Homework Chapters 4-5
Chloroplast; granum
Granum is a constituent part of chloroplast.
Nucleolus; nucleus
Nucleolus is a constituent part of nucleus.
Assume that you incubate a solution containing 0.15 MM glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)(G6P) overnight at 25∘C∘C with the enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase that catalyzes reaction:glucoseglucose-66-phosphate⇌fructosephosphate⇌fructose-66-phosphatephosphateHow many millimoles of fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)(F6P) will you recover from 10 mL of the incubation mixture the next morning, assuming you have an appropriate chromatographic procedure to separate F6PF6P from G6PG6P? *The equilibrium constant Keq for this reaction at 25∘C is 0.5
0.50 mmol
What answer would you get for part A if you had started with a solution containing 0.15 MF6PMF6P instead?
0.50 mmol
Which of these structures stores, modifies, and packages products?
A
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ribosomes that sets them apart from cellular organelles?
A) Ribosomes are much smaller than even the smallest organelles. B) Ribosomes can be reconstituted and made functional from their component parts in vitro, whereas cellular organelles have not been successfully reconstituted in vitro. C) Ribosomes contain a mixture of biological macromolecules. D) Ribosomes are not membrane-bound structures. The correct answer is C.
From the equation ΔG = ΔH − TΔS, it can be concluded that __________.
A) increasing the change in entropy of a system will increase the probability of spontaneous change B) the capacity of a system to perform useful work is related to the total free energy of the system C) increasing the temperature of a system will increase the probability of spontaneous change D) all of the other answer choices are true The correct answer is D
What do you conclude about the effect of montmorillonite on liposome formation?
Adding montmorillonite increases the rate of vesicle formation. It does so in a nonlinear way, which is evidence of a "catalytic" effect of liposome formation for both fatty acids.
Choose the letter that indicates the organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA.
C
The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.
C
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
Cell wall
Cell wall; extracellular matrix
Cell wall and extracellular matrix are separate structures with no particular relationship to each other.
In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
Cellular respiration
Mitochondrion; crista
Crista is a constituent part of mitochondrion.
Cytoplasm; cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton is a constituent part of cytoplasm.
The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.
D
Which of these provides the cell with structural support?
D
Which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?
E
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
Fimbriae
Golgi complex; nucleus
Golgi complex and nucleus are separate structures with no particular relationship to each other.
Prove that the equilibrium constant K′ADKAD′ for the overall conversion of AA to DD is the product of the three component equilibrium constants: K′AD= K′ABK′BCK′CD
K′AD = [D]/[A] =[D][B][C]/[A][B][C]=[B][C][D]/[A][B][C]= K′ABK′BCK′CD
Lipid bilayer; plasma membrane
Lipid bilayer is a constituent part of plasma membrane.
Would you be able to answer the question in part A if you had used 15∘C as your incubation temperature instead of 25∘C? Why or why not?
No, not without knowing the effect of temperature on the Keq value.
Peroxisome; thylakoid
Peroxisome and thylakoid are separate structures with no particular relationship to each other.
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
Plasma membrane
Smooth ER; ribosome
Smooth ER and ribosome are separate structures with no particular relationship to each other.
If ΔH = -50.0 kJ and ΔS = -0.300 kJ/K , the reaction is spontaneous below a certain temperature. Calculate that temperature.
T = 167K
What answer would you expect for part A if you had started with a solution containing 0.15 MG6PMG6P but forgot to add phosphoglucoisomerase to the incubation mixture?
The F6P concentration after the incubation would be negligible.
What is the most likely mechanism of cell death if a culture of cells is exposed to a toxin that compromises the form and function of the nucleolus?
The cells will likely die due to a decline in protein synthesis.
Which fatty acid is more sensitive to the addition of montmorillonite, and why?
The clay has a stronger effect on palmitoleate at early time points, although by 60
Many biochemical reactions that occur in the cell are nonspontaneous when measured at the biochemical standard state, but are spontaneous inside of the cell. What is the most likely explanation for this difference in spontaneity for the same reaction measured under different conditions?
The concentrations of reactants and products inside the cell favor the products.
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
a space station orbiting Earth
_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.
basal bodies
The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.
chromatin
"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____.
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
Cells maintain themselves in a steady state, with most of their reactions __________. Cells accomplish this by __________.
far from thermodynamic equilibrium; having a continuous input of matter and energy from their surroundings
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?
heat, carbon dioxide, and water
Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?
microtubules
Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?
mitochondria
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?
nucleoid region -Bacteria lack a nucleus; their DNA is found in the nucleoid region.
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.
nucleolus
Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?
peroxisome
The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.
plasma membrane
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
potential
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?
protection
_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.
ribosomes
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
ribosomes -Ribosomes are involved in the manufacture of polypeptides (proteins).
Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins andphospholipids to its own membrane?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Where is calcium stored?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What can be said about an exothermic reaction with a negative entropy change?
spontaneous at low temperatures.
What can be said about an endothermic reaction with a negative entropy change?
spontaneous in the reverse direction at all temperatures.
The ΔG for the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is −686 kcal/mol. The ΔG for the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water is +686 kcal/mol. This is proof of __________.
the first law of thermodynamics
Prove that the ΔG′ΔG′ values are similarly additive.
ΔG′= ΔG∘′AD+RTlnK′AD = G∘′AD + RTln[B][C][D][A][B][C] = ΔG∘′AB+ΔG∘′BC + ΔG∘′CD +RTln[B][A] + RTln[C][B] + RTln[D][C] = ΔG′AB + ΔG′BC + ΔG′CD
Prove that the ΔG∘′ for the overall conversion of A to D is the sum of the three component ΔG∘′ values: ΔG∘′AD=ΔG∘′AB+ΔG∘′BC+ΔG∘′CD
ΔG∘′AD= −RTlnK′AD = −RTln[K′ABK′BCK′CD] = −RTlnK′AB −RTlnK′BC −RTlnK′CD = ΔG∘′AB+ΔG∘′BC+ΔG∘′CDΔG∘AD′= −RTlnKAD′ = −RTln[KAB′KBC′KCD′] = −RTlnKAB′−RTlnKBC′−RTlnKCD′ = ΔG∘AB′+ΔG∘BC′+ΔG∘CD′
The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate has a K′eq of 0.5. Based on that information, which of the following sets of changes in the terms of the Gibbs equation is correct?
ΔH°′ positive ΔS°′ negative ΔG°′ positive
