal of national and social integration through a single party facist movements in spain and italy that inspired Hitler

Great Depression

1929-1939 worldwide depression due to stock market crash hitler promised to help prevent econ depression ends Weimar republic

Dachau concentration camp

1933 camp designated for political prisoners, criminal, communists, and gays first blueprint for mass concentration camps used in the holocaust

Aryan paragraph

1933 civic death of German jewry stated that germans of non-aryan blood had to retire left many jews unemployed

Reichstag fire/ "enabling act"

1933 parliament building is burned down; Hitler claims by communists result: enabling act which gave hitler the power to pass laws without parliament approval led to many laws and violence against jews increase

National socialist workers/ Nazi party

1933-1945 Totalitarian/ nationalist gov 26 point program instilled antisemitism and created holocaust

Nuremberg laws

1935 social death of German jewry prohibited marriages between germans and jews jews can't disply national flag members of press must prove they are from aryan blood from the 1800s

anschluss/ annexation of austria

1938 germany army crosses border into austria result: unification of Austria with germany rapid antisemitism and violence

Munich agreement 1938

1938 stopped war for a while but gave away czechoslovakia to Germany Munich mistake: didn't stand up against Germany when they could nazis took advantage of tension between czech and slovaks

November pogrom

1938 (Nov 9) Kristallnatch (night of broken glass); synagogues destroyed In Siegen and Berlin and jewish businesses led to jews realizing they were not wanted and emigration numbers increased dramatically jews lost a lot of insurance money because Nazis made sure they couldn't ask for insurance

Hitler-Stalin pact

1939 Pact between Nazi Germany and Soviet union despite nazis claiming to be against communism goal: to not have a 2 front war decided to divide poland ( Nazis- west and Soviet- east)

General government

1939 Polish territory where the Nazis wanted to transfer the jews and other undesired races

Euthanasia/ T4 program

1939 euthanasia started with mentally/ physically ill children and then it spread to adults 1. institutionalized for more than 5 yrs 2.mentally ill 3.criminals/ criminally insane 4. people w/o German citizen ship 5. patients w/o German related blood Created the blueprint for mass murder and gas chambers; concentration camps

Volksgemeinschaft / racial, national, folk community

1940s myth folk community national or racial community ideology by Nazi party

Aryan/ Aryanization

1940s term coined during nazism used to justify the alienation of jews and create a sense of community

April Boycott

April 1 1933 boycott of jewish businesses organized by Julius Streicher Start of deliberate acts against jews

French revolution

Created the emancipation of jews 1784 declaration of rights of man national assembly = individual rights

Ashkenazi

Eastern European Jew Expelled from Spain 1492

"I keep myself busy with politics, In school we talk nothing but politics...Two new students have arrived. Francine, who at first glance seems to be an ardent French nationalist, claims that it would not be such a bad idea if Hitler brought some order into the country and protected it from the dangers of Communism. Sabine is anti-fascist, as are Nicole and Jeannette. Simone is anti-Hitler but not anti-German. The most heated discussions are taking place almost uninterruptedly."

Elisabeth Kaufmann 1940 from "Diary of Elisabeth Kaufmann" paris

"i retorted that I would refuse to answer this question. If life were at one stage to torment me and tear me into two pieces, then I would naturally know with which of the halves the heart--which is, after all, symmetrically positioned--would side. i would also know that I would not be able to survive the operation."

Franz Rosenzweig 1923 response in a letter about his dual jewish and german identity says that he is both German and jew which cannot be separated and neither can be oppressed

"The charge that our forefathers immigrated here [to Germany] centuries or millennia ago is as fiendish as it is absurd. We are not immigrants; we are native born. And, since that is the case, we have no claim to a home someplace else. We are either German or we are homeless. ..."

Gabriel riesser 1831 Jew from hamburg advocating for Jewish emancipation argue that jews are not foreign and that they have been there for centuries. many of them consider themselves Germans

Yiddish

German Jew language

"... natural reaction of the Germanic national consciousness against an alien element which has usurped too much space in our life. ... Even in the best educated circles, among men who would reject with horror any thought of Christian fanaticism or national arrogance, we hear today the cry, as from one mouth, 'the Jews are our misfortune.'" "... our country is invaded year after year by multitudes of assiduous pant-selling youths from inexhaustible cradle Poland, whose children and grand-children are to be the future rulers of Germany's exchanges and Germany's press." "what we have to demand from our jewish fellow citizens is simple: that they become Germans, regard themselves simply and justly as Germans...we do not want an era of German-Jewish mixed culture to follow after thousands of years of German civilization."

Heinrich Von Treitschke 1880 "A words about our Jewry" Backlash against jewish emancipation caused by the french revolution wanting jews to assimilate to German culture sees them as foreign and invading immigrants

"france to the french, england to the english, america to the americans, and germany to the germans. we are resolved to prevent the settlement in our country of a strange people which was capable of snatching for itself all the leading positions in the land, and to oust it...above all, German culture, as its name shows, is German, not Jewish..Europe cannot settle down until the Jewish question is cleared up." "It is shameful to see how the whole word is oozing with sympathy for the poor tormented Jewish people, but remains hard-hearted and obdurate when it comes to helping them ... The arguments that are brought up as an excuse for not helping them actually speak for us Germans and Italians ... In accordance with their own declarations they cannot find a single reason to excuse themselves for refusing to receive this most valuable race in their own countries." "Today I will once more be a prophet: if the international jewish financers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be bloshevization of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race from Europe!"

