Homework 2

- overeating at mealtimes - drinking coffee - eating meals high in fat

Dietary and lifestyle habits that may contribute to symptoms of GERD

- elevate the head of the bed by 6 inches - eat small, low fat meals

How to cope with symptoms of GERD

- niacin - folic acid - Thiamin - Iron

In the United States and Canada, wheat flour is enriched with which nutrients?

hypothesis

a scientist observes a natural phenomenon and develops a tentative explanation

Theory

an explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it

Enzymes

catalyzes reactions that digest nutrients into small components for absorption

In the stomach, food becomes a watery mixture that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called _______.

chyme

Hydrochloric acid

destroys pathogens, solubilizes minerals, and activates enzymes

Bile aids digestion by emulsifying ______ in the watery mixture of chyme

fat

A term that refers to the stomach is _______.

gastric

Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)

health professional has completed rigorous classroom and clinical training in nutrition and participates in continuing education

monosaccharides: apples, honey disaccharides: yogurt, milk oligosaccharides: wheat, onions polyols: sugar-free candies, peaches

indicate whether the following foods are sources of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polyols.

The stomach produces an important substance called ___________, which is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.

intrinsic factor

Catabolic

large, complex compounds are broken down into smaller, less complex compounds

- cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

levels of organization (smallest to largest)

After water-soluble nutrients are absorbed in the intestine, they travel through the hepatic portal vein to the _________.

liver

Mucus

lubricates and protects the organs of the digestive tract

Bicarbonate

neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches the small intestine; moves from the stomach to the small intestine

Bile

produced in the liver; helps fat digestion by suspending fat in water in the small intestine

Pancreas

produces glucagon and insulin, two hormones that regulate glucose levels

At the base of the stomach is the ____________, which controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

pyloric sphincter

For example, if a scientist suspects caffeine intake affects behavioral changes in children, he may choose to conduct a(n) ________________________ where he randomly assigns children in the study to either a regular, normal-caffeine level diet or a high-caffeine diet group and then studies behavior without knowing which group received which diet.

randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled

Step 1: make an observation and ask questions about a scientific phenomenon Step 2: generate a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon Step 3: conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis Step 4: publish the research results; peers evaluate the research Step 5: conduct follow-up experiments Step 6: accept or reject the hypothesis as a theory

scientific method steps

For a person with celiac disease, exposure to dietary gluten results in damage to the ________.

small intestine

Anabolic

small, simple compounds combine to form larger, more complex compounds

Gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile

Control group

the group of participants in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study who are in a corresponding group that follows their normal habits

Experimental group

the group of participants in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study who follow a specific protocol (e.g., ingesting caffeine-containing foods or beverages)

Epidemiology

the study of disease rates that vary among different population groups

Respiratory system

this system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the atmosphere and regulates acid-base balance

Immune system

this system provides defense against foreign invaders and is responsible for the formation of white blood cells

Endocrine system

this system regulates metabolism through the action of hormones

cardiovascular system

this system regulates temperature and transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body

Lymphatic system

this system removes foreign substances, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and aids in fat absorption