Honors American History 2 Midterm Review: Units 1-5

Initiative

An initiative is where the citizens create their own proposals to be placed on ballot during the Progressive Era. As American Politics became more democratic in the 19th/20th centuries, this became an increasingly common tool used by citizens to exercise their political voice. Essentially this gave the people the right to propose a new law.

Alfred T. Mahan

Influence of Sea Power Upon History was written by Alfred T Mahan, which argued that the US needed to build a large, modern navy in order to establish itself as a world power and protect the new markets.

Thomas Nast

Nast was a political cartoonist that took down Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine of William M. Tweed in New York City in the 1870s. Nast published his pictures in Harper's Weekly and the public began to understand what types of illegal activities Tweed and Tammany Hall were getting away with.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Worked to secure anti-lynching legislation.

Civil Rights Organizations

National Urban League and NAACP

mexican revolutionary known for attacking the us

Pancho Villa

Why did we join the Allied Powers and not the Central Powers once we entered the war?

Propaganda and history between the US and the Allies. Trade and diplomatic relations shifted throughout the war.

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

Hoover's Idea

Rugged individualism.

De Jure Segregation

Segregation found mostly in the south that is enforced by the law, like Jim Crow Laws. Plessy v. Ferguson is under this category.

What was the purpose of Helen Hunt Jackson's book, A Century of Dishonor?

This book is commonly described as an "Exposé" because its most direct purpose was to expose and educate the people on what was really happening to the Native populations with an unbiased view. It was not tainted by the greed of America's government nor the stigma against them because of their foreign language, culture, and religion. It was meant to show an empathetic, exposing view as to the crimes of America and other powerful forces on the lives of the Natives.

Gentleman's Agreement

an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations as a result of Wilson's efforts in Paris's treaty of versailles.

Hawley Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Bobby Jones

famous golfer of the 1920s; popularized the sport and became a classic American hero

Seward's Folly

many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.

must have items examples

radios, iphones, televisions, cars, things to make life easier, popular things to own

was responsible for establishing millions of acres of national parks and wildlife reserves

t roosevelt

Espionage & Sedition Acts

two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI

How did the Roosevelt Corollary expand on the ideas of the Monroe Doctrine?

Since 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was a US policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas. The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902/1903. It stated that the Us would act as a police power in the Western Hemisphere, giving a specific policy just to justify Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

Sharecropping

Since southern democrats regained the control of state legislatures in 1877, most land is returned to wealthy plantation owners. Former slaves and poor whites were left with two options, one of them being sharecropping. This is where a plantation owner provided land and supplies and the sharecropper got a small share of the profit (usually 1/3). It was rarely enough to leave the plantation and it tied workers to land that they didn't own.

Tenant Farming

Since southern democrats regained the control of state legislatures in 1877, most land is returned to wealthy plantation owners. Former slaves and poor whites were left with two options, one of them being tenant farming. This is where the owner rents land to a farmer, who then receives a share of profit. Again, this was rarely enough to pay the rent and tied the workers to land that they did not own.

Sod houses

Since there weren't many trees around in the great plains and west, there was a great population of sod houses built by the Homesteaders. They used bricks, dirt, and grass to create their shelters.

responsible for the pure food and drug act

Sinclair and Roosevelt

Josiah Strong

Strong was a Christian minister, missionary, and a strong supporter of Anglo-Saxon Superiority.

Farmers' Alliance

The Farmer's Alliance was a white farmer's union that tried to establish a common price floor. It failed because farmers would get scared and sell their crops for whatever price they could get.

Black Farmers' Alliance

The Farmer's Alliance was an African American farmers union that tried to establish a common price floor. It failed because farmers would get scared and sell their crops for whatever price they could get.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

The Industrial Workers of the World union based their platform on socialism, where the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. They were popular due to the extreme disparity of wealth and unchecked power of many industrialists, like Rockefeller, Morgan, etc. They were known for using violence if necessary to achieve its goals. It was led by Eugene Debs, Mother Jobs, and "Big Bill" Haywood in 1905 Chicago.

Hoover lost a massive amount of support, seen as "uncaring, do

nothing president" FDR won an overwhelming majority, promising a "new deal" for the American people. Inaugurated March 4th, 1933. The 20th amendment ratified to change the presidential inauguration date to January 20th.

Sherman Antistrust Act

prohibits monopolies in commerce, not well enforced and ultimately unsuccessful

Cultural causes of imperialism

"Anglo Saxon Superiority" The US began to use racist ideals to justify their way of "civilizing" other races. People like Josiah Strong and Rudyard Kipling were essential to this.

Kellogg Briand Pact (1928)

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

What was the main idea of President Wilson's 14 Points?

"Peace without victory" - Wilson wanted to establish a lasting peace by not harshly punishing the Central Powers, and creating an international, peacekeeping organization.

Unequal Distribution of Wealth

"Rich got richer and the poor got poorer" During the 20s, the poor (97% of the population), controlled less than 10% of the nation's wealth. The wealthiest 3% of the population controlled over 90% of the nation's wealth. This meant that there was less money available to workingclass Americans. When the depression starts, it hits the working class Americans harder because they have less money.

The Gilded Age

"The Gilded Age" was a term coined by Mark twain as a nickname for the period where industrialists and other companies were able to rise high above the wage gap. Twain created this term in reference to the impact of industrialization and urbanization on the living conditions and the wealth gap. The wealthy, while the poor suffered, were covered in a thin layer of gold.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Payne Aldrich Tariff -

(1909) Under the Taft Administration, there were two main events that divided the Republican party. The first is the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. Taft stated that it would save Americans a lot of money to raise certain tariffs on goods entering the united states, but the bill fails and he loses the public's support.

BallingerPinchot Affair

(1912) The second Republican-dividing event of the Taft Administration is the Ballinger-Pinchot Affair. Roosevelt had appointed Gifford Pinchot in his passion to preserve America's natural reserves and forests as the head of the US Forest Service. However, Pinchot accused Richard Ballinger (Taft's secretary of the Interior) of corruption. Taft fired Pinchot because he felt that he was being indirectly accused of being corrupt. However, since this was Roosevelt's man, the actions between the two administrations did not work as cohesively as everyone expected. The party is now split in between Taft, the conservative group, and Roosevelt, the progressive group.

14 Points

(1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

(FDI) A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank. Insured bank accounts up to 5000 dollars, preventing them from being wiped out if the bank closed, also prevented banks from investing people's deposits, reform.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Pure Food and Drug Act & Meat Inspection Act

-Halted the sale of contaminated food and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling. -established strict cleanliness requirements for meat-packers and created a federal meat-inspection program.

Battle of the Somme effect on US public opinion

1916 - One of the bloodiest battles of WWI. This was the first main offensive for the British as they aided the French in the war. By the end of the campaign, more than 1.5 million lives were lost. Trench warfare was a big part of this battle and there was a long stalemate. The dramatically large death toll (over 1.1 million casualties in 4 months) associated with this event horrified the American public and strengthened the isolationist mentality of the US.

The Great Sioux Wars (1876

1877) - The Great Sioux Wards lasted until President Hayes was elected in 1877. There was gold discovered in the Black Hills of the Dakotas and the American Government wanted it. They wanted the land in their control so they could create a raised market and boost the upset economy. The leaders of the Wars on the Native side included Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. These wars included the Battle of Little Bighorn and cost the Natives thousands of their population. Eventually, the wars ended as the Natives had to surrender and were forced onto reservations. For a more entertaining explanation, go watch "Dances with Wolves". It's like three hours long, but you will cry.

Wabash v. Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Jose Marti (1853

1895) - The imperialism didn't stop at the Philippines. There was also a war against Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Marti was a Cuban rebel leader who became a symbol of Cuban resistance against Spain after his death in 1895. "Cuba Libre" was the name for the independence movement created by Marti. It became a rallying cry for Cuban and American troops.

William McKinley (1897

1901) - President of the US during the wars against Spain in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. He was the 25th president and was most known for acquiring a global empire through American imperialism.

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

Pancho Villa Raids effect on US public opinion

1916 - Angered over American support of his rivals for the control of Mexico, Pancho Villa was a revolutionary who attacked the border of US in New Mexico. A bloody civil war was being fought in Mexico and after Woodrow Wilson stopped supporting him, Villa decided to kidnap and slaughter US civilians. Wilson sent John Pershing to take care of him, but Villa got away anyway. This worsened relations between the US and Mexico and kept the Us focused on affairs in the Western Hemisphere.

Irish Easter Rebellion effect on US public opinion

1916 - The Easter rebellion, aka the Easter rising, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter week. Ireland wanted independence from GB. Reports coming out of Europe suggested that the British put down the rebellion with extreme force and brutality, which Ireland thought was a mark of an insecure country. Many in the US condemned Britain's excessive use of force to deal with this event--even if they did not agree with the reasons it began, Many Americans drew parallels between this event and the US origins in 1776.

Election of 1916 effect on US public opinion

1916 - The US presidential election of 1916 was where Wilson re elected on the ideal that he kept the country out of war. He had been working to keep the US out of conflict with Mexico and Europe. He appealed to the American public, especially those who had earlier supported Roosevelt. The relatively narrow outcome of this event showed that the US is still divided over whether continued US neutrality is the best option sas the situation in Europe worsened. D=277 electoral, 49% popular. R=254 electoral, 46% popular.

Sussex Pledge effect on US public opinion

1916 - This was a promise made by Germany to the US in 1916 before the US entered the war. Germany had promised to not target passenger ships, but they will still torpedo armed merchant ships. Unfortunately the French ferry was torpedoed and about 50 people died. This pledge was named for the Sussex. Some Americans were reassured by a more specific promise from Germany but Americans also recognized that Germany had violated its previous promise. Many began to wonder if Germany should be trusted.

Zimmermann Telegram effect on US public opinion

1917 - American involvement in WWI was inevitable by 1917, but it was accelerated by a famous letter written to the German ambassador in Mexico. It was in code that the brits broke. Germany knew that Mexico wanted some of the land lost to the US, so they tried to ally them in return for helping them get it. They also wanted Mexico to get the Japanese on their side. It was fresh evidence of German aggression and with the submarine warfare going on, it got the US involved. Americans were outraged that Mexico and Germany would try to conspire against the US. Americans feared that the war was beginning to affect the US.

Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution effect on US public opinion

1917 - Russia's Tsar Nicholas II's family got murdered because Russia's working class and peasants were trying to overthrow the government. This movement was led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the "Bolsheviks". The Bolsheviks gained power and Russia became the USSR (Soviet Union for short) with a communist government. If the USSR left the war, now that it was communist, this meant that Germany could put forces on the allies and they would win. The US worried that this influx of new troops would influence the war greatly allowing the Central Powers to defeat the Allied Powers easily. Americans realize that the Allied Powers have a chance at losing the war (over 1 million German soldiers had been freed up to fight on the western front due to this event, no longer fighting a 2 front war). There were more resources that could be committed to the fight against Britain and France.

Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare effect on US public opinion

1917 - The lethal threat of the German U-boat submarines raised its head again because Germany suspended it's policy of not firing at passenger liners without warning because of the pressure put on Germany from neutral countries like the US. This was Germany's tantrum way of getting the best of the countries who were in their way. Also they figured it would help them win by the end of 1917. After this announcements, most Americans are confident that Germany could not be trusted (or at the very least it was not going to keep its promises) since it had broken 2 promises related to this issue by this point. The US would break diplomatic relations with Germany just 2 days after this is announced.

Wilson's 1917 Message to Congress effect on US public opinion

1917 - Wilson asked Congress to pass a declaration of war. Having broken off diplomatic relations with Germany because of their behavior, it made sense for the US to join the Allied Powers. He let the state department publish the Zimmermann Telegram in newspapers so that the US public would be pushed over the edge and want to join the war. This event inspired the American people, rallied them to the cause of war, and convinced them to enter on the side of the Allies. This was accomplished by the president appealing to the idealism of the American people.

Espionage Act

1917 act gave the government new ways to combat spying

George Dewey (1837

1917) - There was a war in the Philippines. George Dewey is sent to the Philippines, which was also a Spanish territory, by the then Assistance Secretary of the Navy, Teddy Roosevelt. Roosevelt wanted US troops in the Philippines in the event that war broke out. The Battle of Manila Bay was where US won control of the Philippines in less than a month.

Sedition Act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government

Palmer Raids, 1919

1920 - A specific example of how the Red Scare affected American society: A 1920 series of raids across the US coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities. He arrested and deported hundreds of people on faulty evidence. In some cases, there was no evidence at all presented against them. He said he was "finding dangerous groups" that were a threat to the US, but in reality, he was targeting immigrants.

First Red Scare (1919

1920) - Period when the Justice Department arrested and deported alien anarchists and Communists suspected of trying to destroy American democracy and capitalism. It was a widespread panic and fear of communist infiltration in the US, hence the term "red". It created a backlash against immigrants. The government responded to this popular fear with the Immigration Restriction Acts in 1921 and 1924, limited the number of immigrants to enter the US using the quota system. The fear began mostly after the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, who, as an allied power, were an example of how communism could change American government. Immigrants were a scapegoat during this time. Labor Unions became associated with communism and lost public support (too rebellious, too similar)

Washington Naval Conference

1921 - president Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Washington Naval Conference

1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

James Weldon Johnson (1871

1938) - American poet and part of the Harlem Renaissance, he was influenced by jazz music.

Josephine Baker (1906

1975) - African-American singer and dancer who expatriated herself to Paris after refusing to perform for segregated audiences in the US. Her "danse sauvage," complete with bananas alternately wowed and shocked the world. She helped the French Resistance during WWII and was even awarded the Croix de Guerre! Ernest Hemingway called her "the most sensational woman anyone ever saw." Most people thought she was super beautiful and she ended up denouncing her American citizenship and going to France. "The Black Venus"

Paul Robeson (1898

1976) - actor, athlete writer, civil rights activist, and bass concern singer. Known for his role in "Othello". He ended up travelling abroad and supported the communist party because of his dislike for racial discrimination

Warren Harding

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal

List 2

3 events that pushed America towards joining the war - Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare The Zimmermann Telegram Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution Allied propaganda

What urban problem did the Bessemer Process and Elisha Otis help to solve?

? The growth of urban cities was built on steel—literally and figuratively. Steel was needed for every new construction, every new expansion. Steel was in the building of factories, in the rails of the railroads. To produce steel quickly and cheaply was essential to the rapid expansion of our nation's cities. By creating the Bessemer Process, the iron was refined quickly and efficiently. In the construction of the buildings, however, elevators were very dangerous and unreliable. As the buildings grew, the use of elevators became riskier. Elisha Otis's safety breaks allowed for elevators to become relatively safe at all heights. Because of these safety breaks and the Bessemer Process, the construction of buildings in the cities was able to speed up significantly.

Robber Baron

A "Robber Barron" is a negative name that is given to industrialists of this period. The focus of this name is the questionable practices that the industrialists used to gain their wealth and power, namely the exploitation of their workers.

National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. Congress enacted the NLRA to protect the rights of employees and employers, to encourage collective bargaining, and to curtail certain private sector labor and management practices, which can harm the general welfare of workers, businesses, and the US economy. Reform

Aaron Douglas

A Harlem Renaissance painter/illustrator whose work celebrates African American versatility and adaptability, depicting people in a variety of settings. Addressed the social issues of race and segregation.

Claude McKay

A Jamacian immigrant and author/poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919. His work reflected the pain black Americans felt due to discrimination.

Schenck v. U.S.

A United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case served as the founding of the "clear and present danger" rule.

The Depression in Rural Areas

A benefit of living in rural areas during the depression was that many were able to grow food for their families. However, in the early years of the depression, about 400,000 farms were foreclosed. The situation that farmers had been facing since the beginning is much more prominant, manu were unable to provide for their families and losing their houses and land. The Dust Bowl was huge in the plains.

Overproduction

A common occurrence in most industries, producing more than they needed to to try and meet consumer commands. Most seen in farmers. They had produced a large amount of crops during WWI in order to feed the troops and overseas allies. After the war, demand fell for crops like wheat, as did prices, which resulted in farmers going into debt. Farmers were unable to join into the prosperity of the 1920s.

Dorothea Lange

A famous photographer who wanted to be one at a young age, and, when the Depression started, landed a job to photograph the Dust Bowl, which have been recognized as showing the desperation and bravery during this time. She didn't stop documenting the suffering of people until her 1965 death, but her 1930s pictures are the most well-known. Photographer whose portraits of the depression greatly influenced documentary photography. Showed the problem was all across the nation. "Migrant Mother" is her most famous photo.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Ohio Gang

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act

A law, enacted in 1930, that established the highest protective tariff in U.S. history, worsening the depression in America and abroad.

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Jacob Riis

A name we've seen before in Unit II, Jacob Riis was a crime photographer who published a photo journal called How the Other Half Lives in 1890. This exposed conditions in slums and dumbbell tenements, which brought attention to the issue.

Literature in the 1920's

A new focus on: loss of innocence during WWI, excesses of the 1920's, struggles of minority groups. "Lost Generation" of white writers (who grew up in WWI) like Hemingway, Edna St. Vincent Millay, TS Eliot and Fitzgerald, who grew disillusioned with the US and moved to Europe (mostly Paris), writing questioned/criticized the materialism of American culture, glorification of war, and traditional values. Zora Neale Hurston (Their Eyes Were Watching God) and Sinclair Lewis (Babbitt) were authors during this time. Some were popular then, but others became famous later on. African American writers began to express their own identity and anger at racism, which brought about the Harlem Renaissance

Doughboys

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. Celebrated black culture. Focused/started in Harlem. The writer Alain Locke created the term. The neighborhood of Harlem became the center of this cultural movement.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil. A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven US-state region around the Tennessee River Valley. It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs. Reform because it was a permanent program that helped avoid another depression and insured citizens against economic disasters. It also made floods less likely.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil. Built dams and hydroelectric plants to provide electricity, control, etc. Both recovery and reform

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

A specific example of how the Red Scare affected American society: In 1920 two Italian immigrants were convicted of murder and robbery on flimsy evidence, circumstantial at best. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly. Many argued that they were only executed because they were immigrants with radical beliefs, anarchists.

Scopes Trial (1925)

A specific example of how the Red Scare affected American society: Sometimes called the Scopes Monkey Trial. Tennessee legal case involving the teaching of evolution in public schools. Scopes, a biology teacher, was tried for teaching Darwinism in public school. Clarence Darrow was one of Scopes' attorneys, while William Jennings Bryan, a leading Christian fundamentalist, aided the state prosecutor. Darrow put Bryan on the stand and sharply questioned Bryan on the latter's literal interpretation as appropriate for science class. Bryan was humiliated, charged a hundred dollars, and died a few days after the trial. A struggle between traditional and modern ideals.

KKK in the 1920s

A specific example of how the Red Scare affected American society: dramatic expansion due to nativism and played into the fear of change; This expansion was increasing dependents on groups that claimed to protect traditional values. Their beliefs changed and favored White supremacy and now had restrictions on immigration; hostile towards immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans. Anyone who wasn't what they thought a true American was.

installment plans

Americans also used installment plans. Lay-away, paying off large purchases a little at a time over time. Like buying a house today. A way to buy a "must have" item, products every American wanted to own.

Open Range

A style of cattle farming in which the cattle were herded through an open range of unfenced land that covered most of the middle of the country during the time of westward expansion. "Long Drive" was when Cowboys drove their cattle North along the Chisholm Trail to Railroad stops. The cattle were them moved east by rail to the Chicago slaughterhouses. "Cow towns" like Abilene and Dodge City became boom towns because of this moving and increasing population, profiting with saloons, gambling, and brothels. The demand for these establishments were fueled by open range. However, the invention of barbed wire effectively ended the long drives and close open range before 1888. The Oklahoma Land Rush in 1888 was where free land was given out in Oklahoma and many literally raced to get the land. With the invention of Railroad and Refrigerated Rail Cars, which enabled more beef to reach the population centers of the East Coast from the plains, Open Range seemed to be coming to an end. The Rail in Texas and the West ended the need for cowboys and they were only needed for 15 r 20 years total.