Hitler 1939 The case against the jews jews should go back where they came from see jews as a threat european problems cannot be resolved until jews are gone called out the western countries by arguing that despite the western countries sympathizing with the jews they won't take many in; tauntinted western powers Hitler implied a threat towards the jewish nation claiming that if they don't leave Europe then they would have to be annihililated

"... I could no longer very well doubt that the objects of my study were not Germans of a special religion, but a people in themselves; for since I had begun to concern myself with this question and to take cognizance of the Jews, Vienna appeared to me in a different light than before. Wherever I went, I began to see Jews, and the more I saw, the more sharply they became distinguished in my eyes from the rest of humanity." "... in every mingling of Aryan blood with that of lower peoples the result was the end of the cultured people." (p. 286) "Blood mixture and the resultant drop in the racial level is the sole cause of the dying out of old cultures; for men do not perish as a result of lost wars, but by the loss of that force of resistance which is contained in pure blood." "The mightiest counterpart to the Aryan is represented by the Jew." "The Jew has always been a people with definite racial characteristics and never a religion ... the language of the Jew ... is not a means for expressing his thoughts, but a means for concealing them. When he speaks French, he thinks Jewish." "... the Jew ... was never a nomad, but only and always a parasite in the body of other peoples. ... His spreading is a typical phenomenon for all parasites; he always seeks a new feeding ground for his race. ... And the effect of his existence is also like that of spongers: wherever he appears, the host people dies out after a shorter or longer period." "The Jew ... makes himself the spokesman of a new era. ... he tries to tear down the racial and civil barriers ... His ultimate goal in this stage is the victory of 'democracy' ..." ( "... while on the one hand he organizes capitalistic methods of human exploitation to their ultimate consequence, he approaches the very victims of his spirit and his activity and in a short time becomes the leader of their struggle against himself. ... He establishes the Marxist doctrine." Now begins the great last revolution. ... The democratic people's Jew becomes the blood-Jew and tyrant over peoples. ... The most frightful example of this kind is offered by Russia, where he killed or starved about thirty million people with positively fanatical savagery ..."

Hitler Mein kampf Hitler talked about how in Vienna he realized that the jews were inherently differently from germans talks about marriages between aryans and jews and how once they are together or hahve a child then the child is no longer of pure aryan blood he talk about how jews are physically different from aryans and how all jews are the same; emphasizes idea that the differences had nothiing to do with religion but with race Hitler describes the jew as a parasite that goes around from country to country to just live off the host race/country and that after the host country dies out

Jewish emancipation

Jews were free as individuals but not as a group political emancipation 1789

"Here in these quarters you could imagine what decadent debauchery this most famous French king was engaged in with that Pompadour woman. This is the air that France still breathes today. ... in the areas of cleanliness and morality, the French people have skidded to a new low." "its' grandiose city with its wonderful boulevards... Life itself in Paris Is back to normal. I must say, though, the most terrible sights are the Negroes who walk arm-in-arm with white French women.."

Karl Fuchs 1940 german soldier that occupied france wrote in a letter his impressions from his visit to the palace of versailles and paris

Heinrich Von Treitschke

Laid foundation for antisemitism 1880 claims its not religious prejudice says jews are foreign immigrants wants jews to assimilate

Martin Luther

Leader of reformation 1543 hero of protestant restoration antisemite

"... after some months of a regime of terror, fidelity and friendship had lost their meaning, and fear and treachery had replaced them. ... With each day of the Nazi regime, the abyss between us and our fellow citizens grew larger. Friends whom we had loved for years did not know us anymore. They suddenly saw that we were different from themselves. Of course we were different, since we were bearing the stigma of Nazi hatred, since we were hunted like deer."

Marta Appel jew 1935 explained how the regime led to a bigger gap between germans and jews despite past friendships. People that they trusted started believing the regime and turning their back on german jews

"Their synagogues should be set on fire, and whatever does not burn up should be covered or spread over with dirt ... in order that God may see that we are Christians, and that we have not wittingly tolerated or approved of such public lying, cursing, and blaspheming of his Son and his Christians."

Martin Luther 1543 antisemite European Jewish expulsion

nationalism/ nation state

Nazi focus felt left out from colonialism focus after WWI civic and ethnic nationalism

"With the fall of outer political might, i.e. with the lost significance of the [medieval German 'Holy Roman Empire', abolished in 1806], there begins on the contrary the real development of genuine German essence." "... this invasion of the German nature by an utterly alien element [the Jews] ... obliges us to become quite clear as to what we have to understand by the 'German' nature which it exploits."

