Homework 2
- overeating at mealtimes - drinking coffee - eating meals high in fat
Dietary and lifestyle habits that may contribute to symptoms of GERD
- elevate the head of the bed by 6 inches - eat small, low fat meals
How to cope with symptoms of GERD
- niacin - folic acid - Thiamin - Iron
In the United States and Canada, wheat flour is enriched with which nutrients?
hypothesis
a scientist observes a natural phenomenon and develops a tentative explanation
Theory
an explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it
Enzymes
catalyzes reactions that digest nutrients into small components for absorption
In the stomach, food becomes a watery mixture that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called _______.
chyme
Hydrochloric acid
destroys pathogens, solubilizes minerals, and activates enzymes
Bile aids digestion by emulsifying ______ in the watery mixture of chyme
fat
A term that refers to the stomach is _______.
gastric
Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)
health professional has completed rigorous classroom and clinical training in nutrition and participates in continuing education
monosaccharides: apples, honey disaccharides: yogurt, milk oligosaccharides: wheat, onions polyols: sugar-free candies, peaches
indicate whether the following foods are sources of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polyols.
The stomach produces an important substance called ___________, which is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.
intrinsic factor
Catabolic
large, complex compounds are broken down into smaller, less complex compounds
- cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
levels of organization (smallest to largest)
After water-soluble nutrients are absorbed in the intestine, they travel through the hepatic portal vein to the _________.
liver
Mucus
lubricates and protects the organs of the digestive tract
Bicarbonate
neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches the small intestine; moves from the stomach to the small intestine
Bile
produced in the liver; helps fat digestion by suspending fat in water in the small intestine
Pancreas
produces glucagon and insulin, two hormones that regulate glucose levels
At the base of the stomach is the ____________, which controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.
pyloric sphincter
For example, if a scientist suspects caffeine intake affects behavioral changes in children, he may choose to conduct a(n) ________________________ where he randomly assigns children in the study to either a regular, normal-caffeine level diet or a high-caffeine diet group and then studies behavior without knowing which group received which diet.
randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled
Step 1: make an observation and ask questions about a scientific phenomenon Step 2: generate a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon Step 3: conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis Step 4: publish the research results; peers evaluate the research Step 5: conduct follow-up experiments Step 6: accept or reject the hypothesis as a theory
scientific method steps
For a person with celiac disease, exposure to dietary gluten results in damage to the ________.
small intestine
Anabolic
small, simple compounds combine to form larger, more complex compounds
Gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile
Control group
the group of participants in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study who are in a corresponding group that follows their normal habits
Experimental group
the group of participants in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study who follow a specific protocol (e.g., ingesting caffeine-containing foods or beverages)
Epidemiology
the study of disease rates that vary among different population groups
Respiratory system
this system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the atmosphere and regulates acid-base balance
Immune system
this system provides defense against foreign invaders and is responsible for the formation of white blood cells
Endocrine system
this system regulates metabolism through the action of hormones
cardiovascular system
this system regulates temperature and transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
Lymphatic system
this system removes foreign substances, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and aids in fat absorption