Hundred Days Offensive

Britain, France, and America counterattack the Germans

Summarize the 4 ways industrialists built vast fortunes around the turn of the 20th century

A. One really big way that industrialists built their fortunes was the exploitation of their workers. Larch companies would take advantage of the poor immigrant workers, giving them low wages. The immigrants, women, children, and other minorities could be paid less and were easily replaceable. They intimidated their workers, forcing them to accept the conditions in which they were working. There was also a political corruption during this turn of the century. Owners bribed local government officials to continue the influx of cheap, immigrant labor and poor working conditions, making this exploitation of workers possible for many years. B. Companies during the end of the 19th century was able to cut costs through questionable deals. Most commonly, they made deals with railroad companies. Companies would offer bribes or incentives to railroad to have their goods receive preferential treatment, typically lower shipping rates. Lower rates made the company's goods cheaper, shutting out competitors. John D. Rockefeller would often utilize this tactic as a way to undercut the competitors. Railroad companies would give him 30 to 50% off the price of shipping rates while his competitors had to pay in full. C. New technologies and industries helped to create an industrialization boom, like when John D. Rockefeller got involved in the oil business early before oil's importance became clear (1870's). New technological advances and innovations also made production more efficient. Faster production meant less costs and more profit. For example, Andrew Carnegie was one of the first people in the US to utilize the Bessemer Process for steel production. He was able to produce steel much more quickly, much more cheaply, and therefore was able to make more money. D. Finally, they were able to control the market for their product. Through horizontal and vertical consolidation, monopolies, and trusts, the market was not "free" but highly manipulated by those who gained from it.

Push & Pull Factors

A. Push factors were circumstances that drove immigrants AWAY from their home country in the latter half of the 19th century. This mainly included religious persecution, like with the Jewish populations of Russia, or Economic Depression. There were fewer resources and jobs available in Europe as populations increased, so the economy was very difficult to find work in. B. Pull factors are circumstances in the US that motivated immigrants to COME to the US (specifically US cities) in the latter half of the 19th century. For one, there were opportunities for economic improvement. The US was viewed as the "Land of freedom and opportunity" and jobs became more plentiful as industrialization continued. Another factor was the opportunity for unskilled laborers. American companies were actively recruiting immigrants from all over the world since they were a cheap source of labor. This was necessary as factories became more mechanized and streamlined—skilled laborers were not necessary.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance. His work focused on the lives of working class black Americans.

Northern Securities v. U.S.

After Roosevelt's Sherman Antitrust Act wasn't enforced, the results of US v. EC Knight allowed for monopolies to be protected against the government. The Northern Securities v. US supreme court case in 1904 ruled that the monopoly Northern Securities monopoly must be broken up. This gained Roosevelt the nickname "trustbuster," though a more accurate nickname would have been "trust regulator" because he only wanted to regulate trusts and only break up those that are harmful to the economy.

"Return to Normalcy"

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II

Helping Farmers

After the AAA is ruled unconstitutional, it is rewritten and reinstated in 1938. The farmers who suffered from overproduction, foreclosures, dustbowl, and regulations, were able to survive in the program. The Farm Security Administration loaned over 1 billion dollars to farmers to help them regain land that they had lost due to foreclosures. It also established camps for migrant farm workers. The Rural Electrification Association worked with electrical companies to bring electricity to rural isolated areas. This was more for the southern states in general, a widespread approach.

How was the Boxer Rebellion connected to Open Door Policy?

After the Open Door Policy was proposed, it inspired an uprising in China against the European influences. The native population of China rebelled against the Christians and foreigners.

Open Door policy, 1899

After the Spheres of Influence, Secretary of state John Hay proposed that China should be able to control its own trade policies.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another. Signed by the Big 4

Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. This allowed for instant communication, even faster than the telegraph (invented by Samuel Morse in 1830)

Haymarket Square Riot

Allegations of police brutality against workers already on strike was the main cause of the Haymarket Square protest, led by the Knights of Labor. On May 4th, 1886, a labor protest rally near Chicago's Haymarket Square turned into a riot after an anarchist not associated with the Union threw a bomb at the police, killing seven of the working officers. At least eight people died because of the violence that day as the police retaliated, shooting into the crowd. At least four civilians were killed and dozens were wounded. Despite a lack of evidence against them, eight radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing. The Knights of Labor claimed not to be at fault of the bombing, but the stigma and fear of involvement with them was already done and the Union quickly dissipated. The public turned against labor unions as they were now associated with this incident.

Which countries fought for the Allied Powers? Which countries fought for the Central Powers?

Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, United States, Italy (beginning in 1915, initially allied with Germany & Austria-Hungary but never did any fighting) Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria,

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Immigration Restriction Act

America feared the spread of Soviet Communism in the US so immigrant entry to the US was severely limited, such as through the Immigration Act of 1924 that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890. The purpose was claimed to be "to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity". After the Red Scare of 1919, immigrants from Russia/Eastern Europe were deported and restrictions were put in place.

Philippine

American War (1899-1902) - Here is where the US maintained control over the Philippines until after WWII (1899-1902). It costed approximately 250,000 Filipino lives (military and civilian), and approximately 6,000 American soldier's lives, Americans atrocities/war crimes. The US committed many war crimes during the conflict (similar to Spain's treatment of its colonies). This included water torture, mass killings, and the killing of women and children.

How did yellow journalism and the competition between William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer contribute to the beginning of the Spanish

American War? - Hearst and Pulitzer were both owners of newspapers. In the effort to outsell the competitors and each other, they both began to exaggerate facts and sensationalize headings. Since the newspapers were the main source of information to the masses, the yellow journalism tactics brought the war to everyone's attention, making it more dramatic and involved than the truth.

Which two battles had the largest impact on the U.S. victory in the Spanish

American War? - The Battle of Manila Bay lasted less than a month. This battle was where the US went from helping the Philippines to gain independence to taking them over completely. It was an important success point in the US side of the Spanish-American war. The Battle of San Juan Hill was the bloodiest battle of the whole war. The US's prized Rough Riders were credited to winning the battle, promoting the US war efforts and hiding the involvement of black regiments in the success. This battle was a final hit for Spain and they surrendered just 2 weeks afterward.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. She was an advocate for birth control. Taught women safe methods of birth control even though the pill wouldn't come until the 60's. Main goal was education, which was made difficult because of obscenity laws. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Open Door Policy

American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there

The American Perspective of WWI

Americans are watching with horror and concern, but most of them didn't want to get involved. At the outset of the war, President Wilson officially declared the Us to be neutral. His rationale behind neutrality was a) the US didn't really have any enemies in Europe, no enemies, so there was no need to choose sides, wanted to maintain diplomatic relations with all and b) the US needed to focus on the western hemisphere and the imperialist efforts. This is the status quo from 1914 to 1916. In his 1916 re-election campaign, Wilson's slogan is "We kept us out of war". There were those on both sides that wanted the US to get involved but as time went on, the US saw that it would be for the allies they would eventually join. Mainly, this is due to British propaganda.

Personal Debt

Americans had begun to see new ways to buy what they wanted, like credit, "buy now, pay later". Consumers were living with more debt. Most did not have money in savings. Everyone had the mindset that the stock market was improving every year. Installment plans were another way to buy products, where you pay for something in smaller amounts over time. Buying on the Margin was also used as a practice in the stock market, as people bought stock expecting it to rise in value and that's how they planned to pay off the loan. Most people saw it as a sure thing that they would be able to pay back the loans.

Post WWI economy

Americans saw a general economic boom due to increased production for most Americans. Generally a more prosperous time. More Americans have disposable income available to them, become greater consumers, saw new ways to buy the products they wanted.

The Gold Standard

Among the farmers, there was a collective hate for many things, including railroad owners (they increased the price of rail fees and the price of transporting crops to the market), bankers (they held the mortgages on their farms), and the GOLD STANDARD. The Gold Standard was where currency could only be backed by a limited amount of gold, which lead to the Panic of 1873. It lead to deflation (falling prices_ and bankers got a fixed profit from the loans.

credit

An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future. A popular method to buy goods that you could not afford right away. Buying on time, so to speak. Most Americans bought into the slogan "Buy now, pay later." A way to buy a "must have" item, products every American wanted to own.

Dust Bowl, 1935

An environmental disaster! a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon. Due to plowing for generations, grasses had been removed and overproduction had exhausted the nutrients in the soil. The drought turned that soil dry and the heavy winds picked it up. Little grass and few trees to hold it down, so it ended in the air. Many farmers had no choice but to pack up and move west in the hopes of better opportunities. They soon gained the collective nickname "Okies" as they moved west. Like Oklahoma, but for everyone. Not exactly a nice nickname because they were met with hostility in places barely able to support their current population.

buying on the margin

An investor purchasing stock with a little money down with the promise of paying the balance at some time in the future. In the stock market, this can be a big issue because stocks don't always go as planned and they may be unable to pay back.

Ellis Island

An island in New York City named Ellis Island, opened in 1892, was a huge gateway for the incoming migrants. It was an East coast port of entry for primarily European immigrants. It was known as the "Golden Door" since the Statue of Liberty stood by the entrance to a new land of opportunity.

Susan B. Anthony

Anthony founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1888 and led the group until 1900.

wrote Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie was another huge industrialist of the turn of the 20th century. He made his wealth through the production of steel, which, in an ever-growing urban society, was essential to the construction and expansion of buildings in cities. Carnegie made his company grow with vertical consolidation, buying up the iron mines, transportation companies, steel refineries and more so that his competition was limited in their supply chain. He could also see his steel through the whole process, developing new technologies that made his production faster and with less cost. By 1889 he owned Carnegie Steel Corporation, the largest of its kind in the world. His profits went through the roof with the Bessemer Process because of the profit value in it for steel production. He also wrote an article called "The Gospel of Wealth" that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class that made him so rich.

Why did Congress try to impeach Andrew Johnson?

Andrew Johnson's threat to the radical republicans in congress was the main cause. In 1867, he threatened to fire his Secretary of War if the congress implemented the congressional (military) reconstruction plan. He wanted to control the radical republicans in congress, as his beliefs were very much opposing to theirs. The Tenure of office act was passed in an attempt to control Johnson, but Johnson fired his Secretary of War anyway. Congress made a movement to impeach him, but one vote kept him in office.

Underwood Tariff

Another Wilson Administration reform through the New Freedom domestic policy was the tariff reform. Underwood Tariff, also known as the Revenue Act of 1913, cut tariffs substantially for the first time since the Civil War. This was much more effective and popular than the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. This re-imposed the federal income tax after the ratification of the sixteenth amendment, lowering basic tariff rates by 17%.

Colonel George Waring

Another important person to acknowledge when addressing the progress of health and safety at the time was Colonel George Waring. He was the Commissioner of Sanitation in New York City. He did a number of things for public health and safety, including separating sewage systems from stormwater runoff, cleaned and swept streets (which were commonly riddled with horse, human, and pig waste), and created a system to collect and sort garbage.

Elisha Otis

Another new technology that aided growth in cities was the new elevator. Elisha Otis invented safety breaks in 1857 that allowed elevators to be more widely used. This way, elevator technology was safe for buildings that continued to grow larger and larger, which it had not been before.

Carpetbaggers

Another nickname devised by the white southern democrats. A Carpetbagger is a northerner who has moved south to take advantage of the poor economy during reconstruction. They were perceived to be exploiting the local populations when they took advantage or the economic reconstruction in the south.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Another of the top four industrialists of the period was Cornelius Vanderbilt. He was one of the trailblazers of the industrial period because he built his wealth through railroads and shipping. He worked his way to leadership in the inland water trade from poor roots, then invested in the rapidly growing railroad industry. In the 1860's he focused on the railroad industry. He gained control of many railway lines operating between Chicago and New York.

Whose assassination triggered the start of WWI? Why did this lead multiple countries into war?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The secret, and complex, system of alliances between multiple European countries

Explain why Thomas Nast's work was so influential among immigrant populations.

As a political cartoonist, Nast's focus was to spread the truth to the masses, to shed light on things that were being shielded from the public by the government's hand. He published pictures that took down William Tweed in his corrupt actions in building the Tammany Hall. This was bringing attention to the corruption in government, something that also brought him some credit in the eyes of the public. Nast soon began the first of 46 cartoons about Chinese immigrants, Chinese Americans and relations with China as a theme of his work. This was the first positive voice for the Chinese American Immigrants, setting him apart from the work of other cartoonists. However, Nast's work was largely discredited by claims that his work was made on word of mouth, not on personal experiences with the Chinese immigrants. This began Nast's determination to fight against anti-immigrant movements, creating a strong voice in their favor in the long run.

18th amendment

As a result of Temperance Movement efforts (Carrie Nation and the Women's Christian Temperance Union), the 18th amendment was created. Ratified in 1919, it prohibited the brewing, selling, and consumption of alcoholic beverages in the United States.

Eugene Debs

As another voice in the reform of the government during the Progressive Era, Eugene Debs advocated for socialist reforms to improve the lives of average people in the US. He was known for strikes like the Pullman Company Strike in 1894, where he fought for wages and working conditions with the workers. He believed the government should provide a basic level of support to its citizens and regulate businesses. His ideas became popular because of the extreme disparity of wealth and large wage gap of the time.

Horizontal Consolidation

As one of the two types of consolidation, this is how a person or company gains advantage of the competitors in their market product. In Horizontal Consolidation, a person or company buys out or forces the closure of its competitors. It may buy the other companies that make the same or similar products so that it increases the market share of their own products. For example, John D Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company used this strategy to eliminate its competition. Today, you see this a lot with grocery stores and banks. However, where grocery stores keep the brand names of their purchased companies (like Kroger keeping "Harris Teeter") to keep customers coming back, monopolies in the late 1800's worked a lot like banks, merging or destroying the competitor's share to build up their one single brand or name.

Vertical Consolidation

As one of the two types of consolidation, this is how a person or company gains advantage of the competitors in their market product. In vertical consolidation, the person or company buys the producers or suppliers of goods that are needed to make a product. In the case of Andrew Carnegie, he bought mines, transportation companies, steel refineries, and more so that he could control every step of his production process, maximize his profits, and limit the resources his competitors had to create their product.

Captain of Industry

As opposed to "Robber Baron" the name "Captain of Industry" is a positive name given to the industrialists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This positivity was focused on the way these industrialists created jobs and funded new technologies for new industries. Many of them gave back to the community as well, something that helped to create the positively spun name.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

As part of Big Stick Diplomacy, the Roosevelt Corollary was where the US would act as a police power in the Western Hemisphere. In addition to the Monroe Doctrine, this is a specific idea/policy that justifies Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy.

New Freedom

As part of the Wilson Administration, Wilson created a new domestic policy based on three areas of reform: Banks, Tariffs, and trusts.

The Omaha Platform

As part of the populist party, the Omaha Platform held the main ideas of the party. This included bimetalism, government ownership of the railroads (not just regulation), direct election of US Senetors through a secret ballot, progressive income tax (the wealthier being taxed more since tariffs were bad for famers already), and the failed attempt to appeal to urban workers (8 hour work day, ending immigration)

Edwin Drake

As the inventor of the steam engine oil pump in 1859, Edwin Drake helped to grow cities. The steam engine oil pump allowed for deeper and safer drilling of oil, which helped the Standard Oil company grow and expand, creating greater profits for Rockefeller and putting those profits into the economy.

John D. Rockefeller

As the most famous man in the world EVER (Yes, that includes Bill Gates), Rockefeller found his money in oil. He was a major industrialist, finding most of his wealth in the late 1800's in oil. By 1882 he had a near-monopoly of the oil business in the U.S. He owned the Standard Oil, growing his business primarily through horizontal consolidation, where he bought out or forced the closure of his competitors. He also exploited his workers just like any other industrialist at the time and made questionable deals with railroad companies in order to transport and sell his products cheaper than his competitors. It can be argued that Rockefeller owned a "natural monopoly" because he got into the new technology of oil before anyone knew just how important and essential oil would be. Because of this head start, Rockefeller was set up to grow a successful business.

What territorial changes were made in Europe after the Treaty of Versailles?

Austria-Hungary: AH was divided into four independent nations: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. New independent nations: Five other nations were created along the German border with the Soviet Union to prevent the spread of communism. This included Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

1.02 What was the result of the disputed 1876 election? A The system of the Electoral College was abandoned in favor of a simple majority vote to choose the president B Reconstruction ended with the withdrawal of Union troops and Democrats taking control of Southern state governments C The House of Representatives decided that Democrat Samuel Tilden would become president and the Speaker of the House was given the position of Secretary of State D The Republican Rutherford B. Hayes became president but with Democrat Samuel Tilden as Vice President

B Reconstruction ended with the withdrawal of Union troops and Democrats taking control of Southern state governments

Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA)

Banks were inspected by Treasury Department and those stable could reopen.EBRA was passed after the banking system was shut down. It was intended to restore American's confidence in the banks when they reopened. Relief because it was a method of stopping economic decline and was meant to encourage the US public spirits about financial changes and reforms

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Secret Ballot

Because of the establishment of secret ballots in the late 1800's, the voting rights of citizens were better protected. Since they are the only ones to see their ballots, their votes could not be bought or intimidated.

19th Amendment

Because of the suffrage efforts of Susan B Anthony, Alice Paul, Carrie Chapman Catt, the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and the National Woman's Party, this amendment was created. It was ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote in national elections!

War of Attrition

Because of trench warfare, it became a test of which side would outlast the other. Both sides were trying to slowly wear down the other. New technology made this trench fighting much more difficult and complicated (machine guns, poison gas) and adding outdated tactics to this new warfare resulted in heavy casualties on both sides. The classic approach to warfare was to charge against them in an open field, but that simply would not work now. WWI is one of the most psychological scarring of modern wars because of how hard it was to understand why they were losing so many people.

How were the motivations of old v. New immigrant different?

Before 1880, the immigrants coming into the country were very similar to the population of the US in that they were more easily able to assimilate. They were able to come for the better economic position and the available jobs that they could not find in their homeland. They were also able to escape religious persecution in the US. However, New Immigrants that came after 1880 came for a few different reasons. Though it was much more difficult to assimilate, they were able to get more jobs working in Industrialist factories or on the railroads even if they were unskilled. This was a big problem in their home countries, where competition for jobs meant that being unskilled could put them out of work.

What effect did barbed wire have on the open range?

Before 1888, the use of long drives of cattle was very popular and was commonly seen in the unfenced plains of the Midwest. However, since the invention of barbed wire was invented, people were able to keep cattle off of their land (cattle often ate/damaged land) and this interrupted the wide-open ranges with restricted areas. The ability of long drives to move cattle and gain profit was no longer effective and essentially, died.

Hoover's Philosophy

Before his presidency, Hoover was known for his humanitarian efforts during WWI and his belief in limited government. When the Great Depression began, he continued Laissez-Faire policies. He suggested "rugged individualism" which said that the people should help themselves and not rely on government for assistance. Individuals, churches, and private charities should help those in need.

Child Labor

Before the Progressive Movement, 1.7 million children worked in factories. They had 12- to 18-hour days of manual labor on six days out of the week. They worked all of this just to earn $1 a day. These were dangerous jobs unjamming machines. There were high rates of injuries and losing fingers. By 1899, 28 states had passed laws which established a minimum age to work. National reform will fail until 1938, when the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed.