Richard wagner 1865-1878 talks about the new Germany focuses on unity of the nation state focuses on jews being foreign feels like they invaded germany

"It turned out that the Isakowitzes are more orthodox than we had known ... his head covered, he read from theTorah, a hat was put on my head too,candled burned. I found it quite painful. Where do I belong? To the 'Jewish nation' decrees Hitler. And I feel the Jewish nation recognized by Isakowitz is a comedy and am nothing but a German or German European. "How nice that it's just us now!..." "...even if the government should change one day: my inner sense of belonging is gone." "I have no confidence in my heart, I do not believe that I have much time left to me, I do not believe that I shall live to see the end of the Third Reich." "... The majority of the people is content, a small group accepts Hitler as the lesser evil, no one really wants to be rid of him, all see in him the liberator in foreign affairs, fear Russian conditions ... [They] believe, insofar as they are not honestly carried away, that it is inopportune ... to be outraged at such details as the suppression of civil liberties, the persecution of the Jews, the falsification of all scholarly truths, the systematic destruction of all morality.

Victor Klemperer 1933-1938 kept a diary He visited one his jewish friends house and saw that they were more orthodox. although he did not feel identified as a jew the regime he was ; he felt like a german not a jew

"... the Jewish nation ... fought against the western world for 1800 years, and finally conquered and subjugated it. ... German culture has proved itself ineffective and powerless against this foreign power." "dear reader, while you are allowing the German to be skinned alive I bow my head in admiration and amazement before this Semitic people, which has us under its heel." "We have among us a flexible, tenacious, intelligent, foreign tribe .... Not individual Jews, but the Jewish spirit and Jewish consciousness have overpowered the world."

WIlhem Marr (1879) journalist coined phrase "antisemitism" The victory of jewry over Germandom (1879) Says jews are too powerful and Germans are too lenient with them all jews are the same the jewish nation as a whole is an issue that must be dissolved emphasizes that jews are foreign sees them as a danger to the survival of Germans

Armenian genocide

WWI Ottoman 1915 Ottoman massacres and deportation Preface to the holocaust

"I'm beginning to comprehend, I think, some of the reasons for Hitler's astounding success. Borrowing a chapter from the Roman church, he is restoring the pageantry and color and mysticism to the drab lives of twentiethcentury Germans. This morning's opening meeting ... was more than a gorgeous show; it also had something of the mysticism and religious fervor of an Easter or Christmas mass in a great Gothic cathedral. The hall was a sea of brightly colored flags. Even Hitler's arrival was made dramatic. The band stopped playing. There was a hush over the thirty thousand people packed in the hall. Then the band struck up the Badenweiler Marsch, a very catchy tune."

William Shirer 1934 Nuremberg american journalist living in europe describing a meeting of the nazi party in nuremberg

chemerical assertions

an accusation that is based entirely on fantasy

"The members of an ethnic group typically share a sense of commonality based on a myth of common origins ..., a common language, and common customs. ... outsiders are usually able to assimilate into the ethnic group by marriage and acculturation." "Ethnic groups develop into nations when they become politicized and strive to create ... a political order—the nation state—whose institutions are seen to conform in some way to their ethnic identity, and whose boundaries are, ideally, contiguous with the group's territoriality."

eric weitz 1940s

Which is the German's fatherland? Is't Prussia's or Swabia's land? Is't where the Rhine's rich vintage streams? Or where the Northern sea gull screams? Ah, no, no, no! His fatherland's not bounded so! ... His fatherland's not bounded so! Which is the German's fatherland? Come, tell me now the famous land. Doubtless, it is the Austrian state, In honors and in triumphs great. Ah, no, no, no! His fatherland's not bounded so! Which is the German's fatherland? So tell me now at last the land! As far's the German accent rings And hymns to God in heaven sings, That is the land, There, brother, is thy fatherland! ... That is the German's fatherland, Where wrath pursues the foreign band, Where every Frank is held a foe, And Germans all as brothers glow; That is the Land, All Germany's thy fatherland!

ernst moritz Arndt 1813 poem about german nationalism antisematic comments "every frank is held a foe" "as far's the german accent rings"

stab in the back

felt like the world powers betrayed them at the treaty of versailles 1918 led to the weimar republic

xenophobic assertions

having or showing a dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries.

Wilhelm Marr

journalist 1879 The victory of jewry over germandom coined phrase "antisemitism" emphasizes they're foreign sees them as a danger to the survival of Germans

German-Jewish refugees

many of them flew to surrounding countries quotas were applied after "reich flight tax" tax on jews for leaving the country; made it harder for jews to leave but nazis wanted them to leave visas start being required in switzerland august 1942 switzerland said that people who fled on racial grounds can't be political refugees

Vichy

oct 3 1940 "jewish statue" excluded jews from public functions and media defined jews in racial terms aryanization of jewish owned busniesses division between native and foreign born jews in france

antisemitism

prejudice against jews fueled by modernization Tumeric and xenophobic

Establishment of German nation

race and space WWI

Sho'ah

referred to the holocaust 1940s means disaster in Hebrew

Ritual murder accusation (blood libel)

the rumor that Jews sacrificed Christian children for religious rituals

German occupation West v East

west: nazi occupation of france was protested and 100 french soldiers were killed for every 1 german east: no protests and complete acceptance of reprisals against jews