Flappers

Boldness manifested most commonly in flappers. Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion, embracing modern attitudes of the 1920's. Short hair and short dresses, drank alcohol, and went to clubs at night, the opposite of what were traditionally expected of women. They rebelled against what was traditionally expected of them, which was their key characteristic, asserted what they wanted instead of following society.

accepted gradual equality for African Americans and therefore founded the tuskegee institute

Booker T Washington

Booker T. Washington Booker

Booker T. Washington was a noteworthy African American Leader of the turn of the century. One of his main ideas included the Gradualist approach to civil rights. In his Atlanta Compromise Speech, he expressed that the best way to change society was not to create a systematic plan, beginning at the top or the bottom, but to start making changes with the opportunities presented in the now. Another of his big ideas was that African Americans should be able to improve their economic status first. His ideas here connected with the purposes of the Tuskegee institute

in charge of tammany hall

Boss Tweed

Compromise of 1877

By 1866, the scalawags in the south, southerners fighting for African American rights and reconstruction, were in full retreat because this fight was very difficult and expensive. The democrats were resurgent, especially in the south, which set up one of the most contentious elections in US History: Tilden vs. Hayes. There was no electoral college winner, so the decision went to the house. Hayes had campaigned to stop meddling in southern affairs and cede the rights of the south to the southern democrats. He also said he would build another transcontinental railroad, which everyone was kind of down for. Hayes wins because of this persuasion, and reconstruction ends. The military is removed from the south and congressional involvement ceases.

Queen Liliuokalani

By 1893, US businesses had invested billions of dollars in Hawaii for fruit and sugar plantations (Stanford Dole). This gave US businesses a large amount of influence in Hawaii's affairs. Queen Liliuokalani came to power and tried to decrease the influence of foreign businesses. The US business owners and troops successfully overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy. President Grover Cleveland did not authorize the revolt, but was unable to restore her power. The US formally annexed Hawaii in 1898 following the Spanish American War.

Conflict in Cuba

By 1900, Cuba is one of Spain's few remaining colonies. Spain controls Cuba with intimidation and force. The US had about 50 million dollars invested in Cuba at the time. In 1880, 6% of Cuban exports went to Spain and 86% of Cuban exports went to the US. By 1894, less than 20% of Cuban sugar mills were owned by Cubans and 95% of Cuban sugar exports went to the US. US businesses were fearful of what conflict could mean for their investments.

Wilson's convincing the US to join

By 1916, Wilson (who had campaigned saying they wouldn't get involved) at least privately agreed that they had to get involved. He needed to convince the American people. He used an extremely idealistic approach in order to overcome America's isolationist mentality. The two goals, according to Wilson, were to promote democratic ideals and to make this a war to end all wars. The US was not fighting for profit or territory but instead fighting for the spread of democracy around the world. Wilson succeeded in moving the public opinion to join the allies. He gives this speech to congress asking to declare war on Germany, and congress pretty much unanimously says yes.

Teller Amendment (1898)

Congress declared war on Spain in April 1898. The Teller Amendment started that the US would not claim any new territory. The US was promising that the war was specifically about helping Cuba gain independence from Spain, but some Cubans were skeptical.

Election of 1932

Candidates: Herbert Hoover (R) vs. Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)

Carrie Chapman Catt

Catt was the president of NAWSA after Anthony' term ended in 1900. She increased the pressure on President Wilson to support suffrage.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Chief Joseph

Chief Joseph was a celebrated Chief of the Native Americans whom surrendered to the US Army. He led 200 warriors on a 1400 mial retreat from Oregon while fighting over 2000 soldiers from the US Army. He nearly made it to Sitting Bull, but ran out of supplies and was forced to surrender. After this failure, his skill, leadership, fighting spirit, and ultimate surrender was widely celebrated in the national media, including Helen Hunt Jackson's A Century of Dishonor. He famously said, after losing the Nez Perce War (1877), "I will fight no more forever." The natives surrendered and moved to reservations, killing the Horse and Buffalo culture. This was a very symbolic moment in the fate of Native Americans as a body.

Effects on the Family: Children

Children were affected by the parent's unemployment. Many children were malnourished because they could not be provided with a healthy diet or sometimes, any diet at all. Malnutrition and starvation increased across the country. Schools, often seen as a place to go for stability, were often closing altogether or having to shorten the school year. There were thousands of kids who didn't have any school to attend. Some went to work to help support their families, even if their school was still open, and some chose to leave home. In many cases, these were young boys who became hobos (which was dangerous for many reasons).

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Chinese nationalists, known as the Boxers, wanted European influence out of China. They believed that mysticism and other martial arts made them invulnerable to bullets, so they in turn engaged in murder and assault against Christians and foreigners. The rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful but did allow the Us to begin trading with China. Foreign powers occupied China's capital for other a year, during which they engaged in pillaging and murder.

John Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Confederate cavalry leader who later became a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan

What is corruption? What government actions could be considered corrupt?

Corruption is when the people or components of the government do not work with the best interest of their position and their country at heart, usually persuaded by money, deals, or bias. The Spoils system is a good example of corruption in government actions. There were many instances in which the government moved around money for taxes or fraud to gain their own benefits. William Tweed's construction of Tammany Hall gained him nearly 10 million dollars through fraud of overtaxing the budget of the construction.

Explain the difference between De Jure and De Facto segregation by providing an example of each.

De Jure Segregation was in the south and included enforcement of segregation by the law, like with the Jim Crow Laws. De Facto Segregation was found in the North and West, where traditional customs enforced segregation, like the use of redlining in neighborhoods.

Why were the politics of Eugene Debs so divisive?

Debs' politics were very radical for the early years of his efforts. He advocated for the abolition of child labor, the rights of women to vote, unemployment compensation, graduated income tax, better wages and working conditions for the laborers in cities, etc. These are all things that came with time but were almost unheard of when he first started striking for them. Some more than others—like the abolition of child labor—were even infuriating to the people he was fighting for. The children worked in factories because their families needed the money and strikes could get people arrested, provoke violence, and put people out of work. It caused quite a bit of dispute until the Progressive Era really got on its feet.

Wilson supporting the treaty

Despite all of the issues with the Treaty, he ultimately supported it because it had the League of Nations. It could make up for those shortcomings.

Dept peonage

Debt peonage was predominately in the West where discrimination was strong. This bound laborers to their employers in slavery until their debt was paid in full. This was later ruled unconstitutional in 1911.

Limits of the New Deal

Despite many early successes, the New Deal began to stumble early in FDR's second term. First, it stumbles when it finds two of its center key programs to be unconstitutional (the AAA and the NRA). The AAA was uncon because the regulation of agriculture should be a state power. The NRA was uncon because it gave the gov too much control over pricing and production. They thought that it was giving too much power to the executive branch as well.

W.E.B. DuBois

DuBois was another African American leader. He had two main ideas. Because he believed in civil rights and the necessity of immediate equality, he co-founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909. This group called for legislation, organized grassroots campaigns, and fought in the courts. His other main idea was liberal arts education. This idea led to the Niagara Movement, where people believed that African Americans needed a liberal arts education so that the black community would have well-educated leaders.

Unsafe Banking Practices

Due in large part to the mindset that most government officials had, there was a decrease in regulation on businesses. Most banks were able to loan out more money than they should. There was nothing to stop them. They would loan out as much as 80% of what they had on hand to whomever they wanted. Besides just average Americans, they also loaned out to Stock Investors. The stock market and banks become very intertwined during this time and that's why the stock market crash became so intertwined with the economy. Stock investors lost everything in the crash, meaning they couldn't pay back their loans, and banks can't recover from their losses. Banks are forced to close. Even in Americans had not invested in the stock market, they lost everything when banks began to close.

Disposable Income leads Americans to...

Due to the economic boom after WWI, more Americans were able to enjoy leisure activities. They had a growing disposable income. People look for outlets to escape their fears and societal tensions, like in dance marathons, beauty pageants, crossword puzzles, and flagpole sitting. This led to spectator sports and celebrities. They were looking for role models that embodied traditional American values (hard work, perseverance, talent). Jack Dempsey was the world heavyweight boxing champion of his time. George "Babe" Ruth was a baseball superstar that excelled at the home-run. Gertrue Ederle was the first woman to swim across the English channel.

Scabs

During a strike, the production system would be slowed significantly for a company. To combat this, the company would prove that their employees were replaceable with the use of temporary employees (called scabs) that would run the factories until the strike ended with nothing changed for the employees.

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)

During his administration, William Taft had Dollar Diplomacy. The US businesses should invest money in Latin American countries, which would give the US more influence and power in those countries. For example, the US intervention in the Dominican Republic.

Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)

During his administration, Woodrow Wilson had Moral Diplomacy. This is where the US should deny recognition to, and refuse to work with, any country that engages in oppressive or undemocratic activities. Before, the US would recognize any government that controlled regardless of that nation's actions and policies. For example, the US involvement in the Mexican Revolution in the 1910's.

Scandals from Grant's presidency

During the Grant administration (1869-1877) they abused their positions for personal gain and to give friends and family members jobs. The public was more distracted by the nepotism scandals so they were less concerned with the Reconstruction.

Sherman Antitrust Act

During the Roosevelt Administration, controlling corporations was a big priority in domestic policy. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1894 was meant to stop monopolies and trusts, but unfortunately it was not enforced and thus, was not very successful.

Price floor

During the competition of the homestead act, the pricing of the crops being sold was tricky. With such a high oversupply going out to market, the prices continued to lower per crop and the competition became very intense. A price floor is where no farmer would sell their crops for less than the others, fixing prices to prevent loss. The Grange/Patrons of Husbandry encouraged the farmers to fix the floor price in order to help everyone out.

Mann

Elkins & Hepburn Acts - Another part of Economic Reform was the increased regulation on business. The Mann-Elkins & Hepburn Acts of 1910 gave more power to the ICC to regulate railroads, eventually used to regulate them through telephone and telegraph. This act, along with the Pure Food & Drug Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and the Meat Inspection Act were the main regulation changes on businesses.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo was a Filipino rebel that helped the US in its war efforts. Aguinaldo was promised that the Philippines would receive independence after the war, but the US made the decision to maintain control of the Philippines. This lead to the Philippine-American War.

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946) The New Deal was based on these economic ideas. "Keynesian economics" promoted the idea of deficit spending. This means the government will spend more than it actually has in order to cycle money through the economy. Some opposed this, but FDR wanted to use it to fund needed programs, to encourage consumer spending, and encourage business output.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Established regulations and guidelines that companies agreed to follow. It brought together members of the business and labor communities as well as the government. Symbol is blue eagle. This organization provided for a system of Industrial Self regulation under federal supervision

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

Established that states may regulate privately owned businesses in the public's interest

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

WWI New Technology

Europe was ready for using the new technology, but not for the cost. Modern tech made war very different. Tanks rolled over barbed wire so infantry could follow (used to cut it). Machine guns were the first rapid fire weapons. This made capturing trenches almost impossible. There were gases, and thus, new war crimes. Chlorine, which would produce pulmonary edema, was unsuccessful due to the color and scent. However, Mustard gas, which was a chemical that burned and blistered, was odorless if pure. Zeppelins, which were extremely flammable because of the helium involved, were used to gather info and occasionally dropped bomb. Airplanes were able to attack from there air and were occasionally bombers. They made air combat a preferable weapon because it was more stable and less flammable. Dogfights also became common.

The Dominican Republic

European countries threatened to invade the Dominican Republic because of massive debt. However, before they can, Roosevelt intervened. He agreed to take on the debts of the Dominican Republic if they allow US economic influence. This is an excellent example of the Roosevelt Corollary because the US will intervene in Latin American and South American countries to protect US's economic interests. In his administration, Taft continued intervention through US business investment to influence the Dominican Republic's economy. This is an example of Dollar Diplomacy.

The Central Powers are weakened

Even with the gradual deployment, the US troops give new life to the Allies because they had not been fighting as long as other countries. Central Powers are weakened by the 100 days offensive (basically allied powers pushing central back until there is a call for an armistice) Austria-Hungary surrendered on November 3rd. German Kaiser Willhelm II (leader of Germany at that point) abdicated the throne on November 9th. New government.Germany calls for an armistice (ceasefire) on November 11th at 11am. Armistice/Veteran's day!

Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the Depression

Everyone was affected by the depression, but the racial and ethnic minorities had additional obstacles to overcome. In general, they faced higher unemployment rates and lower pay. They had to deal with racial violence, which increased as jobs became more scarce. Some Mexican immigrants or Mexican Americans relocated to Mexico during this time. Sometimes this was voluntary, other times through forced deportation. In times of crisis, want, and hunger, sometimes the worse comes out in people.

Why did the Exodusters leave the South?

Exodusters were African American farmers leaving the south, where they were only given basic rights and even then, their rights were violated by Jim Crow laws and Black Codes. They were forced by lack of social and economic mobility to work land that they did not own. Being offered an opportunity with westward expansion, many were keen to leave the sharecropping and tenant farming behind and move on to, no pun intended, greener pastures. However, a great number of the former slaves did stay back in the south because not only was the travel to the west harsh, but also because they had great roots of family there.

Native Americans

FDR appointed John Collier as commissioner for Indian Affairs. He is involved with enforcement and creation of laws and relationships with the Native Americans. He helped create the Indian Reorganization Act. This said that the government would no longer take unclaimed reservation territory, leaving it to the tribes on those reservations. The number of boarding schools were reduced. And the Tribes could now elect tribal councils to govern their reservations. Some autonomy was returned to these tribes, and many natives applauded it, some hated it because they didn't like being told what to do.

Court Packing Scheme

FDR comes up with the court-packing scheme/incident. He tries to pass a law to increase the number of supreme court justices. It does not specify how many there will be, but Congress would decide that. He wanted new justices that were friendly to the new deal. Congress and the American people rejected this plan, and it showed that FDR had limitations and had some opposing parties in government.

FDR's New Deal

FDR's New Deal (domestic policy) began to take shape almost immediately after he took office. He began to sign executive orders and got congress to pass laws so that change for the American people would be immediate. There were 3 R's that outlined the New Deal. Relief (immediate action to stop the economic decline), Recovery (Temporary programs to restart consumer demand), and Reform (permanent programs intended to prevent another depression on this scale). FDR used the idea of direct relief, food and cash payment of the government, to increase the involvement of the federal government in the lives of Americans. From this point on, the New Deal shifted how the American people saw the federal government, more respect.

The War Begins

Failing to receive a satisfactory reply from Serbia, AH declares war. The 48 hours they gave them to decide were up and AH issues the declaration of war. The complicated alliance system begins.

Andrew Foster

Father of Black Baseball, started Negro League for black athletes.

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

Federal law that establishes a minimum wage and requirements for overtime pay and child labor. The FLSA had a significant impact on the labor movement in the United States.It established the first minimum wage (25 cents per hour). Reform

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Filled a similar role as the PWA and created jobs and public works, construction, the arts, and other fields. Less controversial because they worked closely with local governments and were less dramatic. Had programs for women and the arts. Federal Writer's Project was part of this. Recovery Hires jobless people to build public buildings and parks.

Entertainment, Music, and Literature

Film and Radio continued to be popular because they were able to distract Americans from their fears and hardships. Films of the 1930's portrayed the themes of better times, romance, and wealth. Some popular films, like Wizard of Oz and Gone With the Wind, are classics today. The radio was seen as the center of American homes and families would spend hours together listening to the radio. They would listen to latest news as well as their favorite programs. Most people believed anything that was put on the radio "War of the Worlds" by HG Wells caused quite a riot. Swing music became popular. Many musicians and artists depended on the New Deal to find jobs and publish their work. Woodie Guthrie was a folk singer that sang about the hardships of the dust bowl. "This Land is Your Land" is about communism. "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?" was written by someone else, summarized the hopelessness that many Americans felt during the 1930s. Literature! Focused on the hardships of different groups. Native Son by Richard Wright (we know all about that book, don't we). It was about a young black man who is trying to cope with racism and systemic inequality. John Steinback wrote the Grapes of Wrath that depicted a family's hardships during the dust bowl.

Let's go to the movies.

Films exploded in popularity in the 1930's because of new technology. Silent films have been around since the 1900's, but now they could add sound. The Jazz Singer was the first "talkie" A lot of stars were making the jump from silent to talkies.

William Howard Taft (R)

Following Teddy Roosevelt, Taft's administration lasted from 1909 to 1913. Taft was a friend of Roosevelt's and had served as the secretary of war during the Roosevelt administration. Roosevelt supported Taft in his 1908 election with the expectation that Taft would continue his policies. However, Taft was not the same kind of politician as Roosevelt and instead of actively seeking presidency, he wanted to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He accepted the Republic nomination because of his friendship with Roosevelt. Under the Taft Administration, the biggest change is the disagreements that divided the Republican Party.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Frederick Jackson Turner

Frederick Jackson Turner wrote the Turner Thesis, in which he argued that if the Us wants to expand into a global power, it must continue expanding into new frontiers and territories overseas.

Ida B. Wells

From 1882 to 1892, more than 1400 African Americans were executed by trial, sometimes for simply challenging the racial etiquette. Ida B. Wells wrote "Southern Horrors"1in 1892 and "The Red Road" in 1895 with details of life in the south, documenting it for history and later, as an exposing persuasion in the civil rights movement.

Teddy Roosevelt (R)

From 1901 to 1909, the Roosevelt Administration made a difference in the Progressive Era. Roosevelt became president after William McKinley was assassinated. Some highlights of his presidency were the Bully Pulpit, Square Deal, Controlling Corporations, Consumer Protection, and Conservation.

James Garfield

Garfield is elected president in 1881 and promised to implement reforms and end the spoils system. Unfortunately, he was assassinated six months into his presidency. A man named Charles Guiteau, a disgruntled (and mentally unstable) man turned down for a job by President Garfield tried to assassinate the president and shot him in the back. He died after 11 weeks of treatment, including a failed attempt to find the bullet by Alexander Graham Bell.

Marcus Garvey

Garvey is another noteworthy African American leader. He led an organization called The Back to Africa Movement. He was the founder of the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) in 1914. He stressed racial pride and self-improvement, very similar to the ideals of Booker T. Washington, but believed in creating a separate society for Black Americans. It is arguable that this part of his philosophy stunted the progress of integrating races in society. He advocated for a return to the homelands of African American ancestors. Followers of his movement were faced with discrimination no matter where they were in the US, north or south. Marcus Garvey was later jailed and deported back to Jamaica because of mail fraud. He had been selling stock in Black Star Line, the failed company he created to send African Americans back to Africa.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops. Increase crop prices by lowering production and supply, paid the farmers to get rid of their surplus, the population didn't like that they saw food being wasted and seeing people starving. Later found unconstitutional, relief and recovery.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops. The purpose was to restore agricultural prosperity by curtailing farm production, reducing export surpluses, and raising prices. The purpose was to restore agricultural prosperity by curtailing farm production, reducing erpluses, and raising prices.

Geographic Causes of imperialism

Geographic causes are most defined by manifest destiny. In 1890, the US' western frontier was declared closed. However, Frederick Jackson Turner wrote the Turner Thesis, in which he argued that if the US wants to expand into a global power, it must continue expanding into new frontiers and territories overseas.

fought with Emilio Aguinaldo to defeat spain in the phillipines

George Dewey

Identify (summarize) the four provisions outlined in the treaty that were designed to punish Germany for starting World War I.

Germany had to admit total fault for starting WWI. Germany was required to pay back the total costs, an estimated 300 billion dollars, of the war. This included homes and factories that were destroyed, ammunition, uniforms, pensions for Allied soldiers, etc. The German army was now limited in size as their naval fleet is turned over to the Allies. Germany's colonies were divided among the Allies. Italy got southern Tryol, Britain and France got the Middle East, and Japan got Asia and the Pacific. France got Alsace Lorraine back, occupation rights over Rhineland for 15 years.

How is Germany punished?

Germany must accept blame for the war. It must also pay 33 billion dollars in reparations. That's over 484 billion today. The German military was limited and it lost a substantial amount of territory.

person responsible for the annexation of Hawaii

Grover Cleveland

tried to reinstate the power of Queen Lili in Hawaii after US soldiers dethroned her

Grover Cleveland

Describe how Hawaii transitioned from a monarchy to a U.S. territory.

Hawaii used to be a monarchy, but an unauthorized revolt from business owners and troops successfully overthrew the Queen. President Cleveland was unable to restore her power and so Hawaii was annexed into the US as a state.

What did John Hay nickname the war and why? How did America's global position change after the war?

Hay nicknamed the war the "Splendid Little War" because it emphasized America's power, their sized and global outreach, their ability to dominate other territories. America now had possession of Cuba, Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico and the US was truly living up to it's reputation.

Ulysses S. Grant

He was the 18th president of the United States, Commanding General of the Army, solder, and more. He led the Union Army to victory in the civil war under the Lincoln Administration. His administration lasted from 1869 to 1876. He was a Republican and won the election by a hair. The Republican party realized here that if African Americans (A primarily republican party at the time) could vote, they could win more elections. Under his presidency, the policy of Military Reconstruction (Congressional plan to occupy the south) continued.

Rutherford B. Hayes

He was the 19th president of the united states from 1877 to 1881. He used to defend refugee slaves in court as a lawyer and also was the governor of Ohio. He's most famous for the Bargain/Compromise of 1877 that won him the presidency, ending reconstruction.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers) Large scale public works construction agency, created by the National Industrial Recovery Act. Build public infrastructure such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Recovery because it was part of the National Industrial Recovery Act. Also it was meant to revive the economy and put money in circulation to end the depression.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers)Created as many public work jobs as quickly as possible. Similar to CCC but for everybody. Built hospitals, schools, etc. Relief

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Helped states to provide aid for the unemployed The FERA gave grants and loans to the states for relief. Along with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) it was the first relief operation under the New Deal. Relief

Christopher Sholes

Here is the inventor of another instrumental technology for the growth of cities. Christopher Sholes invented the qwerty keyboard version typewriter in 1873. Because of this, it was easier to keep a better record and the production of newspapers was faster than ever.

Hoover takes action: too little too late

Hoover's initial response was to avoid labor disputes because he believed it was like past depressions and would resolve itself. He asked businesses to avoid cutting wages and asked workers to avoid asking for higher pay or going on strike. This did very little to stop the rising unemployment. Hoover later approved a public works project, the most expansive being the boulder dam, later known as the Hoover Dam. This created jobs, provided electricity, created a reliable water supply for southwestern states, but was not enough to deal with the larger issue of unemployment. He ask did the Harley-Smoothie tariff and RTC

Hoover Loses Support

Hoovervilles are nicknamed for shantytowns since many Americans blamed Hoover for the depression and the government's lack of response. People also used the terms Hoover Blankets for newspapers and Hoover Flags for pockets being turned inside out. The Bonus Army was where WWI veterans had been promised a bonus to be paid in 1945. Tens of thousands of vets marched to DC and demanded to be paid early. Hoover became fearful of possible violence and ordered the army to force veterans out. Thousands were gassed and an infant was killed and an eight year old partially blinded.

Explain horizontal consolidation using an example from class or creating an example with modern companies. Horizontal

Horizontal consolidation is where companies buy out or force the closure of their competitors. The best example of this from class is John D Rockefeller, who gained the possession of 90% of the oil industry by buying out the other companies and using the remnants of those companies to grow his Standard Oil Company. In today's economy, this is commonly seen with grocery stores. Stores like Kroger have bought out big chains like Harris Teeter and have been growing their chains of stores all over the country. In fact, they've merged the production of store-produced products. The Harris Teeter brand orange sherbet is the exact same thing as Kroger brand orange sherbet, just manipulated with labels so that customers with brand loyalty and expectations of certain grocers will continue to buy the products.

Jane Addams' Hull House

House Jane Addams is known as "The Mother of Social Work" because of her Hull House founded in 1889. This was a motion to address conditions in the Dumbbell Tenements with a "settlement" house in Chicago. This provided safety, education, sanitation, employment, medicine, food, and art for poor immigrants.

wrote investigative report on Standard Oil Co

Ida Tarbell

Imperialism

Imperialism is a stronger country controlling a weaker country through direct or indirect influence. Types of imperialism include militarily, culturally, economically, and politically.

Full Time Police and Fire Departments

In 1838, Boston implemented the first official city police department. Before this, the cities relied on watchmen to warn in cases of impending danger. In 1853, Cincinnati became the first city to employee a full-time Fire Department and the first to use steam engines for fighting fires.

Ida Tarbell

In 1863, Ida Tarbell published The History of the Standard Oil Co. as a way to expose corruption in businesses that were monopolies, trusts, etc. This was a detailed account of Rockefeller's ruthless and sometimes illegal business tactics. Tarbell's book helped to increase support for antitrust reforms.

Seward's Folly

In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought territory from Russia for 7 million dollars—the Alaskan territory. "Seward's Folly" refers to how he was criticized by the media and Congress for this mistake. Eventually, however, gold, oil, and other resources were discovered making the purchase a success. In 1959, Alaska would become a US state.

Great Railroad Strike

In 1877, there wage cuts made by B&O Railroad and there was a large strike of the employees. The striking workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until this third wage cut was revoked. The state militia was sent in to force an end to the strike. This was the first major strike in US history which would lead to many other strikes in other industries.

Chinese Exclusion Act

In 1882, The Chinese Exclusion Act prevented almost all Chinese immigrants from entering the US for ten years. This was the first law that targeted a specific ethnic group from entering the US. The few exceptions included students, merchants, teachers and diplomats. This was made permanent in 1902 and was not repealed until 1943 at the height of World War II.

Emma Lazarus

In 1883, Emma Lazarus (an American poet from New York City) wrote a poem called "The New Colossus" that is now inscribed in the base of the Statue of Liberty. This solidified the state's reputation as a symbol of hope and new opportunities for immigrants.

What was the main idea of Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth?

In 1889, Andrew Carnegie published the Gospel of wealth, in which he described his experiences with wealth and philanthropy. He believed that his wealth was given to him by divine intervention (when of course, it was just the exploitation of workers and his strategic purchases of the market's supply chain) and that it was the responsibility of the rich to use their money to encourage good habits among the poor. It was a significant break with the individualist narrative that was often seen in the time. It talked of contribution to the community as an important value.

Eugene Debs

In 1893 Eugene V. Debs became president of the American Railway Union. His union conducted successful strike for higher wages and he gained greater renown when he went to jail for leading the Chicago Pullman Palace Car Company Strike. He later would help lead the Industrial Workers of the World in 1905.

Atlanta Compromise Speech

In 1895, Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise Speech, he said "It is at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top. Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow our opportunities" and "The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremist folly, and [it] must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing." This meant that he thought there was no good place to begin except in the now. The organization of the movement would stunt progress, but to make changes now naturally would propel progress way more than a "forced" change to society.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. Also included independence for Phillipines, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.

White Man's Burden

In 1899, Rudyard Kipling, who wrote the Jungle Book, wrote a poem called "White Man's Burden". The poem was used as justification for the white race taking steps to "civilize" other countries

Anthracite Coal Strike

In 1902, the Anthracite Coal Strike was caused by workers wanting raises, better hours, and safer conditions. As winter was approaching, if the strike was not resolved soon then thousands would be without coal to heat their homes. To resolve this, President Teddy Roosevelt did what became known as the "Square Deal" and acted as an arbitrator and invited the labor and management to the White House to negotiate. This is the first time in which a strike resulted in workers' demands being met! The workers asked for a 20% pays increase and got 10%. They asked for an 8 hour workday and received a 9 hour work day. They asked for recognition of the United Mine Workers and received a 6-man arbitration board to settle disputes between labor and management.

Upton Sinclair

In 1906, Upton Sinclair published a book called The Jungle, which included graphic detail about the meatpacking industry. This inspired the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act that were created under President Roosevelt's Square Deal domestic policy platform. Sinclair's book was intended to expose the working conditions, but the public was much more interested in the unsanitary conditions in which their food was being produced. Sinclair said that "I aimed for the public's heart, but I hit it in the stomach."

Gentleman's Agreement

In 1907, the "Gentleman's Agreement" is in reference to a deal struck between US and Japan. Japan would limit sending unskilled laborers to the US and the US would stop the segregation of Japanese children in California schools. This was meant to calm growing tensions between the two countries due to the growing number of unskilled Japanese immigrants entering California and other western states. Though the segregation order was repealed in California, the bias and discrimination against the Japanese in California continued.

What was it about 1917 that made the U.S. join the war THAT year (not before and not after)?

In 1917, it was a succession of events that had an impact of the US. Later, over 90% of trade was with Allied powers because of the English blockade.

Short term cause of WWI

In June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary visits the city of Sarajevo in Bosnia. He is the heir of the AH throne. In Bosnia, he and his wife are there on a tour of the armed forces, seeing what he will be leading one day. After a failed bombing attempt, he and his wife are shot and killed on their wedding anniversary (and his wife was pregnant!) by a Serbian nationalist named Gavrillo Princip. Princip was a member of a terrorist organization known as the Black Hand, who were planning the assassination (which had many Bosnians and Serbians who were tired of being dominated by AH). AH holds Serbia accountable for the deaths and threatens to declare war. AH (with the support of Germany) issues an ultimatum of demands to Serbia that have to be fulfilled so that they don't go to war, but it was crafted so that Serbia could not accept and they would be forced to start something. Russia had been backing up Serbia until now.

What happened in Treaty of Versailles (1919)

In Paris, a conference is held to negotiate terms of surrender.Wilson comes to the conference with his 14 points. He wants to rebuild the rest of the world, establish a lasting peace, and promote self-determination. Wilson proposes this at the conference but Britain and France reject most of Wilson's proposals. They do, however, agree to the establishment of a League of Nations.

Big Stick Diplomacy

In Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy, he had what he called "Big Stick Diplomacy". This is where the US will intervene to protect interests in Latin America and the Caribbean. The idea was to embody the phrase "Speak softly and carry a big stick". And example of this is the Panama Canal.

Treaty of Versailles

In There was no mention of rights of freedoms of the seas. There was no mention of free trade. Only Germany is required to reduce the size of its army and armaments. Negotiated behind closed doors-contrary to the 14 points., a peace conference is held to negotiate the terms of surrender. the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Explain the differences between an initiative and a referendum.

In an initiative, citizens are able to propose and initiate their own statutes of constitutional amendments to be put on a ballot. A referendum process allows citizens to refer a statute passed by legislature to the ballot so that voters can enact or repeal the measure. Initiatives are essentially additive whereas referendums are mostly subtractive or just involved in approval.

Brain Trust

In order to accomplish stuff, FRD knew he needed the diverse and smart people to help him. This is a group of experts that advised him on the best policies to end the oppression. This included the first lady, cabinet advisers, and more.

Fireside Chats

In order to increase trust from the American people, he would give these regular radio addresses by FDR in order to increase public support for the New Deal. Later this would be used to also inform Americans about the war. informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Rough Riders

In the Battle of San Juan Hill, the bloodiest and most famous battle of the war, were what were called the "Rough Riders". The Rough Riders and Teddy Roosevelt (volunteer cavalry) were credited for winning this battle. In reality, the US 9th and 10th cavalries (all black regiments) were the major driving forces behind the US's victory in this battle. Spain surrenders a little over 2 weeks later.

U.S. v. E.C. Knight

In the Roosevelt Administration, where controlling corporations was a focus of domestic policy, the US. V. EC Knight supreme court case in 1895 was a key obstacle. The Sherman Antitrust Act was not enforced, so the monopolies and trusts continued with their power. In this Supreme Court decision, the judges ruled that the monopoly could not be broken up by the government. EC Knight owned 98% of US Sugar!

What did Frederick Jackson Turner argue in the Turner Thesis?

In the Turner Thesis (1893), Turner argued that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. In order to continue growing, they had to continue expanding the frontier through other countries overseas. He stressed the process of moving the frontier line and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process.

Federal Reserve System

In the Wilson Administration, the New Freedom domestic policy had a focus on Financial (bank) reform. The result of this is the Federal Reserve System. This system created a twelve-district system of "Banker's banks" across the country. Banker's banks are financial institutions that provide financial services to community banks in the country. It raised and lowered interest rates to try and stabilize the economy. Higher interest rates would discourage borrowing and spending and take money out of the economy, whereas lower interest rates would encourage borrowing and spending, and put more money into the economy. This was much more successful than the previous system and in fact, it is still in use today.

Economic Causes

Industrialization was the main cause of American Imperialism. More goods were produced in the US during this period. New markets were needed to sell these goods. More money is made by selling these goods. More money meant that the US is a more powerful and more influential country.

Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

In the election of 1912, there were three noteworthy candidates. There was a Taft, from his Republican Party, Roosevelt, from his Progressive "Bull Moose" (Roosevelt often said he felt "strong as a bull moose") Party, and Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic party candidate. The Republican vote is split between Roosevelt and Taft, so Woodrow Wilson wins easily. Roosevelt gained the most votes of any third-party candidate in American history! He ended up with 88 electoral votes, compared to Taft's 8, and over 4 million popular votes.

What was the long term impact of the inventions created by Christopher Sholes and Alexander Graham Bell?

In the growth and history of our country, up until the invention of the telegraph, communication was a huge issue with new developments, construction, government changes, etc. The telegraph allowed distance not to be a vital obstacle in the development of the country, but it was still very slow and messages might have to be played many times before they are received and translated. With Graham Bell's invention of the telephone, instant communication was finally possible, and it helped to speed things up quite a bit. Sholes' new typewriter, which allowed for efficient record keeping and faster production of the newspapers, made communication to the masses available. Before, the working class wasn't able to get information as efficiently or as effectively as they were now.

Cycle of Debt

In the harsh conditions and overproduction of the frontier, making a profit or even enough to sustain a farm was very difficult. Crops were sold at lower cost due to the supply from competition, so Homesteaders would commonly borrow money to be able to produce more crops on their own land. This added to the overproduction and worsened the problem in a cycle. In the end, 60% of the farms failed.

De Lôme Letter (1898)

The Spanish Ambassador de Lôme angered the American people by calling McKinley a weak leader.

Changes for African Americans

Included the Great Migration and the Harlem Renaissance

Women in the 1920's

Increasing numbers of women saw more job opportunities during the early 1900's. During WWI, many women were encouraged to work in factories. Supplementing labor that was lost when men were drafted to fight in the war. Employers were hesitant, but once they were seen as a labor resource, they began to recruit. Similar situation to labor unions. However, once the war was over, women were expected to give up their factory jobs to men who were returning from war and the extended rights and progress declined again.

Central Powers

Initially called the Triple Alliance, he central powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. Initially, Italy was part of it too.

Pendleton Civil Services Act

Instated in 1883, under Arthur's Administration, the Pendleton Civil Service At requires individuals seeking government jobs to pass a competency exam to ensure they are qualified for the job they are seeking. This law effectively ended the spoils system.

New Deal failures

It didn't stop the great depression The spending was doomed from the start to fail. Tax rates were hiked, which scooped capital out of investment and dumped it into dozens of hastily conceived government programs.Programs that quickly became politicized and plunged the depression deeper. Fixed prices stifled competition and sometimes made American exports uncompetitive Banking reforms made many banks more vulnerable to failure by forbidding them to expand and diversify their portfolios. Capturing tax dollars from some groups and doling them out to others quickly politicized federal aid.

New Deal successes

It helped a large number of people Valuable services to the country by constructing roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, and works of art Transformed the great region by bring under cultivation millions of acres and establishing prosperous industries Sphere of social security helped remove the American backwardness and provided for schemes like old age pensions, unemployment insurance, etc. Regulated stock exchange, issuance of securities, output of crops, working hours, collective bargaining between employers and workers Produced better economic results in the long run, advancing the interests of farmers and workers Recreated a feeling of confidence in the American people that government was fighting for them Demonstrated the value of powerful presidential leadership and the democratic system

In what ways did the Dawes Act help to enforce assimilation of Native Americans?

It made it legal to force a surrendered population into even more surrender. The Native groups were at the mercy of the American Government, so when the act was passed, they had no option but to follow orders. With children separated from parents and families separated from families, the culture of Natives could not continue to prosper and grow. The children were brainwashed with new names and new teachings of a white society, being forced to learn English and Christianity. Furthermore, the Natives were put into extreme poverty because the Us government had forced them into a low socioeconomic status with no mobility. The power of culture, the only true thing the US hadn't touched of the Native groups, was being taken away now and the Natives could do nothing to stop it.

Describe the relationship between President Johnson and the Radical Republicans in Congress during Reconstruction.

It's safe to say that President Johnson and the Radical Republicans in Congress didn't see eye to eye. When the Military Reconstruction Plan was about to be implemented, Johnson threatened to fire his Secretary of War to control them. Meanwhile, congress was trying to control Johnson with actions like the Tenure of Office Act. Though the congress was not completely radical, this tension caused many ups and downs in the progress of African American rights during reconstruction, showing that the country was not able to effectively reconcile and reunite under his presidency.

J.P. Morgan

J.P. Morgan was the another of the top four industrialists of the turn of the century. He became wealthy through his work in the banking and finance industry. He helped finance railroads and organize US steel, general elective, and other major corporations. He then formed a partnership with a Philadelphia banker and in 1895, organized JP Morgan and Company, a bank company that still exists today. Morgan used his influence to help stabilize American financial markets during several economic crises, including the panic of 1907.

America's most famous banker/financier

JP Morgan

Helen Hunt Jackson

Jackson wrote a book called "A Century of Dishonor" that detailed the mistreatment of the Native American groups, including the story of Chief Joseph. One of the first empathetic perspectives towards the Native groups. This was originally published in 1881.

took photographs of cities and slum areas for How the Other Half Lives

Jacob Riis

Andrew Johnson

John Green calls him the "third worst president of the United States" and is not wrong. He had the attitude of "The south never had a right to secede in the first place!" He was from the south and mad at the elites who snubbed him and was also very racist and thought blacks shouldn't have a role in the reconstruction. Johnson did not want to protect African Americans and vetoed laws that would because it "discriminated against white people" in John Green's words. He tried to establish an all-white government and offered amnesty to all confederates. His vetoes were overridden a record 15 times to pass laws.

Why would Jacob Riis choose to publish the photos that he took? What long term effects could this have?

Jacob Riis was a Danish immigrant and crime photographer. He wanted to expose the harsh conditions in the lower side of the wage gap, to show the treatment of workers and really shed light on the meaning of "Robber Barons." By publishing this journal, he was able to do just that. Though nothing immediately changed from his efforts, this was forcing the wealthy to acknowledge how they were getting their wealth, how they were able to obtain their power. It would be a catalyst later on in the progressive movement and would help spur the change of protecting worker's rights and eliminating child labor in these factories.

Music in the 1920's

Jazz became the "soundtrack" of the 1920's. Famous musicians included Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith, and Louis Armstrong. Blended the genres of ragtime and blues to create a new, vibrant style. People across the country went crazy for jazz.

Promoted Open Door policy with China and referred to the Spanish-American War as a "Splendid little war"

John Hay

Tenure of Office Act

Johnson's threat to the radical republicans in congress was the main cause of this act. In 1867, just as the military reconstruction plan was to be implemented, Johnson threatened to fire his Secretary of War as a way to control congress. In response, the act was passed. It prohibits the president to fire members of the cabinet without congressional approval. This was meant to control Johnson, but Johnson disregarded the new act and fired the Secretary of War anyway. Though there was a movement to impeach him, he remained in office due to just one vote. The act was in force until 1887 when Cleveland challenged its constitutionality.

Leader of the Cuban independence movement?

Jose Marti

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Immigration Restriction Act

Law that ended quotas for individual countries and replaced them with more flexible limits

The Pullman Company Strike (1894)

Led by Eugene Debs, the Pullman Company Strike, also known as the Pullman Palace Car Company Strike, was caused by a reduction of wages and conditions in the Pullman Company towns. This effort was violently suppressed by federal troops and arrests were made, including Eugene Debs himself.

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

What were at least two new weapons used in WWI?

Machine Guns Tanks Poison Gas Airplanes

Lewis Hine

Lewis Hine, an American sociologist and photographer, photographed the working condition and exposed the child labor issues. In 1909, Hine published Child Labor, and these photo stories showed children as young as eight years old working long hours in dangerous conditions.

wrote The Shame of Cities

Lincoln Steffens

What do the reform efforts of Robert La Follette & Lincoln Steffens have in common?

Lincoln Steffens and Robert La Folette both had ideas about the government reforms that were necessary during the Progressive Era. Steffens published The Shame of Cities in 1904, exposing the workings of many political machines in US cities. He believed that citizens could use their votes to fight political corruption. Follette worked a little bit differently. Though he also supported the elimination of political machines, he created an idea called the "Wisconsin Idea" as a philosophy of sorts to institute local government reforms. Where Steffens focused on the large cities, Follette proposed the idea that if intellectuals and the poor could work together to reform local governments, then those reforms would spread to neighboring cities.

Lincoln Steffens

Lincoln Steffens published books and reports on government corruption, mainly at the local level. One of his most noteworthy publications was The Shame of the Cities, published in 1904. It was a collection of articles that reported on the workings of corrupt political machines in several major US cities. His works were proponent of citizens using their votes to fight political corruption, creating a "call to action" to his audience of every day working class laborers.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Little Bighorn? How would the outcome be perceived by many white Americans?

Little Bighorn was the biggest success of the Natives during the Great Sioux Wars because it was widely projected through the perception of white Americans. Colonel Custer and his men were wiped out by over 8000 Native American warriors. A defeat like that was detrimental to the view the American public had on their enemy, and the full force of America would come down on the Natives. The Americans didn't care that they had started it, that they had attacked first, but instead saw the Natives as antagonistic because they fought back and won.

New Deal Critics

Many business leaders believed the New Deal was doing too much but there were some who felt the new deal was not doing enough. Father Charles Coughlin was initially a supporter of FDR and the New Deal but eventually turned against FDR and called for the nationalization of banks, no privately owned banks. Lost most of his support when he began voicing anti-Semitic views Dr. Francis Townshend advocated for the elderly because he believed more could be done to help the elderly and many of his ideas formed a basis of social security. Huey Long was a senator of Louisiana and a good speaker. He proposed a "share our wealth" program that wanted to redistribute the nation's wealth. Take money from the wealthy and give it to the poor. He claimed that he had over 7.5 million followers and FDR called him the most dangerous man in the country because of his comments/actions. He was assassinated in 1935 by a man named Dr. Karl Vice, nobody knows why. Many believed Vice was related to some of Long's political opponents. Vice was killed by being shot 62 times by Long's security.

Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks. After the Bank Holiday, one of first executive orders he signed, saying that they could reopen if they had enough money to remain stable. Effective restoration of trust, relief.

led the back to africa movement

Marcus Garvey

How were the efforts of Marti and Aguinaldo comparable in the fight against Spanish rule?

Marti was a Cuban rebel leader that started the "Cuba Libre" movement, something that inspired the troops and citizens to fight for Cuban independence. Similarly, Aguinaldo was a Filipino rebel and was helping the US in its war efforts because it was supposed to lead to Philippines independence. Both of these figureheads inspired the independence movements, both not knowing that the US was planning to imperialize instead of help them.

Battle of Cantigny

May 28, 1918; - US troops took back the town of Cantigny from the Germans & held it.

The de lome letter was written about...

Mckinley

Effects on the Family: Men

Men were the breadwinners for many generations and didn't know what to do if they were unable to get a job. Some got food or cash payments provided by the government, others abandoned their families and went to live on the road as hobos. As the depression continued, many thought that the government should step in. There was no direct relief for men.

What was Wilson's initial reaction to the instability in Mexico?

Mexico was undergoing a revolution and a civil war in the early 1900's. The new leader, Huerta, did not support the US involvement in Mexico. President Wilson did not want to take sides, but did publicly denounce Huerta's regime.

What are the four M.A.I.N. (longterm) causes of WWI? For each cause, give an example or definition.

Militarism - In major European countries, they were steadily increasing military equipment and bulking up their armed forces, changed significantly to shiny new modern stuff but were still using old strategies. Alliances - European countries entered secret alliances, pretty sure that other countries had them but didn't know who was with who. This is what pulls most of the European continent in. Imperialism - The US wasn't the only imperialist country. Most major European countries had overseas possessions. In the recent years, most of Africa and Asia had been split up to different countries for resources and land. Nationalism - The excessive pride in one's own country, most European countries believed they had a right to power. They thought that they could succeed over other countries in the event of a war.

How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Germany?

Military severely restricted All overseas territories/colonies given to Allied Powers War reparation payments to Allied countries ($33 billion then, almost $500 billion today - specifically $485,589,297,966) Forced to accept sole blame for the starting the war ("War Guilt Clause") In reality, it was Serbia's & Austria-Hungary's actions that had caused the war to begin

Transportation

More efficient public transportation systems were necessary in growing urban areas. There were trolleys, elevated trains, subway systems, all overcrowded and unreliable. Railway Air Brakes, invented by George Westinghouse in 1869, allowed for a railway brake power system to be added to trains on the railroads, improving safety.

2. How did African Americans, and other minorities, face discrimination in regions of the U.S. besides the South?

Most African Americans didn't have any power or will to defy the de facto segregation. They could not fight for themselves because the segregation in place was not technically against the law, just patterns of illegal actions performed by everyday white people. Many followed along, obeying the racial etiquette and keeping their heads down. However, some like Marcus Garvey and WEB DuBois stuck their neck out and formed powerful organizations to fight for African American rights and citizens were able to begin joining those and fight for themselves.

Global perspective of WWI

Most Europeans were excited about the idea of fighting. Many had grown up hearing stories about great wars and the honor in fighting and dying for their countries. Once the fighting begins, the fighting turns into fear as the war becomes a stalemate. Western front (France/Germany) had mostly trench warfare. They tried to outdo each other and eventually ended up just making more trenches. The Eastern front was Russia and there was also the far eastern front (fighting in China and Pacific). The Southern front included Italy and the Ottoman Empire.

1914 Census Results effect on US public opinion

Mostly north, but most of the US, had a primarily German-American population in 1914. They had support for Germany, so they weren't just going to join the Allied powers because Germany was a central power. But later the public opinion changed.

Muckrakers

Muckrakers Journalists during the Progressive Era that exposed the corruption in government and in business were known as Muckrakers. This group included many reformers like Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, Lincoln Steffens, and more.

Munn v. Illinois

Munn v. Illinois is an 1877 US Supreme Court case that upheld the power of state government to regulate railroads within their borders because this "effects the common good".

Nativism

Nativism was an anti-immigration movement that wanted the government to restrict immigration, one of the many instances of discrimination in the late 1800's. Those in this movement believed that Anglo Americans were racially superior and supported immigration from the "Right" countries. These were primarily Caucasian countries like Britain, France, Germany, Scandinavia, etc. Some also objected to an immigrant's religious belief instead of their ethnic background. Most Nativists were protestants and believed that Catholic and Jewish immigrants would undermine them. This movement caused an increased distrust of immigrants and sometimes physical violence against immigrants or those who were perceived to be immigrants.

Military Causes

Naval Superiority is the main component of military causes. Since the US was trying to secure more markets for the goods that were being sold, it became necessary to have a way to protect those markets and ensure continued access. The writings of Alfred T Mahan were a big influence of this reason for imperialism.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects. Employed single young men, sent them across the country to build conservation projects, like campgrounds, etc. Relief.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects. Operated from 1933 to 1942, it was a public work relief program in the US that helped unemployed, unmarried men. It was the Most successful New Deal program. Relief because it brought work to many and established roads, bridges, and buildings throughout the US and helped stop the economic decline.

Changes on the American Home Front

New federal agencies meant more federal power. A Committee on Public Information was created, and it distributed propaganda to increase support. The Food Admin was an increase in food supply sent overseas by advocating voluntary rations. The Fuel Admin encouraged fuel conservation through carpooling, etc. This established daylight savings. War Industries Board set prices and production quotas for producing war materials and this is the most major example of more power. The War Labor Relations Board benefited labors to avoid strikes, reversed at war's end. Citizens were encouraged to directly contribute. Victory gardens were growing you own food to save food for the war effort. This and the food Admin helped send food overseas. Liberty bends helped the government fund the war with promise of payback. Civil liberties were restricted "to protect against the enemy". Espionage and Sedition Acts prevented interruption of military recruitment, the draft, and prevented citizens from speaking negatively about the government or the war. This is an obvious 1st amendment violation. Schenck v. US was where Schenck advocated for resistance and the Supreme Court ruled freedom of speech could be limited in time of crisis.

Stock Market Crash

October 29, 1929: Black Tuesday The largest and most devastating stock market crash in US history. There had been rumblings of uncertainty and anxiety in the months and week leading up to it as stock prices dropped, but it wasn't until this Tuesday that over 14 billion dollars were lost in one day.That's over 400 billion in a few days in today's money. Stocks were mostly based off faith, so once it became clear that these stocks were not worth as much as they were told, there was a rush to sell stock but nobody wanted to buy. The rush to sell stocks caused the crash. The stock market closes before anybody could buy them. There had been a steady loss of faith and confidence in the market in the preceding months. There were some signs, like the slow down in trade and production, but the Americans and economists didn't see it until it was too late, or didn't want to see it.

African Americans

One of the first lady's focuses was civil rights. she worked closely with Mary McLeod Bethune, one of FDR's advisers on civil rights. Eleanor, with Bethune, invited members of the NAACP to the white house to discuss anti-lynching laws, something that had been fought for for almost 30 years.

Central Pacific Railroad

One of the geographical challenges that made the transcontinental railroad necessary was the Rocky Mountains. The Central Pacific Railroad was built through the Rocky Mountains by Asian (mostly Chinese) immigrants. The Chinese immigrants were discriminated against because they looked different and practiced different relations. African Americans whom worked on this rail were discriminated against because they were former slaves.

Bessemer Process

One of the new technologies that aided growth in American cities is the Bessemer Process, patented in 1856, for refining steel. In this process, hot air is forced through molten iron. The carbon impurities burn off and the steel is produced. This process allowed for the quick and efficient production of steel for Skyscrapers, railroads, and more—And made Andrew Carnegie very rich.

Monopoly

One of the ways that people in the reconstruction became wealthy. By creating monopolies, people could control the market for a product. A person or company could control the price, quality, and quantity of a market product, therefore eliminating or minimizing competition which puts the consumer at a disadvantage. There are two types of monopolies, natural monopolies and trusts (informal monopolies).

Allied Powers

Originally called the Triple Entente, the allied powers consisted of Ireland, Great Britain, Portugal, France, Russia, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro. Eventually added the US and Italy.

4 Long Term Causes of Great Depression

Overproduction, Personal Debt, Unsafe Banking Practices, and Unequal Distribution of Wealth

Robert La Follette

Part of the Progressive Era's changes included Government Reform. Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette was a Governor and Senator from Wisconsin who made a change in this area of the movement. He created the Wisconsin Idea to institute local government reforms, which would then spread to other states.

Mann-Elkins Act

Passed in 1910, it empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for the first time to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to telephone and telegraph companies and set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings

Alice Paul

Paul founded National Woman's Party in 1916, which was more radical than the National American Woman Suffrage Association. They used hunger strikes and round-the-clock protests. They even organized a round-the-clock picket line around the White House.

Describe the effect of the Ballinger

Pinchot Affair on the Republican Party and the Election of 1912. - The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair happened in 1912 under the Taft Administration. Taft fired Pinchot, a man appointed by his friend and previous president, Teddy Roosevelt, because he felt he was being unjustly accused of corruption. This was a dividing factor for the Republican party as people began to align with either Roosevelt's or Taft's politics. These two were both candidates for reelection in the 1912 election, but because of the split party, the democratic vote won and Woodrow Wilson was elected president.

What was America's initial perspective regarding the war when it began in 1914?

President Wilson, and the majority of Americans, wanted to remain neutral in the war. Wilson kinda just wanted to have everyone hug it out. They ended up joining the Allied powers in 1917.

Abraham Lincoln

President of the United States during the Civil War, his administration lasting from 1861 to 1865. Republican. He planned to only prosecute Confederate leadership after the war. He believed in giving rights to African Americans and wanted to protect them by the law, enforcing reconstruction acts. He was assassinated and thus, passed the hat to Andrew Johnson, his Republican VP, in 1865.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Social Security Act of 1935

Provided monthly payments to the elderly once they retired and in some cases, to people with disabilities. Created both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC. The SSA created a Social Security Board (SSB), to oversee the administration of the new program. It is known for its old-age pension system, unemployment benefits, aid to dependent children, maternal and child welfare, public health services, and aid to the blind. Reform

Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson

Radio revivalists; he attacked drinking, gambling, and dancing. she condemned the evils of communism and jazz music.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Race Relations in the south were not well maintained in the turn of the 20th century. From De Jure Segregation, segregation that is enforced by the law like Jim Crow laws, came the Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896. This case upheld segregation in public facilities with the claim that "Separate but equal" is not discriminatory and this phrase soon became a law of the land.

Redlining

Race relations in the North and West were not based on De Jure Segregation but on De Facto Segregation, where segregation was enforced by traditional customs rather than the law. Redlining was part of this process and still is used today. Redlining kept African American people out of predominantly white neighborhoods through intimidation, denial of loans, or denial of other services.

Race Relations in the North and West

Race relations in the North and West were not based on De Jure Segregation but on De Facto Segregation, where segregation was enforced by traditional customs rather than the law. This included redlining and employment complications. Unions discouraged African American membership and competition between African American and white workers resulted in race riots in many northern cities. There was also harsher discrimination in the west. Mexican workers were forced into debt peonage. The Chinese Exclusion Act prevented new immigrants from China from entering the US unless they were a merchant, student, diplomat, etc. The US v. Wong Kim Ark court case ruled that individuals born in the US could not be denied entry into the US under this act. Native Americans, of course, continued to be pushed onto reservations and were not considered citizens. Most people supported forced assimilation through boarding schools.

"Racial Etiquette"

Racial Etiquette is a set of customs and traditions that are enforced by white society to ensure a second-class status for African Americans in their daily lives. Because of this, African Americans and whites could not shake hands, African Americans had to yield the sidewalk to white people, and African American men always had to remove their hats when white people passed by.

17th amendment

Ratified in 1913, the 17th amendment allowed for direct election of senators by the voters. This was a huge success that was wanted by the populist party before it disbanded. Before this amendment was ratified, the senators were chosen by state legislatures and didn't allow for citizen's voices to be heard.

19th Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

Referendum

Referendums were used in the 19th and 20th centuries as a way for citizens to exercise their political voices. There were two kinds of Referendums. In a legislative referendum, citizens vote on measures proposed by legislature. In a popular referendum, citizens would petition to vote on a law passed by the legislature. Essentially this allowed the people to be referenced for approval/veto of laws being passed.

10. How could the prevalence of Robber Barons contribute to the growing levels of poverty in large American cities?

Robber Barons owned many different parts of their markets and production of the supply chain, meaning that they had very wealthy monopolies on certain markets, which required a large workforce. However, with the growing influx of immigrants and the shift from farming to earning wages, it was lucky for a worker in the city to even get a job. They were willing to work for low wages and in terrible conditions over not working at all. The competition was fierce—a worker couldn't get sick or else they would be replaced quickly. The children of the families even worked in factories. The workplace was dangerous, the hours long, and the wages low. Robber Barons were able to get away with treating their workers like this because they were able to bribe government and the need for their products in the market, their effects on the economy, was too great to lose.

In charge of Standard Oil Co. Aka the first "robber baron"

Rockefeller

was the Bull Moose Party candidate for president in 1912

Roosevelt

Consumer Protection under Roosevelt Administration

Roosevelt began to support laws that would protect consumers and public health as part of his focus in domestic policy. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 required that meat packing facilities must follow cleanliness guidelines and submit to federal inspections. The Pure Food and Drug Act, also in 1906, did a few key things. It prohibited the sale of contaminated or unsafe goods. It also required all products to have truthful and accurate labelling. Progressives believed that this wouldn't deal with all of the issues with harmful products, but if given the right information people would make the wise decision.

Conservation under Roosevelt Administration

Roosevelt had a passion for preserving the US's natural resources, like reserves and forests, for the use and enjoyment of future generations. He designed over 200 million acres of national forests, mineral reserves, and national parks. He also created the US Forest Service and named Gifford Pinchot (a conservation advocate) to lead it.

What was Teddy Roosevelt's policy towards trusts?

Roosevelt was very passionate about the factors of his domestic policy, one of those including controlling corporations. He did not like trusts or monopolies and used the Sherman Antitrust Act as a way to stop monopolies and trusts. Unfortunately, this was not heavily enforced and the US v. EC Knight case made the situation worse by allowing protection from the government to monopolies. However, the Northern Securities v. US case took a turn. It created a new precedent of government's power to break up monopolies.

Bully Pulpit

Roosevelt would use the presidency and his forceful personality to speak out on important issues. Roosevelt became extremely popular among the American people. He was one of the first "celebrity presidents." Reporters and photographers followed the first family everywhere. Teddy Roosevelt puts himself in the public eye constantly to make his "bully pulpit" effective and increase his influence.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Square Deal

Roosevelt's Administration from 1901 to 1909 had a domestic policy based on the "three C's". Roosevelt focused on consumer protection, conservation, and controlling corporations.

Describe how and why Reconstruction came to an end.

Rutherford B Hayes. In his campaign for president of the US, he made what is now known as the "Compromise (Or Bargain) of 1877. He essentially promised to stop meddling in southern affairs and to end reconstruction altogether. He also campaigned with the idea of building a better transcontinental railroad. In the end, he did win and he ceded the reconstruction to the white southern democrats. They were free to be as racist with their laws as the constitution would sort of allow and Hayes got his railroad.

Anglo

Saxon Superiority - A cultural cause of imperialism was the Anglo-Saxon Superiority. Many in the US began to embody their racist ideals as justification for destroying other cultures. Many believed that the white race (Anglo) was superior to other races and had superior ideas, values, and customs. Since it was "superior" it was the duty of the white race to "civilize" other races.

What major issues were NOT addressed by the Treaty of Versailles?

Secret Alliances! There was no mention of rights of freedoms of the seas. Only Germany is required to reduce the size of its army and armaments. Two of these three things are part of the MAIN causes of the war. So basically there was no meaningful change. There was also no mention of free trade. Negotiated behind closed doors-contrary to the 14 points.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Separate but equal

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand effect on US public opinion

Serbian terrorist of the Black Hand assassinated the AH leader and his wife, causing an ultimatum to hit the table in regards to war between Serbia and AH. They would think Serbia was actually rebelling and fighting for themselves, so it would make them more likely to support Serbia. They'd be a little upset but not really. Majority of Americans became more dedicated to isolationism because they see the entire European continent getting pulled in. Of course, some also saw an opportunity to make money by selling war materials to both the allied and central powers.

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

The Transcontinental Railroad

Supported financially by the federal government, the development of the transcontinental railroad was a large promise during the Hayes Administration. This was comprised of the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad, joined in Promontory Point, Utah. Because of this railroad system, white settlers began to fill in the Midwestern Plains. Native Americans lost their land, buffalo, and culture. There was growth of towns along the railway. Trade increased and within ten years, fifty million dollars were via rail. Farmers started centralizing elements of their work for the trade system, like cattle farmers moving from open range to settling near railway posts.

Name 3 women associated with the Women's Suffrage Movement and their contributions.

Susan B. Anthony founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Alice Paul founded the National Women's party. Carrie Chapman Catt was the president of NAWSA after Anthony.

known for Dollar Diplomacy

Taft

responsible for signing the Payne-Aldrich tariff

Taft

known for getting the Panama Canal built

Teddy Roosevelt

The New Deal Expands

The "Second New Deal" is referring to part of FDR's second term, not a new policy. It's just an expansion of the same policy. It was necessary because it was stalling in the middle Eleanor Roosevelt became instrumental in advocating for the less fortunate during her husband's administration. She worked in support of civil rights and worker's rights. She traveled the country to bring FDR firsthand accounts of what Americans were experiencing.

16th amendment

The 16th Amendment was a huge part of Economic Reform. Ratified in 1913, this amendment allowed for Congress to impose a federal income tax. This was the first income tax to have access to a more reliable source of funding. It ended, for the most part, the practice of passing tariffs and excise taxes.

18th Amendment (1919)

The 18th Amendment (proposed by Congress on December 19, 1917) banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States and its possessions. Contrary to common belief, it did not prohibit the purchase or consumption of alcohol. The Amendment was ratified on January 18, 1919, went into effect one year later, and was repealed by the 21st Amendment on December 5, 1933. Small-time operators were faced with competition from the organized crime and criminal gangs that fought each other for market control.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

The American Federation of Labor was founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886. It only accepted skilled workers and subdivided by skill and trade. This was formed in the wake of the Knights of Labor disbandment, so many of the workers in the union came from this previous establishment.

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy. US (wwoodrow wilson) Britain (George) France (Clemenseaut) Italy (Oralando)

Black Codes

The Black Codes were laws passed by southern states in 1865 and 1866 that were overtly discriminatory laws. The Black Codes targeted African Americans and limited their rights and freedoms. This system included convict leasing. The laws looked most similar to pre-civil war laws, only the word "slave" was being replaced with the word "negro."

English blockade extended effect on US public opinion

The British had a blockade that prevented the central powers from getting trade provisions, like food and military resources, during this time. The US lost some economic benefits and were also kinda mad at GB for messing with neutrality so it all just increased tension. Although many Americans are horrified by the starvation conditions caused by this event, the US maintains its neutrality since most Americans viewed it as "Europe's problem"

U.S. Access to Information effect on US public opinion

The British used propaganda to win over the US and cut the transatlantic telegram so that the US only got Britain's side of the story. The US was pushed in the pro-allied powers direction, so that they were ultimately going to join the allied forces.

U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prevented new immigrants from China from entering the US unless they were a merchant, student, diplomat, etc. The US v. Wong Kim Ark court case ruled that individuals born in the US could not be denied entry into the US under this act.

What were the successes and failures of the Freedmen's Bureau?

The Freedmen's Bureau had both successes and failures. Educational institutions like Fiske and Howard universities (though segregated) helped improve education for the African American community. This part of the act helped develop primary and secondary schools as well. However, the "40 acres and a mule" part of the act failed. The promises made in this section were only promises—not executed because Johnson ordered all land back to the former owners. The same owners ended up owning the same land. This would lead to sharecropping.

How did the Ghost Dance contribute to the Wounded Knee massacre? Why was this event significant?

The Ghost Dance was a religious movement that encouraged the old way of Native American live. They believed that if they participated in peaceful religious dances and practices, the white men would disappear, and the buffalo would come back. The old way of life and land would be restored. The Ghost Dance was very foreign to the US Army and when the Native Americans refused to stop participating it, though they were passive in nature at this point, the US Army slaughtered elderly, children, and women in a large massacre, though they were at that point pleading to surrender.

What did the Grange and Farmers' Alliances have in common? How did they differ?

The Grange Movement was originally formed by three main farmer alliances: The Northern Alliance, the Southern Alliance, and the Colored (Black Farmer's) Alliance. Although the Grange was made up of Alliances that all wanted the same things: better price floors for their crops, government ownership of railroads, and bimetallism, there were some differences. The Grange Movement was mainly coordinated in the Midwest, whereas the Farmer's Alliance was everywhere. Farmer's alliance wanted equal tax, included white and African American farmers, and was three pronged, growing out of the Grange Movement. The Grange Movement wanted standard shipping rates, only was comprised of white farmers, and was one single branch of organization.

How was the Great White Fleet representative of Roosevelt's foreign policy beliefs?

The Great White Fleet was where Roosevelt sent the US's new, modern navy on a tour around the world to protect the country's military might. It went along with the idea of "speak softly and carry a big stick" because he was flaunting and intimidating with his navy, making a challenge to their strength seem like a losing battle.

Immigration Restriction Act, 1921

The Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 implemented a quota system, a 3% limit on immigrants from almost every country. Mexican immigrants were excluded from this Act. This meant that only 3% of a country's population, currently in the US, would be allowed into the US. For example, if there were 200,000 immigrants from Germany in the US, in 1910, then only 6000 new German immigrants could enter the country the following year. This law favored the "Old: Immigrants as it limited more "New" Immigrant countries and never allowed their population ratio to the rest of the country grow.

Interstate Commerce Act & ICC Tammany Hall

The Interstate Commerce Act was passed by congress in 1887. This act established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). This agency's responsibility was to regulate the railroads and report corruption. It required that the railroad rates be "reasonable and just" but did not empower the government to fix specific rates.

Lusitania sunk effect on US public opinion

The Lusitania, a British ocean liner, is torpedoed without warning by a German submarine. It was an English cruise liner that had some Americans on board. People died. The US was very unhappy about this and it was also an attack on war munitions for GB. Too many people died and the US public opinion began to turn irrevocably against Germany. They were beginning to see how Germany was brutal and it is still vividly remembered 2 years later.

Reservation System (1850)

The Native Americans were a huge problem for the American Government. The Government had a large range of profitable land, so many resources to capitalize on, but no people of the country living on it. They wanted to persuade the population to migrate this way, but the population of Plains Indians was currently occupying this area. The Plains Indians had adopted a hunting buffalo culture after the introduction of the horse and were surviving off of the land owned by the American Government. After the Indian Removal Act of 1828, some Natives were pushed west. But with Western expansion, white settlers and Natives would fight again over the land rights. And thus, a new policy was created and started in 1850, the Reservation System! They isolated tribes onto small plots of land, restricting them to only that area, then provided ration food to them and taught them Christianity.

What were the justifications of Nativists in their animosity toward immigrants?

The Nativists had the most racist and regressive reasons for their attitude towards new immigrants. They believed that they were superior as an Anglo Americans race and only wanted immigrants to come in who looked like them. They were incredibly discriminating towards those with different religions and practices than them, like regular bathing and Catholicism. These weren't justified and were just excuses for white Americans to try and continue to preserve their idea of the "free" country, like the southern Democrats did with the Bargain of 1877.

Women

The New Deal programs had some short comings when it came to dealing with inequality, including mixed success for women. The NRA set lower wage guidelines for women. The FERA hired fewer women than men. And the CCC only hired men. During FDR's presidency, the first lady established 90 of what they called "she she she camps" that hired exclusively women for things that the CCC did for men. There were important precedents set for women. Frances Perkins was appointed as FDR's secretary of labor. She became the first woman to serve in a cabinet level position. FDR also appointed women to diplomatic and federal judge positions. Small but important steps in women's representation in federal government.

How did Wilson's "New Freedom" address issues with banking, tariffs, and trusts?

The New Freedom domestic policy under the Wilson Administration focused on financial, tariff, and business reforms. For financial reforms, the Federal Reserve system allowed for easier loans, bringing in more money to the economy. For the tariff reform, the Underwood Tariff cut tariffs for the first time since the Civil War and brought forth the re-instatement of the 16th amendment. For business reforms, the Clayton Antitrust Act and Federal Trade Commission helped to prevent monopolies and trusts as well as make it more difficult for companies to become or stay corrupt as they had to report their finances.

Platt Amendment (1901)

The Platt Amendment (1901) basically ignores the Teller Amendment. It stated multiple conditions for the withdrawal of US troops in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American war. It gave the US the authority to override Cuban government and build a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. In the end, over 2,000 Americans died due to diseases such as Malaria and yellow fever. 385 died in combat. This was the last war in which more soldiers died from disease rather than combat.

What group(s) did the Populist Party attempt to gain support from?

The Populist party attempted to gain the support and appeal to the urban workers. This was a failure because the urban workers did not agree with the idea of free silver. They believed silver would cause the value of their wages to decrease and it would undermine the payment they were getting. They also wanted to restrict undesirable immigration and to create the idea of an "eight-hour work day," which would also mean less wages coming home to the urban worker's families.

What connections did the Progressive movement have to earlier reform efforts?

The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism, something that had been starting up for years before it began in the 1890's. The efforts of those like Thomas Nast, Unions, Jane Adams, Jacob Riis, and other activists were able to spark up the movement in their exposure of the problems with child labor, unsafe working conditions, unsafe living conditions, immigrant discrimination, and more political issues of the time. If it had not been for the efforts of these people fighting tirelessly and fearlessly for the rights and lives of others around them, then the Progressive Movement would not have come to be.

Spheres of Influence

The Quin Dynasty was weak because of war and foreign intervention, which allowed European nations to gain influence in China. The "Spheres of Influence" refers to when European nations divided China into regions, controlled trade and built naval bases in their region, and then the US was (for the most part) not allowed to trade within China.

Radical Republican

The Radical Republicans wanted to punish the south and protect the rights of African Americans. They were a party involved in congress, especially during the Military Reconstruction, but were not the only members. Some had more radical views than others.

American Troops at War

The Selective Service Act (1916) was a draft of men from 21 to 80. Yes--80. The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was the official title of US Army during WWI. The Commander of AEF was John Pershing. The nickname "Doughboys" was created for American forces due to their coat buttons. There was a convoy system, where battleships escorted merchant ships to help avoid u-boats. Germany begins spring offensive in March of 1918 and the US joined gradually in 1917. The Germans were trying to push back before all US troops arrived. Initially, this was very successful in moving the front line. The Battle of Cantigny was the first large battle with US troops, an attempt to prevent Germany from advancing. The Battle of Chateau-Thiemy was an attempt to push Germans back from Paris. The 2nd Battle of Mame was were the Allied Powers begin pushing Germans back. It begins the 100-day offensive.

Describe the difference between the Teller Amendment and the Platt Amendment.

The Teller Amendment was towards the beginning of the war. It stated that the US was only involving itself in order to help Cuba gain independence from Spain. However, at the end of the war, the Platt Amendment completely contradicted this statement. It stated conditions in order for the withdrawal of troops in Cuba, including giving the US power over Cuban government and to build a naval base in Guantanamo Bay.

Explain the connection between the following 3 terms: Carrie Nation, Women's Christian Temperance Movement and the 18th Amendment

The Temperance Movement was a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Some activists of the Temperance movement, like Carrie A. Nation took the opposition of alcohol into their own hands. Nation took her hatchet into bars and saloons to smash the liquor bottles she found. The fact that she was six feet tall, that her husband was a lawyer, meant that she was usually successful and got away with it. The Women's Christian Temperance Union took a different route to fight the consumption of alcohol. They organized protests involving singing hymns, praying, and calling out people who came in or out of the bar. This Union had over 700,000 members in the 1920's and was also involved with other issues, like women's suffrage, the eight-hour work day, and wage cuts. Because of the efforts of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, and those like them, the 18th amendment was created. Ratified in 1919, the 18th amendment prohibited alcoholic beverages in the US.

4.04 Evaluate the effectiveness of the Treaty of Versailles (End of WWI)

The Treaty of Versailles had many layers to it. While it did demilitarize and reorganize the land of Germany, it also joined the European powers in a peace. However, it separated America from the resolution because congress didn't like every part of the treaty. It had its moments, but the solutions, like League of Nations, were overall ineffective, especially when it came to America's isolationist perspective.

What were the differences between the main goals of the NAACP, Tuskegee Institute, and Niagara movements?

The Tuskegee Institute wanted to educate the African Americans in technical and trade skills so that they were able to advance themselves socially and economically in the workforce. The Niagara movements were more aimed at politics, effecting that African Americans deserved a liberal arts education so that their leaders could be well educated. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People called for the security of political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights for African Americans in order to eliminate discrimination and ensure the health and wellbeing of all people. The NAACP essentially agreed with the Niagara movements and Tuskegee Institute but wanted more than just education.

Tuskegee Institute

The Tuskegee Institute, created in 1881, founded African American schools that taught technical and trade skills, meaning that they were able to move up in the working class.

Jones Act (1917)

The US gained control of Puerto Rico after the Spanish American War. The American public viewed Puerto Ricans as superior to the people of other territories because they didn't resist American intervention in their country. The US appointed government in Puerto Rico worked to control diseases that were spreading (malaria, yellow fever, etc.), and sponsored projects to build harbors, roads, and irrigation systems. In 1917, Jones Act granted citizenship to Puerto Ricans. By the 1950's, US businesses dominated and exploited the Puerto Rico economy because it was a source of cheap labor. By 1930, American investors owned 60% of public utilities and the banking industry, 80% of tobacco plants, 60% of the sugar industry, and 100% of overseas shipping.

Why was the American government so concerned about problems between Cuba and Spain?

The US had a lot riding on Cuba. Many of Cuban exports were heavily aiding the American economy, specifically sugar. The American businesses were afraid of what conflict between Cuba and Spain would mean for their investments and the future of their economic standing.

Pancho Villa's raid, 1916

The US originally supported this Mexican revolutionary general of the Mexican revolution, but the US eventually gave its support to Villa's rival, Carranza. Because of this, Pancho Villa raids the US-Mexico border, killing dozens of Americans. President Wilson sent General John Pershing to capture Villa, but he was unsuccessful. The US troops were recalled from Mexico when the US entered WWI.

Why did the U.S. become involved in Panama? What actions did Roosevelt take?

The US wanted to build a canal through Panama to make trade faster but the Colombian government didn't want the US involved. So the US helped Panama gain its independence from Colombia. Finally, the US builds the canal & increased its power in Latin America. This is an example of Big Stick Diplomacy because the US used its military and influence in the region to move events to its advantage when diplomacy failed.

The U.S.S. Maine

The USS Maine was sent to Cuba to protect economic interests by President McKinley. It explodes in Havana Harbor and Spain is blamed (really unknown at the time).

Woodrow Wilson (D)

The Wilson Administration lasted from 1913 to 1921. Important factors of his presidency include the "New Freedom" domestic policy, the Financial reform (banks), the tariff reform, and business reforms (trusts).

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

The administration that provided electricity for rural America; utility co-ops. The goal of the REA was to bring electricity to America's rural areas. While cities had enjoyed electric power for many years, rural areas did not. At the time, power companies were unwilling and sometimes unable to string wires over long distances like farm land at an feasible price. Reform.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

The agency of the U.S. government that oversees U.S. financial markets and accounting standard-setting bodies. Regulated stock market and prevented risky practices, prevented insider trading, reform

Senate's opposition to the treaty

The allies agreed to a final vision of the treaty and the last hurtle is that Wilson has to bring it home and get it ratified by the senate. BUT many of the senators have concerns about the impact of the Treaty. A lot of senators, mostly republicans, have issues. Henry Cabot Lodge lead the opposition to the treaty. He felt it would limit the US's sovereignty and self-determination.Article 10: All who sign up for the treaty had to support each other, which could be bad. Wilson creates a cross country tour to try and appeal to the American public, but has a stroke in the process and fails. He becomes even more uncompromising, and so the US never ratifies it, never joins the League of Nations (this becomes the League's biggest weakness). The US eventually signs a separate treaty with Germany later on.

How did the federal government ensure the safety of consumer goods at the turn of the 20th century?

The biggest changes in ensuring the safety of consumer goods came under the Roosevelt Administration. Because of his square deal domestic policy platform, he focused on the protection of consumers. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 required that meat packing facilities must follow cleanliness guidelines and submit to federal inspections. The Pure Food and Drug Act, also in 1906 prohibited the sale of contaminated or unsafe goods. It also required all products to have truthful and accurate labelling.

The Depression in the Cities

The economy worsens: millions suffered from hardship, homelessness, and hunger. Shantytowns popped up in the cities across the country. These were collections of makeshift shelters in which the homeless lived. Soup kitchens and breadlines were also common sites in most cities. Most relief came from churches or private charities. Everyone was affected by the depression, but the racial and ethnic minorities had additional obstacles to overcome.

Treaty of Paris, 1898

The end of the Spanish-American war was marked officially by the Treaty of Paris in 1898. It was nicknamed the "Splendid Little War" by the US Secretary of State John Hay. The US easily gained new territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Second Battle of the Marne

The first battle that the US participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of world war 1

In what ways did American policy begin to target ethnicities and nationalities? What possible long term impact could that have?

The first thing that comes to mind with the word "target" is the Chinese Exclusion act of 1882. This completely prohibited the immigration of Chinese for ten years if they were not students, merchants, teachers, or diplomats. This was the first specifically targeted immigration law that was put in place by the American government and it wasn't completely repealed, was even made public, before 1943! It lasted over half a century! Of course, there was also the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 that targeted the nationalities and ethnicities of the "New" Immigrants, keeping them from growing their numbers in America in the years following it. They could bring in more of their populations but were never able to make themselves anything less than a minority.

Dumbbell Tenements

The housing in urbanized areas was a very insufficient system. Overcrowding and over population became one of the biggest challenges in most cities, leading to sickness and hunger and low wages due to the lack of jobs to support everyone. Because of this, Dumbbell tenements were created, apartments that were poorly constructed and house more people than intended. They were a visible symbol of the growing poverty in most US cities.

Describe the hardships of living on the Great Plains.

The initial movement west was a large change from living east. Firstly, the travel over to the newer land plots was harsh and expensive, and though they had the land, didn't mean that they could profit from it. Most lived in sod houses and the exposure to elements such as isolation, bugs, drought, and competition, 60% of the Homesteaders failed to live on the land 5 years. One big issue was the overproduction of crops. In the law of supply and demand, this meant that prices fell and the work to provide enough to sell was difficult. There was a "Cycle of Debt" where, to outlast their competition, the Homesteaders borrowed money to produce more, putting themselves out even more. However, as time went on, things got easier with increased civilization. Homesteaders, railroad, and land speculators all spread quickly throughout the West. Most land plots were ono the small end and were only able to produce food for subsistence. There was rarely cash crop farming in the frontier and until the invention of the Steel Plow, Mechanical Reaper and other new machines, the productivity of farms was a struggle for those living on the land.

Which two events, people, or groups do you think had the biggest impact on public perception and eventual success of the labor movement? Explain.

The labor movement was very up and down in the eye of the public. The Haymarket Square Riot was a very impactful event because it was a sudden chaotic event at the hands of the Knights of Labor. Even though the Knights of Labor did not throw the bomb at the police force, the action was still blamed on them and they were forced to disband. The public view of Labor Unions at this time was very poor and it took a long time for any of them to be successful. However, the next most impactful group that changed the view of the labor movement would have to be the Anthracite Coal Strike in 1902. The workers of a coal company went on a very long strike towards the beginning of winter, causing a great public issue if nobody was able to heat their homes throughout the winter. Because of this, the strike got attention of President Teddy Roosevelt and they were invited with the management to the "Square Deal" negotiation in the White House, where compromises were made on their work day length, pay, and representation as a group against the management. This was the first successful strike and that showed the public that change was possible, that not all strikes were violent or failures, and then unions became looked at less poorly.

What is the main idea of William Jennings Bryan "Cross of Gold" Speech?

The main idea of Bryan's "Cross of Gold" was to mesmerize the masses. He was appealing to the common man, supporting bimetallism, also known as "free silver" as a way of making the Midwest (and the whole nation) more prosperous. His dramatic speech style and skill of persuasion created a long lasting speech that would spread the Populist ideals, even causing them to be adopted by the Democratic party, essentially killing the Populist platform.

Homestead Steel Strike (1892)

The management of Homestead Steel wanted to break the power of the union, make it easier for them to reduce wages. Because of this, there was a strike that had to be violently suppressed by the state militia.

Roots of Corruption

There were several reasons for corruption in the turn of the 20th century. The cities became large and too difficult to govern. City leaders and officials had access to more power and more money. Business leaders began to use their wealth to influence city leaders.

Neutral Powers

The neutral powers consisted of Spain, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, and Albania

How did economic and social factors provide an opportunity for people to accumulate wealth?

The new Laissez-fair government policy presented this time with a new social stigma. With social Darwinism determining the wealthy, it made those who did not gain wealth, like the working class, lose any opportunity in the economy. This was the time of the wealthiest people in the world emerging in America's economy and because of their wealth, they found more opportunities coming their way. The government had no regulation of the individuals in the market at the time, so as monopolies formed to people like Andrew Carnegie and John D Rockefeller, the working class was completely squashed in both social and economic standards. They were having to pay more for products owned in monopolies, worked tirelessly for low wages under harsh conditions. By buying out their competitors and gaining power over the supply chain, wealthy people in this economy were able to gain immense power over the rest of the country, which made them both great and terrible for the economy—both robber barons and captains of industry.

Who would have benefitted the most from work done by Jane Addams' and Colonel George Waring?

The obvious answer to this is to say that the working class benefitted most from the Hull House and the improvements in sanitation. However, with increased sanitation, better living conditions, and the education of immigrants, there was slightly less poverty than before. It is true that life improved for the working class, but they still had trouble finding jobs, making money, and finding places to live. The people who really benefited from this were not just the people living on the streets that saw change, but the capitalists whom their worked for. Healthier people meant a stronger working force, more people to work the factories and grow their monopolies.

What was the overall goal of the muckrakers?

The overall goal of muckrakers wasn't to fix the problems in corruption of government and businesses, but to expose and promote awareness to these problems. Each of the muckrakers were only one person, to little to make a huge difference all by themselves. Instead, by inspiring the Progressive Era reforms and supporting ideals like protection of consumers and defeating political machines, the country was able to start moving in the right direction.

Pinkerton Guards

The scabs would be looked down upon by the union populations and so they would have to be protected at times by Pinkerton Guards. Whether to get back at the employers or to disgrace the scabs for working against them when they were suffering the same ailments of working in these environments, the protesters could turn violent towards them. The Pinkerton were a sort of private police force that would protect scabs and break strikes upon hire.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

The second part of the business reforms under the Wilson Administration's New Freedom domestic policy is the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) founded in 1914. This is a federal agency that investigates business corruption and requires companies to submit financial reports. This would help to stop pyramid and ponzi schemes as well as keep companies accountable for what they were doing.

Describe how black codes and Jim Crow laws affected Black Americans after the Civil War

The small amount of rights that were instated with the reconstruction amendments were violated in extreme by the southern democratic local governments of the south that arose in 1877. The Black Codes targeted African Americans and limited these rights and freedoms. Among the restrictions came a system of convict leasing, where prisoners could be leased as slaves. Jim Crow laws had a similar effect, restricting rights and working against what little rights they were even allowed. The fifteenth amendment should have given the African Americans the right to vote, however there were poll taxes, literacy tests, and more keeping them from fulfilling this right. These overtly discriminatory laws made life infinitely more difficult for the people of color, especially in the south. This plummeted the social and economic mobility of African Americans significantly.

Explain how the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were collectively violated by the South during Reconstruction

The south had its scalawags, but the southern democratic population of redeemers were very prominent as well. After the election of Hayes in 1877, the south was relieved of a military presence and local government was able to make laws that were unconstitutional (because Hayes had campaigned with a no-meddling policy). The southern states returned land to the original owners, forcing poor whites and former slaves into sharecropping and tenant farming. There were many rights restrictions as well, including the Black Codes and the Jim Crow Laws. The Ku Klux Klan gained quite a following and the south grew in all of these ways to resemble a very pre-civil war society. Dangerous and debilitating socially and economically for any person of color or of poor social class.

Spoils System

The spoil system, also known as the "patronage system" is where those in office hire friends and supporters into their political office. It began with Andrew Jackson and has become an epidemic. President Grant had a "Credit Mobilier" scandal in 1872-1873 where the Union Pacific executives formed their own railroad construction company, then hired and overpaid themselves to build their own railroad. Grant also had the Whiskey Ring scandals in 1875, where whiskey distillers bribed internal revenue officials and accomplices in Washington to keep liquor taxes for themselves.

Clayton Antitrust Act

The third part of the New Freedom domestic policy under the Wilson Administration was the trust/business reform. There are two main changes under this reform, the first being the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914. This was much stronger than the Sherman Antitrust Act because it got more government power. Companies could not buy stock in another company if that would create a monopoly. Labor groups also had a right to exist now.

In what ways could the moniker "Captain of Industry" or "Robber Baron" be wrong or misleading when describing these entrepreneurs?

The title "Captain of Industry" can be wrong and misleading because the industrialists defined by this name achieved their wealth in very dishonorable ways. The title does not show light to how the questionable deals, exploitation of workers, and corruption of the free market economy led them to their current positions. However, calling them "Robber Barons" is completely negative. This only shows the bad things, shedding most light on the exploitation and mistreatment of workers and their working conditions. It doesn't include what they did to boost America's economy, advance new markets, create jobs, make transcontinental trade possible, and give back to their communities.

Treaty of Paris 1898

The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

What policy was used to increase American influence in the Dominican Republic?

The use of the Roosevelt Corollary meant that the US would intervene in Latin and South American countries to protect the US's economic interest. This included taking on the DR's debts and in return, the US got to influence their economy. Later, Taft used the Dollar Diplomacy through business investments to continue intervention.

Describe how sharecropping and tenant farming affected Black Americans after the Civil War.

The white southern democrats in the south dominated the local governments. Any land that had been transferred went back to the original owners. Now having basic rights, the former slaves didn't go back to slavery by the traditional name. However, their only options were slavery by another name: sharecropping and tenant farming. Sharecroppers were provided with land and supplies by the owner and in return, got a small share of the profit. Tenant farmers rented land from the owners and received a small share of the profit as well. However, this meant that neither sharecroppers nor tenant farmers earned enough to leave the land. They were attached to land that they didn't own and could not move socially or economically in this new "post-civil war" society.

What leverage do the workers have over the owners? Owners over the workers?

The workers had only a few advantages over the owners. For one, workers would plan sudden strikes where they refused to work and would make picket lines, boycotts and promoted awareness in this way. The employers were suddenly without people to work their production lines and continually got bad reputations for the ways that they treated their workers. The workers also had what were called "closed shops" where they struck up a deal with the employer. If the employer would hire only union workers and listen to their protests, then they would not go on strikes and fight back against them. Employers had much more leverage over the workers. Because everyone was so replaceable in this time, the employers could prepare for strikes by gathering scabs, temporary workers so that production would not cease during strikes, and could protect scabs and disband strikes with the Pinkerton Guards. They also had certain ways to gain advantage over the desperate-to-be-employed. They had yellow-dog contracts that would ensure that their employees would leave or not join unions in return for having a job. They also had what were called "open shops" where they would hire both union and non-union workers, creating a disconnect in their workforce that didn't allow for effective striking or protest on the employee end.

What are the reasons behind U.S. imperialism? What specific ideas were used to justify it?

There are several reasons/causes behind imperialism. Geographic causes focused on manifest destiny. Cultural causes focused on Anglo-Saxon superiority. Economic causes were focused on industrialization. Military causes were focused on naval superiority.

Strikes

There was a tension during this period between the Laborers and the Owners and Management. Both sides had "tools" that they could use in the fight against each other. The Laborers had strikes, picket lines, boycotts, public awareness and the closing of shops by a company that only hires union workers. The management had tools as well. Yellow-dog contracts were signed by workers, stating that they would not join a union. They also had lockouts and scabs, temporary workers brought in to keep production moving during strikes. The Pinkerton Guards were a private police force companies often hired to protect the scabs and breakup strikes. They also had open shops, where the companies would hire both union and non-union workers.

What conditions and events led to unionization of workers?

There was no regulation of the conditions of the workplace and often there were incidents that could have been so easily avoided if the management spent any money making safety-precautions in the workplace. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire was the biggest incident that really caused Unions to come together and protest. Even though there was some legal action about fire safety in response to this event, the overall problem was not achieved. There were wage cuts after wage cuts, and with the invention of the lightbulb the workers were able to and did work over ten-hour work days. There was no standard for allowing or listening to the workers and the only way they felt they could be heard or even bring attention of the government to these issues were by creating unions and striking.

Great Chicago Fire

There were many health concerns at the time in urbanization. The city streets were overflowed with human and animal waste. There was sickness and disease running rampant across the lower income areas. Old wooden buildings meant that fire would spread uncontrollably. The Great Chicago fire was one instance of this. In 1871, a fire in Chicago began to spread and it killed 300 and left over 100,000 people homeless.

"Old" & "New" Immigrants

There were two large waves of Immigration in the turn of the 20th century, old and new. "Old" Immigrants came before 1880. They were mainly from Northern and Western Europe and did not face as much discrimination because they were able to more easily assimilate. However, the "New" Immigrants who came after 1880 were not so lucky. They were mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe, but also some Asian migrants came at this time, too. This group was predominantly unskilled laborers. They faced much more official and unofficial discrimination because they had different customs, languages, and appearances.

Explain how the U.S. Supreme Court decisions led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

There were two main Supreme Court cases that made a difference in the interstate regulation of businesses, namely the railroad. In Munn v. Illinois, the decision was made that the states could regulate the railroads within their borders, enabling them to change shipping prices, to accept deals and aid monopolies. However, this was nixed in Wabash v. Illinois where the decision was made that states cannot regulate railroads. Only the federal government could do this through the Interstate Commerce Act. This established the Interstate Commerce Commission, an agency whose responsibility was to regulate the railroads and report corruption.

How did the federal government attempt to encourage westward settlement? (2 specific ways)

There were two main acts that were passed in 1862, the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Morrill Land Grant Act. The Homestead Act gave people an incentive to move west by offering large plots of land for extremely cheap prices, provided that the owners of said land would live on and work the land for a minimum of five years. Though 60% failed to upkeep successful farms for that range of time, this act was arguably the largest step the government made in encouraging westward expansion. With the profit made by selling off the land for cheap, the government also passed the Morrill Land Act that year. This act provided land for colleges that would specialize in farming and mining, like the Texas A&M.

Southern Democrat

These are also known as "Redeemers" in some cases. The nickname is created from a south perspective; they aren't really redeeming the country, just a southern way of life. They typically hated reconstruction, particularly in the time before Hayes' election, and wanted to "oust" scalawags and carpetbaggers.

Exodusters

These were African American farmers leaving the south, which is in this case referred to as "exodus" and moving into the great plains of the frontier, which is referred to as "dust" during westward expansion.

Jim Crow Laws

These were state and local laws passed after the end of reconstruction, when white southern democracy-dominated state governments were passing overtly discriminatory laws. Jim Crow laws imposed legal segregation and tried to prevent black suffrage. This included poll taxes, literacy tests, the grandfather clause, restricting voting. The social and economic mobility of African Americans in the south declined precipitously.

Vaqueros

These were the "ancient cowboys" and Mexican horse tamers and cattle drivers. As the Cattle Industry was based in Texas and Kansas, Vaqueros made up about 1/3 of the cowboys of the time. Fun fact: Where cattle were worth seven dollars in Texas, they were worth $65 in Kansas! This group was seen during the westward expansion.

What was the common goal for Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Chief Joseph? What can be concluded by Chief Joseph's quote "I will fight no more forever"?

These were the figureheads of the Native groups, meaning that they led and stood for everything that Native American culture embodied. They were an accumulation of a way of life, of the Native life before any interference came from explorers and settlers. They fought for their land, defended their culture and their people, and were strong inspiring chiefs in their actions. They were honorable and did what they could for their people. However, in the final words of Chief Joseph, they decided they would "fight no more forever." This was saying that for the sake of their people, their culture, the things they protected and valued the most, they would give up their land and their freedom. They valued the lives of their people and the livelihood of them over the cost it would take to keep fighting.

How did the writings of Alfred Mahan and Rudyard Kipling help to promote imperialism in the United States?

They both supported Anglo-Saxon superiority and Naval Superiority, influencing both the masses and political figureheads of the time.

How did European countries increase their influence in China?

They used the "spheres of influence" where they split up regions of China, doled out the regions among themselves, and dominated the markets of those regions with naval forces. This meant that America got very little to no trade with China and forced their influence instead.

What were the "3 C's" on which Roosevelt's Square Deal was based?

They were based on controlling corporations, consumer protection, and conservation.

Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare effect on US public opinion

They were trying to get around the British blockade, so they planned to wage its naval war with U-boats. They announced that waters around GB would be a war zone and Germany would destroy all enemy ships. It angered most Americans because Wilson believed that Germany's actions violated the laws of neutrality. He warned Germany that he would hold the nation responsible if they were affected. Raised tensions between US and Germany. US thinks that Germany was being unnecessarily hostile toward a neutral country by implementing this policy, tensions with Germany increase.

Battle of Chateau

Thierry - The first significant engagement of American troops in World War I—and, indeed, in any European war. To weary French soldiers, the American doughboys were an image of fresh and gleaming youth.

Homestead Act of 1862

This Act helped to improve westward expansion. The government incentivized the idea of moving west by selling off plots of land, 160 acres each, for $10. The deal was that the farmers had to stay and live on the land and work the land for five years, though 60% of that failed to stay the entire term. This was meant to encourage white settlers to move into the frontier because the act was made before the end of the civil war, in 1862.

Hepburn Act (1906)

This Act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records.

Freedmen's Bureau Act

This act was created in 1865 during the Lincoln Administration. It was also passed in 1865 and aided former slaves through food, housing, oversight, education, health care, and employment contracts with private land owners. Essentially, this act helped with the advance of education with the African American community, but didn't fulfill all of it's potential because of the Johnson Administration. It lasted until 1870 when the only benefit that truly lived on was education.

Military Reconstruction Act

This act was finally passed around 1867 when congress took over reconstruction. It was partially fueled by the presence of sharecropping and similar traits that made the south look very much like a pre-civil war south. They were somewhat radical and separated the south into five sections that had to recreate governments that included the participation of African American men and had to ratify the 14th amendment in order to rejoin the union.

13th Amendment

This amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was finally passed by both the senate (1864) and the house in January of 1865. It was ratified in 1865.

14th amendment

This amendment was ratified and added to the constitution in 1868. It defined citizenship and provided equal protection under the law of those citizens. It states that no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty or property" without due process. This mostly affected the African Americans of the country.

15th amendment

This amendment was ratified in 1870 and was the third of the reconstructive amendments. It prohibits the federal and state governments from denying voting rights to individuals based on their race. This did not help give suffrage based on gender, literacy, or other qualities.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

This battle, June 25, 1876, was part of the Great Sioux Wars and was a historic mark of the battles fought. In this key battle, Colonel Custer (who controlled the fight west against the Natives) and his men were wiped out by 8000 Native Americans.

Ku Klux Klan

This group was founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest in 1866. They believe in white supremacy, fighting equality, and preserving the southern way of life. They performed lynching, which were angry mobs targeted at African Americans, executing them for alleged crimes without a trial.

Wisconsin Idea

This idea was created by Robert La Follette as a way to promote government reform during the Progressive Era. Follette's idea suggested that only intellectuals and experts and the poor could work together to create a more meaningful and authentic reform to change society.

Silverites

This is a group that included but was not limited to the Populist Party. Silverites were individuals who supported the backing of currency with more silver and not just gold.

Scalawags

This is a nickname given to southerners who supported reconstruction. Usually a white southerner who cooperated or collaborated with the northern republicans during the reconstruction. This term was, of course, created from the white democrat point of view and whom opposed military reconstruction.

Buffalo Soldiers

This is a nickname made by the Plains Indians and other Natives during the Great Sioux Wars. It described African American Union Soldiers, most likely due to their appearance.

Gold Bugs

This is a nickname made from the point of view of the Homesteaders that described those who supported the gold standard. With the Panic of 1873, the deflation of money not backed by gold benefited bankers and took from most everyone else. Thus, most Gold Bugs were bankers.

How the Other Half Lives

This is a photo journal published in 1890 by Jacob Riis, documenting the struggles, poor living conditions, overcrowding, and disease of the poor working class in city slums. Because of Riis, the journal became a catalyst for change that would later help spur the later Progressive Movement.

Trust

This is a sort of informal monopoly. A group of companies are all controlled by one person or group of people (like a board of Trustees) through incentives like cash or stock options. There are not technically monopolies, but it has the same effect as a traditional monopoly. In fact, John D Rockefeller used this tactic to gain over 90% of the US oil industry components.

Open Shop

This is a system where the employees in a place of work were not required to join a labor union. A place of work where unions were not required helped aid the employers because the workers didn't have to stick their neck out and fight back, which would cause great risk to their job security, but were also able to work. Because of this, employers were able to get away with mistreatment of the workers and the unsafe working conditions they were put in.

Closed Shop

This is a union-organized term that refers to the practice of only allowing unionized employees to work for a company. Having a negotiation like this, where employers would agree not to hire non-union members, allowed the Laborers to get an advantage in their rights.

Amnesty

This is an official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses. For example, Johnson gave amnesty to the Confederate leaders after he became president.

Arabic Pledge effect on US public opinion

This is another British registered ocean liner that was sunk by a U-boat. It killed 44 people, 3 Americans, and American wanted to meet with Germany to say if they abandoned submarine warfare, Britain would be the only violator of American neutral rights (Britain had a blockade to block shipments to Germany from neutral countries and Germany was starving). The US operated under the assumption that they would be able to reestablish neutrality. Despite promising to give warning before attacking unarmed passenger ships, Americans still view Germany unfavorably because they are continuing to attack passenger ships and civilians.

Redeemers

This is another perspective of the reconstruction, a nickname invented by Redeemers themselves. They call themselves this because they wanted to oust scalawags and carpetbaggers. They were mostly southern democrats who hated reconstruction, thus hating the other two perspectives as well.

Recall

This is another way that citizens were able to have a voice in government in the 19th and 20th centuries. In a Recall, citizens can petition and vote to remove elected officials from office.

Knights of Labor

This is one of the note-worthy Labor Unions of the early 20th century and late 19th century urban areas. The Knights of Labor were the first major labor union in the US. They accepted all types of workers, including African Americans, Caucasians, men, women, skilled and unskilled, etc. The Union disbanded after the Haymarket Square Riot.

Lockouts

This is the exclusion of employees by their employer from their place of work until certain terms are agreed to. For example, in strikes the union would not return to work until the management responded with a lockout, backfiring their tactics with the use of scabs instead.

Social Darwinism

This is where Charles Darwin's "Survival of the fittest" applied to businesses and the wealthy. This theory is that individuals, groups and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. If you were not wealthy, there was something wrong with you individually. Because of this, there was opportunity for the individuals to become incredibly wealthy. This was highly advocated by Herbert Spencer in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify racism and to discourage further intervention in the rights of the former slaves.

Direct Primaries

This is where voters can choose the candidates running for office in the Progressive Era

Natural Monopoly

This kind of monopoly often arises from the largest and first supplier in a market. It provides an overwhelming cost advantage over the other (or potential) competitors on the market. A natural monopoly has high startup costs and are in specialized, unique industries. They typically will not be broken up by the government. Some examples of this include medicines (when patents run out), energy suppliers, or military-related industries.

Volstead Act (1919)

This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

Promontory Point, Utah

This location joined the transcontinental railroad's two main branches: the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad when the construction was complete.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

This organization provided for a system of Industrial Self-regulation under federal supervision The prime New Deal agency established in 1933. The goal was to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.Reform

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

This period was very dangerous for workers, especially in overcrowded cities. The unsafe working conditions were not paid attention to for many years. Unregulated owners and industrialists didn't spend money on safety, repairs, etc. This often led to workplace accidents that could have been easily prevented. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in 1911 killed 146 workers, mostly women, in New York City. This was due to a severe disregard of safety standards by the owners, when the women were not all able to escape on the elevator (no stairs). This led to new safety standards being implemented in cities across the country, like working fire escapes, sprinkler systems, etc. It became unlawful to keep workers locked inside the buildings where they worked. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire was the worst workplace disaster in New York City history until September 11, 2001.

10% Plan

This plan was created by Abraham Lincoln in 1863. was a proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction. It stated that a state will be allowed back into the Union when 10% of eligible voters pledge allegiance to the United states. Only Confederate leadership was to be prosecuted. It also preceded the civil rights amendments of the constitution.

Angel Island

This port for immigrants did not come into use until 1910 and was in San Francisco. This was the West coast port of entry for primarily Asian immigrants. Here immigrants faced more discrimination due to their race and nationality. They could be detained for as short as two weeks to as long as two years. Medical examinations here were much more invasive and much more humiliating, most likely due to the attitude towards the "foreign" people coming through. The racial discrimination against Asian immigrants, primarily Chinese, was so intense that it took a congressional movement to make education available to them.

Union Pacific Railroad

This section of the transcontinental railroad spanned from the city of Chicago through the American Indian Territory. Irish Immigrants were the main builders of this railroad and they were discriminated against because they were Catholic and worked for very cheap wages. They came from poverty in Ireland, where their religion and expectations of money came from as well. African Americans whom worked on this rail were discriminated against because they were former slaves.

De Facto Segregation

This type of segregation is enforced by tradition or custom. For example, minority groups were prevented from living in white neighborhoods and because of this, the schools became segregated. "Racial etiquette" is part of this type of segregation.

The Grange/Patrons of Husbandry

This was a national interest group that encouraged farmers to fix prices with a floor price. This way, all crops would be of equal value and there would not be any dispute over selling at higher or lower prices than the competition.

Bimetallism

This was a popular idea that was held on the Omaha Platform of the Populist Party. The Populists wanted the US currency to be backed by both silver and gold. This would cause inflation, rising prices and helping with loans. This would be good for the homestead farmers who were stuck in a cycle of debt.

Panic of 1873

This was a severe financial crisis and a 5 year depression that lead to bank failures and a decline in industry. It triggered a depression in both Europe and North America and lasted until 1879, and even longer in some countries. Known as the Great Depression until the events of 1930's America set a new standard. Kick-started by a stock market crash in Europe, it was blamed on the Grant Administration, but the unregulated growth of post-civil war America and the extreme overbuilding of the transcontinental railroad were big contributors. Fun fact: This is an origin of the term "Black Friday", the day all the banks ran out of money.

Morrill Land Grant Act

This was another 1862 act that involved the distribution of land in the frontier. This act provided land for colleges that would specialize in farming and mining, like the Texas A&M.

Dawes (Severalty) Act (1887)

This was another attempt to assimilate Native Americans into white culture and society by force. It gave ownership of land to individual Indians, 160 acres per head of household. There were even schools made and children were separated by their parents, given new names and clothes, and meant to rid them of their culture. Talk about white-washing society... though this was currently going on in other countries like Chile and even Canada, the action was very radical for the American Government. The "Excess" of land that was leftover was given to the American Government and the Natives ended up in incredible poverty. Today, Oklahoma is still 9% Native American. Finally, in 1890, the frontier was finally closed.

"Battle" of Wounded Knee (1890)

This was caused by the Ghost Dance and was the last of the Indian battles. The population was very passive at first in the attack, but were ultimately massacred (elderly, women, and children) when trying to surrender. It's not the US's proudest moment to date.

Going over the top

This was one of the most terrifying parts of the trench warfare tactics. It is the act of trying to cross no man's land and gain victory over the opposing army's trench system. You lob millions of bullets and attacks at the enemy and still send in your soldiers to try and charge it. It was just every day of seeing your friends dying and knowing you were going to die any day now.

Convict Leasing System

This was part of the Black Codes in 1865 and 1866. In a nutshell, African Americans could be released as prisoners to some land owners and corporations, where they were basically "leased." The lessee was responsible for their food, clothing, and housing. Essentially, this was legalized slavery of any prisoner whom was of color.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

This was the first US federal law to define citizenship and state that all US citizens are protected equally under the law. This enforced the 14th amendment and enacted by the 39th US Congress.

Populist Party

This was the first national farmer's party. It appealed to the common man more than any other group.

What was the purpose of the time period known as "Reconstruction?"

This was the period where the American government was having to rebuild the country and join a formerly slave population and a formerly rebellious population.

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison was instrumental in the growth and expansion in cities. He discovered a long-burning filament for light bulbs in 1879 and patented his design in 1880. Light bulbs began to be used in homes, businesses, and factories. Because of this invention, consumers were able to shop longer after dark, workers were able to work longer hours, and business owners were able to make more money, boosting the economy.

Responsible for Boss Tweed going to jail

Thomas Nast

Banks began engaging in risky practices

To loan money out, the banks had to engage in risky practices. There were little to no regulations to how banks could lend people money. It was most likely lent out from people's personal accounts. They were loaning out as much as 80 or 90% of the bank's money. If there was a panic, if people wanted their money out, the banks would not have enough money to pay everybody because the banks had loaned it out. The stock market and banks were very intertwined. Two popular practices characterized the stock market in the 1920's: Buying on the Margin and High Speculation, where you invest a large amount and get a large profit in return.

Helping Labor

Took best in the NRA and passed the most important parts in new acts. The Wagner Act established the right of workers to unionize and engage in collective bargaining in order to work for better conditions for themselves. The Fair Labor Standards Act established an 8 hour work day as the standard across most unionized industries. It established a minimum wage and minimum age to work.

How did the innovations by Edwin Drake and George Westinghouse help to solve problems in the late 1800s?

Transportation was a very big problem in the late 1800's. Most people did not own cars and public transportation was always overcrowded, unreliable, and inefficient. By inventing the Railway Air Brakes, George Westinghouse was able to create safer and better railroads. The railway power system was good for the market as well, improving the transcontinental railroad links and helping to better transport goods. The Steam Engine Oil Pump that Edwin Drake invented was also a big part of transportation. The train, which ran on oil, was able to run cheaper due to the new process of acquiring oil.

Identify how trench warfare changed how war was fought.

Trench warfare prevented any significant amount of ground being won by either side; the war turned into a stalemate, or a "war of attrition," on the western front.

What two international organizations were created after the Treaty of Versailles?

Two International Organizations were established: the League of Nations and World Court.

US acts on Cuban conflict

US demanded that Spain stop the violence and end the human rights abuse. Valeriano Weyler, the Spanish governor of Cuba, continued efforts to subdue the Cuban independence movement by putting Cuba's rural population into concentration camps (Reconcentration Policy) and if they resisted they were shot. There were reports of 400,000 Cubans killed by Spanish authorities.

4.02 Explain the American perspective on WWI and describe the Factors that caused the US to join WWI

US's attitude toward Germany and GB changed over the course of two years, as relations with allies improved and the trust with central powers was being tested and violated. With the Zimmermann telegram, a line was crossed and the US joined the war with the Allied powers.

Big Four (Paris Peace Conference)

US, France, Britain, Italy

Dawes Plan

US, Germany, Britain, France. To help Germany pay war reparations ANd help prevent breakout of another war in Europe

Who wrote the Jungle

Upton Sinclair

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

United States troops in World War I; including draftees, volunteers, and the National Guard.

US Joins the Fight

Unrestricted submarine warfare on Germany's side was a huge contributor. The Lusitania violated the Us's trust, and the Sussex Pledge was just another pledge and promise that they were not planning to keep. The Zimmermann Telegram event pushed the US over the edge and acted as a catalyst for the American involvement in the war. The Russian/Bolshevik Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian government and established the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This treaty meant they left the war. In April of 1917, US declares war. "The US must make the world safe for Democracy" was Wilson's message to congress.

known as the largest railrood tycoon in America

Vanderbilt

Explain vertical consolidation using an example from class or creating an example with modern companies.

Vertical consolidation consists of a company buying out the producers or suppliers of the supply chain for a certain product on the market. Andrew Carnegie bought out mines, steel refineries, transportation companies, and more in order to expand his company, control every part of the process, and limit the supplies outsourced to his competitors. Today, the world's supply of diamonds is supplied by mostly one producer and because of this, they have the power to drive up the price of diamonds on the market.

trench conditions

Very dirty, very unhealthy, disease killed many more men than just combat. It was very long and boring and it was a lot of waiting for the battle to start and fearing for when it happened. This made it a war fought in inches. Often bodies lying out in front of the trenches and buried in the sides.

What were two ways that Americans citizens contributed to the war effort from home?

Victory Gardens Liberty Bonds Voluntary Rationing Scrap Drives

demanded immediate equality for African Americans

WEB DuBois

leader of the Niagara Movement and cofounder of the NAACP

WEB DuBois

tried to bring the horror of lynching to a wider public attention

WEB DuBois, Ida B Wells

4.01 Explain the causes of WWI in Europe.

WWI was caused by Militarism, Imperialism, Alliances, and Nationalism. There was a more short-term spark when AH's Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated and it caused all of European alliances to split and start working against each other.

Wabash v. Illinois

Wabash v. Illinois was an 1886 US Supreme Court case that overturned Munn. This resulted with states NOT having regulation rights over railroads, severely limiting the rights of states to control or impede in interstate commerce. Now only the federal government can regulate railroads now. The Interstate Commerce Act is passed by congress because of this court case.

Compare and Contrast the ideas of Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, and Marcus Garvey.

Washington believed that reform needed to start now in any way that it could because an artificial force of it in a systematic way would be unsuccessful. He also believed that African Americans had a right to improve their economic status through education. DuBois also wanted immediate equality in the civil rights and thought a Liberal arts education was very important to all African Americans so that the leaders of their rights movement could be well educated. Garvey's ideas were much more extreme and difficult to swallow. He wanted to move all of the African Americans out of America and back to the ancestry roots of Africa. He did promote racial pride and self-improvement like Washington, but in a more unrealistic way.

Tammany Hall

William "Boss" Tweed was the leader of Tammany Hall. He held the position of New York City Treasurer and he cheated the government and citizens out of millions of dollars. In the construction of the new Tammany Hall Courthouse (1854), Tweed pocketed nearly ten million dollars of the construction funds, a full 13 million cost being officially billed as 3 million. This is one of the most extreme political machines of the time.

William Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan was a Populist Democrat who ran for presidency in the 1896 election. He gave a famous speech called the "Cross of Gold Speech" that supported populism and bimetallism. Because of this speech, the Democrats began adopting Populist ideas and the Omaha Platform. Bryan lost the election and the Populist Party died, their main attributes swallowed by a bigger party and giving them no distinguishing ideals to follow. However, many of the reforms of the Populists would be passed during the Progressive Era.

President during the Spanish-American War

William McKinley

Yellow Journalism

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were newspaper owners. They used "yellow journalism", sensationalized headlines and exaggerated the facts, to sell more newspapers. "Remember the Maine" became a rallying cry. Historians now agree that it was not sabotage that sunk the Maine, but an accident in the boiler room. Events like the USS Maine and De Lôme Letter angered Americans and they demanded war.

sent John Pershing to Europe to lead the AEF during WWI

Wilson

Wilmington Race Riots

With the increased integration of society came segregation, and with segregation came violence. The Wilmington Race Riots were caused by the Election of 1898, where Redeemer Democrats won back control of the government and terrorized the African American citizens of Wilmington. There was a loss of life, property, safety, political power and more for African Americans.

Jacob Riis

With the serious health concerns and terrible living conditions of many in the cities, nobody was advocating for the poor working class. However, Jacob Riis, a Danish immigrant and crime photographer/photojournalist photographed the poverty and homelessness in brutal honesty. He published a photo journal/book called How the Other Half Lives, documenting these slums and the overcrowding and conditions in them.

19th amendment

With their new rights extended, it made this more possible. 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections. Women were more motivated now to be bolder and seek more from life now that their rights were extended.

Effects on the Family: Women

Women ended up working outside the home if they could to support their families, but received less pay than men. Additional obstacles included that working women faced resentment because they were taking jobs away from men. They were "stealing" from a man that could be working instead. This resentment was often misplaced because many times it was a single woman working for her children. There was a misconception that women had an easier time, but in reality they suffered in silence because they couldn't ask for help.

Women's Rights

Women's work was limited and varied by region in the early 20th century and late 19th century. For example, in the South and West, women would be involved in farming. In the North, they were mostly working as low-paid unskilled laborers. A few skilled jobs were only available to women with a high school diploma, like teaching, nursing, and secretary jobs. By the 1890's, business schools did begin to offer women classes on bookkeeping, typing, and stenography (process of writing in shorthand or taking dictation).

Muckraker Name: Jacob Riis

Work Best Known For: How the Other Half Lives.This exposed conditions in slums and dumbbell tenements, which brought attention to the issue.

Muckraker Name: Upton Sinclair

Work Best Known For: The Jungle. This included graphic detail about the meatpacking industry. This inspired the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act that were created under President Roosevelt's Square Deal domestic policy platform. Sinclair's book was intended to expose the working conditions, but the public was much more interested in the unsanitary conditions in which their food was being produced.

Muckraker Name: Ida Tarbell

Work Best Known for: The History of Standard Oil Co.Tarbell's publications were used to expose corruption in businesses that were monopolies, trusts, etc. This was a detailed account of Rockefeller's ruthless and sometimes illegal business tactics. Tarbell's book helped to increase support for antitrust reforms.

Muckraker Name: Lincoln Steffens

Work Best Known for: The Shame of Cities It was a collection of articles that reported on the workings of corrupt political machines in several major US cities. His works were proponent of citizens using their votes to fight political corruption, creating a "call to action" to his audience of every day working class laborers.

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Mustard Gas

a toxic war gas with sulfide based compounds that raises blisters and attacks the eyes and lungs

Describe Andrew Johnson's plans for Reconstruction. How was it different than Lincoln's plan? Which group(s) of people would benefit from his plan? Who is harmed by his plan?

a. Andrew Johnson's attitude was that the south never had a right to secede in the first place. He thought that African Americans shouldn't have any role in government. He vetoed laws to protect former slaves as well, primarily harming the African American population. His plan did help confederates because it would pardon them for their crimes. He tried to create an all-white government. b. Lincoln's plan was completely different. He wanted to facilitate reunion and end the disputes. He created conditions for states to rejoin the country (10% of all voters had to pledge allegiance) and planned to only prosecute Confederate leadership. He believed in giving rights to African Americans and wanted to protect them by the law.

What was the Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction? Which group(s) of people would benefit from their plan? Who is harmed by their plan?

a. The Radical Republicans wanted to punish the south and protect the rights of African Americans. Charles Sumner called the Congressional Reconstruction a "custodian of freedom" because it had elements of the radical ideals, instituting the 13th,14th,and 15th amendments and making progress (even if doomed and slow) towards this end. Some radical republicans believed that land should even be taken away from white southern owners and given to the former slaves, something more extreme than the other parties involved.

New Technology

a. This is one way that people became wealthy in the late 1800's during urbanization. New technologies and industries helped create an industrialization boom, like when John D. Rockefeller got involved in the oil business early before oil's importance became clear (1870's). b. New technological advances and innovations also made production more efficient. Faster production meant less costs and more profit. For example, Andrew Carnegie was one of the first people in the US to utilize the Bessemer Process for steel production. He was able to produce steel much more quickly, much more cheaply, and therefore was able to make more money.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

an agency created in 1933 to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures. The FDIC was a regulated improvement on previous deposit insurance schemes that had actually increased chances of bank failure. It was created in 1933 Banking Act. Reform because it is still used today.

National Urban League

an interracial organization formed in 1910 to help solve social/economic problems facing African Americans. Wanted to secure economic self reliance for black Americans. Eugene Jones founded it, focus in the 20's was removing barriers to black employment.

4.03 War Technology and the American Home Front. Describe the technological and societal changes during WWI

answer

4.05 Describe how the Us economy and attitudes toward immigrants change during the 1920's.

answer

4.06 Describe how music, entertainment, and literature changed during the 1920's.

answer

4.07 Summarize US foreign and domestic policy and impact of Prohibition on America.

answer

4.08 Describe the social changes that took place during the 1920's.

answer

If the US had not joined WWI, then WWII may not have happened. If the US had not joined then the Allied and Central Powers would have been forced to negotiate a truce, which would not have included such harsh terms for Germany. Do you agree with this? Explain using different vocabulary.

answer

High Speculation

buying stock by investing in high amounts of money in different companies because they believed they would do well and get large amounts back.

9. What did Mark Twain mean by "gilded"? What was the so

called "gold" and what was the "corruption" inside - Rapid Urbanization made an impact on America's social and economic state. Cities brought problems of their own, including overcrowding, crime, filth, transportation/traffic, lack of sanitation and sewage, clean water, homelessness, fires, and more. Bigger cities like New York and Chicago were overly polluted and the health of their populations declined. They were also hot spots for immigration, so the influx of people coming in meant that the sick and dying could not keep their jobs and were easily replaced. However, the wealthy were living rich. "The Gilded Age" was a term coined by Mark twain as a nickname for the period. Twain created this term in reference to the impact of industrialization and urbanization on the living conditions and the wealth gap. The wealthy, while the poor suffered, were covered in a thin layer of gold, meaning that they were living lavishly, flaunting their money to others of wealth, creating a kind of glory around the rich.

Yellow

dog Contracts - This is a contract between a worker and an employer in which the worker agrees to not remain in or join a union. This gave the employers an advantage over the workers because those desperate for work would take this deal over fighting for their rights, allowing the employer to get away with mistreatment and unsafe working regulations.

Schneck v. US

established the 'clear and present danger' test

Laissez

faire - This is a government policy that includes little to no government interference in the economic affairs of individuals in society, no regulation of businesses. It roughly translates from French into "leave it alone" or "hands off."

Amelia Earhart

first woman aviator to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic (1928) She attempted to fly around the world with a copilot and she never returned. Many believe that she was shot down by the Japanese military.

Alphabet Soup Agencies

government agencies created by the New Deal to help America recover from the Great Depression

In some areas, the New Deal fell short of helping African Americans. FDR himself did not support anti

lynching laws, mainly a political calculation on his part (he didn't want to lose white democratic vote that is helping his New Deal). The NRA, CCC, and TVA gave lower wages to African American workers as well. Many African Americans still voted for FDR because he was still a beacon for change where there was no other.

5 areas of focus during the 1920's: anti

lynching laws, voter participation, employment, due process, education. Executive Secretary of the NAACP during the 20's, James Welson Johnson, advocated for all of this.

Great Migration

mass movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920. Many were looking for better economic and social opportunities. Racial tensions spiked in many northern cities because of competition for jobs. Also, defacto segregation and race riots happened due to this.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds. To protect investors, maintain fair and orderly function of the markets, and to facilitate capital formation. The SEC promotes public disclosure, protects investors against fraud in the market, and monitors corporate takeover actions in the US.Reform because it is a permanent program put in place to protect investors and prevent another stock market crash and depression.

U.S. v. E.C. Knight

ruled that companies engaged in manufacturing rather than interstate commerce were to be regulated by state and not federal law, and could not be dismantled by the federal government

Convoy System

the protection of merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans