HONRS 102 Final Quotes

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endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved". (pg. 507) Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: conclusion Analysis: More romantic language when he says "breathed by the creator". He is trying to appeal to his religious readers at the time so that they do not get offended or accuse him of being sacrilegious. He is not denying the existence of God in his work, thus, the church has no reason to go after him. The planet "cycling" connects to the theme of continuous motion.

There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved". (pg. 507)

Speaker: Faust speaking to Mephisto Reference to a second Eden

" A bold, illustrious people raised by their hard labor,/ A veritable Eden here inside"

Gretchen to Faust significance: Faust does not deny that he is not a Christian.

" the truth is, you are not a Christian"

gretchen to Faust about Mephisto context: Gretchen hates Mephisto and can see through him. Significance: Gretchen can see through Mephistopheles even within her madness which is what gets her redeemed by the lord and get her into heaven.

" the truth is, you are not a Christian" "That man you always have with you, I hate him, oh how much i do/ in all my life I can't remember anything that made me shiver more than his face has, so horrid, hateful!"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Mary Musgrove to Anne Elliot Context: (pg. 53, ¶ 6) This is after Wentworth and Anne have finally seen each other again for the first time. Analysis: This shows how inconsiderate Mary is of Anne.

"'"Captain Wentworth is not very gallant by you, Anne, though he was so attentive to me. Henrietta asked him what he thought of you, when they went away, and he said, 'You were so altered he should not have known you again.''"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Captain Wentworth to Sophia Croft Context: (pg. 54, ¶ 6) This is after Wentworth and Anne have finally seen each other again for the first time. Mary relates to Anne that Wentworth felt he hardly recognized her. After getting Anne's perspective on the meeting, we get Wentworth's. He then expresses that perspective to his sister. Analysis: Wentworth has been unable to move on from Anne, as she has been with him, but seeing her again brought up old anger and resentment, and it makes him think he is ready to move on. He almost sounds as though he is trying to convince himself. It almost seems like he is trying to force himself to be carefree to hide his hurt. His sister can see the real emotion. The woman he describes as the one he actually wants sounds like Anne.

"'A strong mind, with sweetness of manner,' made the first and the last of the description. 'That is the woman I want,' said he. 'Something a little inferior I shall of course put up with, but it must not be much. If I am a fool, I shall be a fool indeed, for I have thought on the subject more than most men.'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Admiral Croft to Anne Elliot Context: (pg. 137, ¶ 1) Anne is walking in Bath when she comes upon Admiral Croft looking at a painting of a boat in a shop window. Analysis: The gentlemen in the boat seem completely unaware and unconcerned with the realistic practicality of their boat or boating abilities. The boat painting is an allegory for the differing mentalities of the social classes in England at this time. The men in the boat are like Anne's family: they have a disdain for work and no care for practicality. Admiral Croft and Anne, however, value work and usefulness.

"'And yet here are two gentlemen stuck up in it mightily at their ease, and looking about them at the rocks and mountains, as if they were not to be upset the next moment, which they certainly must be. I wonder where that boat was built!'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Admiral Croft to Anne Elliot Context: (pg. 137, ¶ 1) Anne is walking in Bath when she comes upon Admiral Croft looking at a painting of a boat in a shop window. Analysis: The boat painted is a leisure boat, and Admiral Croft can tell it would be a very bad boat to have for anything other than very calm waters. The gentlemen in the boat, however, seem completely unaware and unconcerned with the realistic practicality of their boat or boating abilities. The boat painting is an allegory for the differing mentalities of the social classes in England at this time. The men in the boat are like Anne's family: they have a disdain for work and no care for practicality. Admiral Croft and Anne, however, value work and usefulness.

"'Do look at it. Did you ever see the like? What queer fellows your fine painters must be, to think that anybody would venture their lives in such a shapeless old cockleshell as that?'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Sir Walter Elliot to Mr. Shepard, Mrs. Clay, and Anne Elliot Context: (pg. 22, ¶ 1) They are speaking of the navy, and this is Sir Walter responding to Anne's defense of the navy. Analysis: The two objections Sir Walter has are that the navy allows people of low birth to earn social status and that it makes men ugly, relating to the themes of vanity and social class.

"'First, as being the means of bringing persons of obscure birth into undue distinction, and raising men to honours which their fathers and grandfathers never dreamt of; and secondly, as it cuts up a man's youth and vigour most horribly; a sailor grows old sooner than any other man.'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Admiral Croft to Anne Context: (pg. 137, ¶ 1) Anne is walking in Bath when she comes upon Admiral Croft looking at a painting of a boat in a shop window. Analysis: There is a familiarity between Anne and Admiral Croft.

"'Ha! is it you? Thank you, thank you. This is treating me like a friend. Here I am, you see, staring at a picture. I can never get by this shop without stopping. But what a thing here is, by way of a boat!'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Captain Wentworth to Louisa Musgrove Context: (pg. 74, ¶ 4) Anne is overhearing the conversation. Henrietta was almost convinced by Mary not to visit Charles Hayter, and Louisa claims that she convinced Henrietta not to be persuaded and that she herself would never be persuaded away from doing something she dearly wanted to. Analysis: The situation reminds Wentworth of how Anne was persuaded away from him, and so takes up a very passionate case for why Louisa's firmness is so preferred. The nut is what he thinks a person's opinions should be. He is associating the ability to be persuaded as weak.

"'Here is a nut,' said he, catching one down from an upper bough. 'to exemplify: a beautiful glossy nut, which, blessed with original strength, has outlived all the storms of autumn. Not a puncture, not a weak spot anywhere.'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Mrs. Clay to Sir Walter, Anne Elliot, and Mr. Shepard Context: (pg. 23, ¶ 1) She is responding to Sir Walter's tirade about the Navy and Admiral Croft. Analysis: Mrs. Croft tells Sir Walter he is wrong and being too harsh, but she corrects him in a way so as to end up flattering him, by claiming the best class is his own.

"'I have long been convinced, though every profession is necessary and honorable in its turn, it is only the lot of those who are not obliged to follow any, who can live in a regular way, in the country, choosing their own hours, following their own pursuits, and living on their own property, without the torment of trying for more; it is only their lot, I say, to hold the blessings of health and a good appearance...'"

(72) Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator

"A conjecture is no less vile argues that it is indifferently inconsequential to affirm or deny the reality of the shadowy cooperation because Babylon is nothing but an infinite game of chance"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Sir Walter Elliot to Mr. Shepard, Mrs. Clay, and Anne Elliot Context: (pg. 22, ¶ 1) They are speaking of the navy, and this is Sir Walter responding to Anne's defense of the navy. Analysis: Sir Walter considers the social mobility of the navy to be an insult to those born into social status, and he seems to imply that a man of higher social status should not be able to be an object of disgust, which helps explain his later attitude with Mr. Elliot and Lady Dalrymple.

"'I have observed it all my life. A man is in greater danger in the navy of being insulted by the rise of one whose father, his father might have disdained to speak to, and of becoming prematurely an object of disgust himself, than in any other line.'"

"'I never saw quite so wretched an example of what a seafaring life can do; but to a degree, I know it is the same with them all: they are all knocked about, and exposed to every climate, and every weather, till they are not fit to be seen. It is a pity they are not knocked on the head at once, before they reach Admiral Baldwin's age.'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Admiral Croft to Anne Elliot Context: (pg. 137, ¶ 1) Anne is walking in Bath when she comes upon Admiral Croft looking at a painting of a boat in a shop window. Analysis: The boat painted is a leisure boat, and Admiral Croft can tell it would be a very bad boat to have for anything other than very calm waters. The gentlemen in the boat, however, seem completely unaware and unconcerned with the realistic practicality of their boat or boating abilities. The boat painting is an allegory for the differing mentalities of the social classes in England at this time. The men in the boat are like Anne's family: they have a disdain for work and no care for practicality. Admiral Croft and Anne, however, value work and usefulness. This is further emphasized by Admiral Croft asking how he can be of use to Anne.

"'I would not venture over a horsepond in it. Well, now, where are you bound? Can I go any- where for you, or with you? Can I be of any use?'"

Faust speaking- translating the book of John Significance: Faust values actions. The world logos can also mean reason. The thing to see here is that Faust values actions that improve the lives of men which is being foreshadowed here. Faust trying to rewrite the gospel of John suggests that he is trying to be like the divine. This is partly what stops him from being able to help other people and better their lives. Once Faust accepts his limitations (that he can only have earthly power not divine power), he can stop his striving to be part of the divine and begin striving for the common good. A message here is that transcendence can lead to both good and bad results, but it is better if we have knowledge of our limitations.

"'In the beginning was the Word"-- so goes the text" "In the beginning mind was- right?" "'In the beginning Power was,', before nothing" "In the beginning was the Deed!"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Sir Walter Elliot to Mr. Shepard, Mrs. Clay, and Anne Elliot Context: (pg. 22, ¶ 1) They are speaking of the navy, and this is Sir Walter responding to Anne's defense of the navy. He is relating a conversation that he had with his friend Lord St. Ives about Admiral Baldwin. Analysis: This shows Sir Walter's vanity. Sir Walter frequently makes judgments about people based on what they look like, especially how old they look.

"'In the name of heaven, who is that old fellow?' said I to a friend of mine who was standing near, 'Old fellow!' cried Sir Basil, 'it is Admiral Baldwin. What do you take his age to be?' 'Sixty,' said I, 'or perhaps sixty-two.' 'Forty,' replied Sir Basil, 'forty, and no more.' Picture to yourselves my amazement; I shall not easily forget Admiral Baldwin.'"

"'It is the worst evil of too yielding and indecisive a character, that no influence over it can be depended on. You are never sure of a good impression being durable; everybody may sway it. Let those who would be happy be firm.'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Sir Walter Elliot to Mr. Shepard, Mrs. Clay, and Anne Elliot Context: (pg. 22, ¶ 1) They are speaking of the navy, and this is Sir Walter responding to Anne's defense of the navy. He is relating a conversation that he had with his friend Lord St. Ives about Admiral Baldwin. Analysis: This shows Sir Walter's vanity.

"'One day last spring, in town, I was in company with two men, striking instances of what I am talking of; Lord St Ives, whose father we all know to have been a country curate, without bread to eat; I was to give place to Lord St Ives, and a certain Admiral Baldwin, the most deplorable-looking personage you can imagine; his face the colour of mahogany, rough and rugged to the last degree; all lines and wrinkles, nine grey hairs of a side, and nothing but a dab of powder at top.'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator, referencing a quote by Captain Wentworth Context: (pg. 53, ¶ 7- pg. 54 ¶ 1) This is after Wentworth and Anne have finally seen each other again for the first time. Mary relates to Anne that Wentworth felt he hardly recognized her. Analysis: This shows how inconsiderate Mary is of Anne. Mary also seems to have forgotten the connection between Anne and Wentworth. It is also made clear that Wentworth's opinion of her hurts Anne deeply. This also shows how deeply Anne still cares about Wentworth. The mention of bloom also relates to the themes of vanity and time. Unlike her father, Anne is able to curb her own vanity and makes the best out of a hurtful moment.

"'So altered that he should not have known her again!' These were words which could not but dwell with her. Yet she soon began to rejoice that she had heard them. They were of sobering tendency; they allayed agitation; they composed, and consequently must make her happier."

leading facts and inferences briefly recapitulated". (pg. 478) Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: recapitulation and conclusion Analysis: Darwin is an empiricist and relies on observations to prove his argument.

"As this whole volume is one long argument, it may be convenient to the reader to have the leading facts and inferences briefly recapitulated". (pg. 478)

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Anne Elliot to Sir Walter Elliot, Mr. Shepard, and Mrs. Clay Context: (pg. 21, ¶ 3) Sir Walter and Mr. Shepard are discussing what sort of tenant Sir Walter will accept. Mr. Shepard suggests that a sailor or soldier would be good because there has been an offer by Admiral Croft, and Sir Walter expresses disdain for these professions. Analysis: This is the first indication that Anne is in the room and the first time that Anne is speaking. Anne defends the navy, an opinion which Sir Walter completely ignores. Though the reader does not yet know this, and Sir Walter seems to have forgotten all about it, Anne defends the navy because her former fiance was in it.

"'The navy, I think, who have done so much for us, have at least an equal claim with any other set of men, for all the comforts and all the privileges which any home can give. Sailors work hard enough for their comforts, we must all allow.'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Sir Walter Elliot to Mr. Shepard, Mrs. Clay, and Anne Elliot Context: (pg. 22, ¶ 1) Sir Walter speaks, then Mr. Shepard replies "Indeed." They are speaking of the navy, and this is Sir Walter responding to Anne's defense of the navy. Analysis: Sir Walter recognizes that the Navy has utility, but this fact does not raise its esteem for him. The two objections he will have will be that the navy allows people of low birth to earn social status and that it makes men ugly, relating to the themes of vanity and social class.

"'The profession has its utility, but I should be sorry to see any friend of mine belonging to it.' 'Indeed!' was the reply, and with a look of surprise. 'Yes; it is in two points offensive to me; I have two strong grounds of objection to it.'"

"'This nut,' he continued, with playful solemnity, 'while so many of his brethren have fallen and been trodden under foot, is still in possession of all the happiness that a hazel nut can be supposed capable of.'"

Speaker: Faust talking to Mephisto context: Faust has a few excursions and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen). Faust is looking in a mirror and talking about Gretchen. significance: Faust is taken back by Gretchen beauty. Beauty is referred to as a "her" so there is something gendered here. Gretchen is an image of absolute beauty. This is Faust's transcendent soul/voice speaking. This quote looks at the classical ideals of beauty because a beauty that is "heavenly" is described. The text suggests that Faust may believe in a creator deity when he says "creature made perfectly" . The mist obscures Faust's vision of beauty which ties into the theme of uncertainty. This connects to the pursuit of love and the theme of pleasure.

"'What do I see? what a marvelous vision/ Shows itself in this magic glass!/ Love, land me your wings, your swiftest to pass/ Through the air to the heaven she must dwell in!/ unless I stay firmly fixed to this spot,/ if I dare to move nearer the least bit,/ Mist blurs the vision and obscures her quite/ woman unrivaled, beauty absolute!/ can such things be, a creature made perfectly?/ the body so indolently stretched out there/ surly epitomizes all that is heavenly" (86)

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Charles Hayter to Walter Musgrove Context: (pg. 69, ¶ 2) Her nephew was crawling on Anne, and neither she nor Charles Hayter could get him off. Captain Wentworth steps up and pulls young Walter off of Anne, but then makes a lot of noise with the child so that Anne can not thank him. The Musgroves then come in the room, relieving Anne from the situation. Analysis: Charles Hayter does not like that young Walter minded Wentworth and not himself, especially because the Henrietta Musgrove seems to like him.

"'You ought to have minded me, Walter; I told you not to teaze your aunt...'"

"'Your sister is an amiable creature; but yours is the character of decision and firmness, I see. If you value her conduct or happiness, infuse as much of your own spirit into her as you can. But this, no doubt, you have been always doing.'"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 69, ¶ 2) Her nephew was crawling on Anne, and neither she nor Charles Hayter could get him off. Captain Wentworth steps up and pulls young Walter off of Anne, but then makes a lot of noise with the child so that Anne can not thank him. The Musgroves then come in the room, relieving Anne from the situation. Analysis: Charles Hayter does not like that young Walter minded Wentworth and not himself, especially because the Henrietta Musgrove seems to like him. This is a rare moment of Anne putting her own emotions before those of others.

"...and could comprehend his regretting that Captain Wentworth should do what he ought to have done himself. But neither Charles Hayter's feelings, nor anybody's feelings, could interest her, till she had a little better arranged her own."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 137, ¶ 1) Anne is walking in Bath when she comes upon Admiral Croft looking at a painting of a boat in a shop window. Analysis: Anne is unnoticed.

"...and in walking up Milsom Street she had the good fortune to meet with the Admiral. He was standing by himself at a printshop window, with his hands behind him, in earnest contemplation of some print, and she not only might have passed him unseen, but was obliged to touch as well as address him before she could catch his notice. When he did perceive and acknowledge her, however, it was done with all his usual frankness and good humour."

Speaker/context: Faust's last speech before he dies Death as a victory

"At the foot of the hills, there's a fen/ Befouling the good work so far done.. A final crowning victory" (422)

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 9, ¶ 1) This is the opening line of the work, in which Sir Walter Elliot, the main character's father is reading a book describing the genealogy of all the Barons in England. Analysis: The narrator is being critical or Sir Walter Elliot and depicting him as vain and consumed with superficial things like appearance and his place in society. It is a witty allusion to Sir Walter reading the Baronetage the way most English families read the people. Sir Walter takes the most pleasure in reading about his own family, showing his vanity.

"...and there, if every other leaf were powerless, he could read his own history with an interest which never failed. This was the page at which the favourite volume always opened..."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 18, ¶ 2-3) This is the narrator is expressing Lady Russel's, the "she", opinion of Anne, the "her" with low spirits. The only winter referred to is the one Anne spent in Bath with Lady Russell after breaking off her engagement with Wentworth. The second half of the quote refers to Lady Russel wanting the Elliots to move to Bath. Analysis: The first of the quote refers to Anne's dislike of Bath because it reminds of her heartbreak and losing her mother, playing with themes of memory and loneliness. The second half, though, shows Lady Russell's influence over Anne and focus on Anne making a good marriage, playing with the themes of persuasion and social class.

"...arising...from her happening to be not in perfectly good spirits the only winter which she had afterwards spent there with herself... Her spirits were not high. A larger society would improve them. She wanted her to be more known."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 11, ¶ 1) This is the narrator's introduction of Anne's character and relationship with her family. Analysis: The narrator is setting up the familial relationship between Anne and her family, which is that the family significantly undervalues Anne because they have no real understanding. Also a critic on emphasizing social class because Anne's family have no real understanding because they only value social class.

"...but Anne, with an elegance of mind and sweetness of character, which must have placed her high with any people of real understanding, was nobody with either father or sister; her word had no weight, her convenience was always to give way— she was only Anne."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 28, ¶ 1) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: This shows how much Anne values Lady Russell's opinion. Shows theme of persuasion.

"...but Lady Russell, whom she had always loved and relied on, could not, with such steadiness of opinion, and such tenderness of manner, be continually advising her in vain. She was persuaded to believe the engagement a wrong thing: indiscreet, improper, hardly capable of success, and not deserving it. But it was not a merely selfish caution, under which she acted, in putting an end to it."

Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: larger genera resemble varieties Analysis: There is no way to establish a standard definition of species verses well-marked variety because they are essentially the same since a variety is not essentially different from the word species. This connects to the theme of uncertainty because there is no way to find the true definition of the word species if there even is one.

"...no infallible criterion by which to distinguish species and well-marked varieties;". (pg. 56-57)

"...produced such a confusion of varying, but very painful agitation, as she could not recover from, till enabled by the entrance of Mary and the Miss Musgroves to make over her little patient to their cares, and leave the room."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 45, ¶ 4- pg. 46, ¶ 1) This is about the Musgroves' son, Richard, who was in the navy under the command of Captain Wentworth. Analysis: Richard Musgrove was apparently not an asset to the family. Themes of memory and truth, because the Musgroves speak of their son very differently in death than they did in life.

"...that he had been very little cared for at any time by his family, though quite as much as he deserved; seldom heard of, and scarcely at all regretted, when the intelligence of his death abroad had worked its way to Uppercross, two years before."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 9, ¶ 1) This is the opening line of the work, in which Sir Walter Elliot, the main character's father is reading a book describing the genealogy of all the Barons in England. The old patents he refers to are the Barons who have had the title for generations, and the creations of the last century are the newly made barons, whom he has less respect for. Analysis: The narrator is being critical or Sir Walter Elliot and depicting him as vain and consumed with superficial things like appearance and his place in society. It is a witty allusion to Sir Walter reading the Baronetage the way most English families read the people. Sir Walter respecting the old families more indicates his elitism and obsession with social class.

"...there he found occupation for an idle hour, and consolation in a distressed one; there his faculties were roused into admiration and respect, by contemplating the limited remnant of the earliest patents; there any unwelcome sensations, arising from domestic affairs changed naturally into pity and contempt as he turned over the almost endless creations of the last century..."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 6, ¶ 4) This is in the Introduction. Tocqueville has laid out the history of French political power over the last 700 years, in which every 50 years or so, "the noble has fallen on the social ladder, and the commoner has risen," meaning the country has moved continuously towards democracy. Analysis: Tocqueville is saying that all of history has been moving towards democracy in France, and every western country demonstrates. He also is stating that every single person, intentionally or not, has contributed in some way to the growing power of democracy. The reason it is so inevitable is that it is being driven by God.

"...those who fought for its success and those who did not dream of serving it; those who fought for it and those who declared themselves its enemies; all have been driven pell-men on the same track, and all have worked in common, some despite themselves, others without knowing it, as blind instruments in the hands of God."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 28, ¶ 2) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: Shows how heartbroken Anne was and still is, and brings up the loss of Anne's bloom and spirits.

"A few months had seen the beginning and the end of their acquaintance; but not with a few months ended Anne's share of suffering from it. Her attachment and regrets had, for a long time, clouded every enjoyment of youth, and an early loss of bloom and spirits had been their lasting effect."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 27, ¶ 1-2) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. This is the very start of the chapter. Analysis: This quote begins with Tocqueville laying out a commonly held belief about how men come into their characteristics, which grow and change with age and experience. He then says that this is false. He will go on to explain that you can see all of these inherent characteristics from the beginning and that a country is like this baby. He will explain that America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans.

"A man comes to be born; his first years are passed obscurely among the pleasures or travails of infancy. He grows up; manhood begins; the doors of the world finally open to receive him; he enters into contact with those like him. Then one studies him for the first time, and one believes one sees the seed of the vices and virtues of his mature age forming in him. That, if I am not mistaken is a great errors."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 7, ¶ 5) This is in the Introduction. Tocqueville has laid out the history of French political power over the last 700 years, in which every 50 years or so, "the noble has fallen on the social ladder, and the commoner has risen," meaning the country has moved continuously towards democracy. He has established in the passages before this one that equality and democracy are providential, and that it cannot be impeded and should be helped. Analysis: Tocqueville is stating that because democracy is a new type of government never seen the way it is in America, and because this same democracy will one day be spread all over the world, a new political science is needed to guide the rulers within these new democracies along.

"A new political science is needed for a world altogether new."

(67) Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator context: This is in another stage of the lottery. The lottery grows and evolves and begins to take on a life of its own. significance: There is an argument over the punishment of the slave who stole the ticket, but the punishments are identical. Just like in Perrier Menard, the outcomes are identical and we are invited to see the differences in things that are identical. The fact that a slave has "earned the right" is a kind of oxymoron. Chance has a significant role here because it has determined that the "public executioner should apply the penalty of the lottery". The question arises that if chance controls so many aspects of peoples lives, how much free-will do people have if they have any at all. There is a question about justice here because if chance controls everything, isn't that a more just society? This connects to randomness as a principle of justice.

"A slave stole a crimson ticket, a ticket which earned him the right to have his tongue burned in the next drawing. The criminal code fixed the same penalty for the theft of a ticket. A number of Babylonians argued that he deserved a red hot poker by virtue of the theft; others, more magnanimous, held that the public executioner should apply the penalty of the lottery since chance had so determined...."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 227, ¶ 1) Part 2, Chapter 6: What are the real advantages that American society derives from the government of democracy. This section comes after exploring the public spirit in the United States specifically is looking at the idea of rights in the united states, and this is the opening line of that section. Analysis: Tocqueville values freedom over all else, even equality, and rights are the key to freedom.

"After the general idea of virtue I know of none more beautiful than that of rights, or rather these two ideas are intermingled. The idea of rights is nothing other than the idea of virtue introduced into the political world."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 31, ¶ 1) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville has laid out that America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans. Tocqueville is claiming that every characteristic of America, and the success of America, can be traced back to the point of departure and the characteristics of the Puritans. He is now explaining the point of departure itself. He has established that the point of departure split into two distinct categories: the north and the south. Analysis: This quote establishes how the society in the south was started in Virginia with men who were convinced they could find precious metals there. The others who would eventually arrive in the south were of the lower classes of England and did not have good moral character and eventually established slavery, which would define the South. Tocqueville is strongly against slavery.

"Afterwards, the industrialists and farmers arrived, a more moral and tranquil race, but one that was elevated in almost no points above the level of the lower classes of England. No noble thought, no immaterial scheme presided at the foundation of the new settlements. Hardly had the colony been created when they introduced slavery; that was the capital fact that was bound to exert an immense influence on the character, the laws, and the whole future of the South."

Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: conclusion Analysis: "never once been broken" connects to the theme of certainty or truth. There is confidence here -the common good -equality and justice -perfection -continuous motion -infinity -

"As all the living forms of life are the lineal descendants of those which lived long before the Cambrian epoch, we may feel certain that the ordinary succession by generation has never once been broken, and that no cataclysm has desolated the whole world. Hence we may look with some confidence to a secure future of great length. And as natural selection works solely by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress towards perfection". (pg. 506)

Ficciones Borges The South Speaker: Narrator

"Dahalman listened to them with a kind of feeble stupor and he marveled at their not knowing that he was in hell" (168)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 347, ¶ 5) Part 2, Chapter 10: some considerations on the present state and the probable future of the three races that inhabit the territory in the United States. This specific section is on the position that the black race occupies in the United States; dangers incurred by whites from its presence. Tocqueville states that everywhere they are found together, White people and Black people try to destroy each other. He states that America has two choices: for the races to intermingle completely, or separate completely. Tocqueville thinks it is impossible for the two races to coexist is impossible except through interracial children, which is not really occurring in the North or South, but in the West. Analysis: The South can not emancipate because the laws of the state are so restrictive, even when a slave owner might want to emancipate. In addition, when emancipation does happen, the freed slave can not assimilate because of the prejudice of society and he makes the slaves restless, both of which could cause a slave revolt.

"Americans of the South have in most cases taken away from masters the ability to emancipate."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 7, ¶ 7) This is in the Introduction. Tocqueville has laid out the history of French political power over the last 700 years, in which every 50 years or so, "the noble has fallen on the social ladder, and the commoner has risen," meaning the country has moved continuously towards democracy. He has established in the passages before this one that equality and democracy are providential, and that it cannot be impeded and should be helped. He has just stated that "A new political science is needed for a world altogether new." This quote leads into his explanation for why democracy has still not been able to thrive in France. Analysis: Tocqueville is stating that France, the "us" he is referring to, has experienced many revolutions, but none of them stick, because it was always "haphazard," or not planned sufficiently.

"Among no people of Europe has the great social revolution I have just described made more rapid progress than among us; but here it has always proceeded haphazardly"

Faust to Gretchen context: Gretchen presents Faust with the famous question "What is your way about religion, pray?"[3] She wants to admit Faust to her room, but fears her mother. Faust gives Gretchen a bottle containing a sleeping potion to give to her mother and Catastrophically, the potion turns out to be poisonous, and the tragedy takes its course. significance: conquering nature leads to death and the enlightenment view of nature leads to death.

"Angel, there's no need to worry/ here's vial-three drops only/ in her cup will subdue nature/ and lull her into a pleasant slumber"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 27, ¶ 3) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. This is describing Lady Russell's thoughts on the marriage. Analysis: Lady Russell obviously cares for and values Anne. She is a sort of surrogate mother to her. She also obviously places a great deal of value on social class and order, as she believes Anne marrying a man she loves of lower social status would be a waste. "Youth-killing" phrase relates to the themes of vanity and time.

"Anne Elliot, so young; known to so few, to be snatched off by a stranger without alliance or fortune; or rather sunk by him into a state of most wearing, anxious, youth-killing dependence! It must not be, if by any fair interference of friendship, any representations from one who had almost a mother's love, and mother's rights, it would be prevented."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 27, ¶ 3) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. This is describing Lady Russell's thoughts on the marriage. Analysis: Lady Russell obviously cares for and values Anne. She also obviously places a great deal of value on social class and order, as she believes Anne marrying a man she loves of lower social status would be a waste.

"Anne Elliot, with all her claims of birth, beauty, and mind, to throw herself away at nineteen; involve herself at nineteen in an engagement with a young man, who had nothing but himself to recommend him, and no hopes of attaining affluence, but in the chances of a most uncertain profession, and no connexions to secure even his farther rise in the profession, would be, indeed, a throwing away, which she grieved to think of!"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 62, ¶ 5) Captain Wentworth has said to Anne, "I beg your pardon, madam, is this your seat." This is how she feels about their interactions. Analysis: Anne values authenticity and is upset when Wentworth appears to be ingenuine. When Wentworth sees Anne approaching the other side of the room he gets out of his seat and allows her to take his seat. Saying, "I beg your pardon, madam, is this your seat." This is kind of as if he had not been so madly in love with her eight years ago and is still deeply in love with her now. This also relates to the psychological games that Wentworth has been playing with Anne, making her feel like he doesn't love her. This plays into Anne;s emotional turmoil that is eating away at her, but because of her invisibility and nothingness that emotional turmoil is not seen by others.

"Anne did not wish for more of such looks and speeches. His cold politeness, his ceremonious grace, were worse than anything."

Title: Ficciones; The Babylon Lottery Author: Jorge Luis Borges Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 66, ¶ ) Analysis: Everyone is peer pressured to participate. It becomes looked down upon to not play the lottery. The people who followed the rules and played were also looked at in contempt. The Company had to collect its money because people had to "pay in" so that the company could "pay out" its winners, which is why there was a fine. There were consequences for not paying this fine, like imprisonment. Imprisonment becomes the first nonmonetary outcome of not paying this fine/playing the lottery. This may connect to the theme of unforeseen consequences.

"Anyone who did not acquire lots was looked upon as pusillanimous, mean-spirited. In time, this distain multiplied. The person who did not play was despised, but the losers who paid the fine were also scorned. The company (thus it began to be known at the time) was forced to take measures to protect the winners, who could not collect their prizes unless nearly the entire amount of the fines was already collected"

Speaker: Faust speaking Subjunctive voice He said he "might say it" This leads him to be saved Lasting benefit and fame Faust is not content because he is looking forward to the future Connection to the theme of continuous motion and striving

"As a child, grown man, and ancient, the busy year/ to see such life, such glad activity!/ to stand with free men on ground that is free!/ then, then, I might say to the passing moment,/ "linger a while you are so fair"

Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: conclusion Analysis: This is a critique of human nature. If people don't see things in front of them they have a hard time identifying that it exists. -change -continuous evolution -uncovering truths about the human condition

"But the chief cause of our natural unwillingness to admit that one species has given birth to clear and distinct species, is that we are always slow in admitting great changes of which we do not see the steps" (pg. 499)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 48, ¶ 2) Part 1, Chapter 3: social state of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville establishes the equality of conditions in America early on in the work, and in this chapter, he claims that the estate law of America pushes equality the last step in America. He claims that estate law has always had a great influence on society and politics. He has stated that eliminating primogeniture has two effects working towards the same goal. He has established that the first effect is that it changes land. Analysis: Tocqueville is explaining the second-way eliminating primogeniture affects America: it changes the spirit of the people. Because it allows property lines to change boundaries and owners frequently, fortunes disappearing rapidly in America. America loses a generational connection to land in the name of equality, and estates are continuously divided into smaller and smaller parts. Primogeniture was a law that was repelled because the social state in America is defined by the equality of conditions, and laws, which are much easier to change than the social state, come from the social state.

"But the law of equal partition does not exert its influence only on the fate of goods; it acts on the very souls of property owners and calls their passions to its aid. It is its indirect effects that rapidly destroy great fortunes and above all great domains."

(68) Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator context: The lottery undergoes another transformation. significance: The Company gets absolute power and the lottery itself becomes "secrete, free, and general". The company was first a bureaucracy to administer the lottery and it is now becoming identical with the state, a religious institution, and is functioning like a secret society.

"But the people of Babylon imposed their will at last, over the opposition of the rich. That is: the people fully achieved their magnanimous ends. In the first place, it made the company accept complete public power"

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 285, ¶ 2-3), Part 2, Chapter 9: on the principal causes tending to maintain a democratic republic in the United States. This specific section is about the principal causes that make religion powerful in America. Tocqueville is interested in the utility of religion for democracy. He states that it was believed by older philosophers that freedom would lesson religious zeal, but America proved the opposite. He is explaining why a country that took governmental power away from religion seems to have a society in which religion has more power. Before this quote, Tocqueville states that man has conflicting instincts ("a natural disgust for existence and an immense desire to exist") that push him towards religion. Analysis: Religion helps America by limiting the tyranny of the majority through morality and because freedom can be disorienting to people, and religion anchors them. American separation of church and state helps religion becuase attaching religion to political powers weakens it by lowering it to level of wordly powers.

"But when religion wishes to be supported by the interests of this world, it becomes almost as fragile as all the powers on earth. Alone, it can hope for immortality; bound to ephemeral powers, it follows their fortune and often falls with the passions of a day that sustains them. In uniting with different political powers, religion can therefore contract only an onerous alliance. It does not need their assistance to live, and in serving them it can die."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 47, ¶ 4) Part 1, Chapter 3: social state of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville establishes the equality of conditions in America early on in the work, and in this chapter, he claims that the estate law of America pushes equality the last step in America. He claims that estate law has always had a great influence on society and politics. He has stated that eliminating primogeniture has two effects working towards the same goal. Analysis: Tocqueville is explaining the first-way eliminating primogeniture affects America: it changes the land and property itself. Because it allows property lines to change boundaries and owners frequently, fortunes disappearing rapidly in America. America loses a generational connection to land in the name of equality, and estates are continuously divided into smaller and smaller parts. Primogeniture was a law that was repelled because the social state in America is defined by the equality of conditions, and laws, which are much easier to change than the social state, come from the social state.

"By virtue of estate law, the death of each property owner brings a revolution in property; not only do goods change masters, but they change, so to speak, nature; they are constantly fragmented into smaller portions"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 27, ¶ 4) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: This reveals telling aspects of Captain Wentworth's character. He is, at least in youth, relatively carefree and optimistic, yet hard-working and driven.

"Captain Wentworth had no fortune. He had been lucky in his profession; but spending freely, what had come freely, had realized nothing. But he was confident that he should soon be rich: full of life and ardour, he knew that he should soon have a ship, and soon be on a station that would lead to everything he wanted. He had always been lucky; he knew he should be so still."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 244, ¶ 4), Part 2, Chapter 7: On the omnipotence of the majority in the United States and its effects. This section is specifically about the tyranny of the majority. Tocqueville sets up the idea that a single person with complete power might abuse that power, and so would a group of people with complete power because the character of man is not changed by being united. Because of sovereignty of the people, which does allow for freedom, the people have absolute power (despotism). Analysis: If anything will save America from tyranny, it will be the culture that prevents men from impeding on each other's rights for fear of their own being impeded, not institutions. American tyranny rules through the power of the people on culture, not through physical violence or threat.

"Chains and executioners are the coarse instruments that tyranny formerly employed; but in our day civilization has perfected even despotism itself, which seemed, indeed, to have nothing more to learn."

Faust to Gretchen Context: the garden scene; The garden scene. Margarete's arm linked with Faust and Martha with Mephisto as both couples stroll in the garden significance: This is a criticism of the enlightenment movement because things like reason and cleverness are "shallow" and bring out the vanity in people. The theme here may be the utility of knowledge. How great is having knowledge if it makes someone shallow? This is a contrast to Gretchen who is simple and has better morals because of her simplicity.

"Dear girl, believe me, what's called cleverness/ is mostly shallowness and vanity" (111)

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 53, ¶ 6) This is after Wentworth and Anne have finally seen each other again for the first time. Mary relates to Anne that Wentworth felt he hardly recognized her. Analysis: This shows how inconsiderate Mary is of Anne. Mary also seems to have forgotten the connection between Anne and Wentworth. It is also made clear that Wentworth's opinion of her hurts Anne deeply. This also shows how deeply Anne still cares about Wentworth.

"Doubtless it was so, and she could take no revenge, for he was not altered, or not for the worse. She had already acknowledged it to herself, and she could not think differently, let him think of her as he would."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 6, ¶ 4) This is in the Introduction. Tocqueville has laid out the history of French political power over the last 700 years, in which every 50 years or so, "the noble has fallen on the social ladder, and the commoner has risen," meaning the country has moved continuously towards democracy. Analysis: Tocqueville is saying that all of history has been moving towards democracy is France, and every western country, demonstrates. He also is stating that every single person, intentionally or not, has contributed in some way to the growing power of democracy.

"Everywhere the various incidents in the lives of peoples are seen to turn to the profit of democracy; all men have aided it by their efforts: those who had in view cooperating for its success and those who did not dream of serving it..."

Mephisto speaking to himself while wearing Faust's gown before the student enters context: This is occurring after Faust's bet with Mephisto. significance: Mephisto is saying the "spirit" that Faust has won't measure up to his plan to "drag him" into "debauchery" and get him to indulge in sensual pleasures. This relates to the idea of getting to the essence of the human condition and continuous motion/striving. Humans will keep striving and trying to refuse "every pleasure". However, they can still be tempted by demonic figures like Mephisto. God does not want humans to be lazy, he does not want things to be so easy. He presents us with demonic figures like Mephistopheles to keep humans striving to stay on the right path. Goethe is sending the message that the Lord puts figures on this earth that intend nothing but chaos, but they key is that there are good things that come out of the actions of these figures which speaks to the power of the lord.

"Fate's given him a spirit knows no measure, / on and on it strives, relentlessly, it soars away disdaining every pleasure,/ Yet I will drag him deep into debauchery" (64-65)

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 54, ¶ 2) This is after Wentworth and Anne have finally seen each other again for the first time. Mary relates to Anne that Wentworth felt he hardly recognized her. After getting Anne's perspective on the meeting, we get Wentworth's. Analysis: This is Wentworth's perspective on the comment that worked back to Anne. It shows that he is also not over the heartbreak of Anne.

"Frederick Wentworth had used such words, or something like them, but without an idea that they would be carried round to her. He had thought her wretchedly altered, and in the first moment of appeal, had spoken as he felt. He had not forgiven Anne Elliot."

Speaker: Mephisto to Faust Misinterpretation. This is actually Faust's grave. context: This is right before Faust dies. One of Mephisto and Faust's last conversations. Mephisto is speaking under his breath

"From the report my people gave,/ It is no ditch, its a grave" (422)

arbitrarily, for convenience' sake". (pg. 53) Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: doubtful species Analysis: A spontaneous mutation has the potential to create more variation among organisms in a population. If that variation persists over generations and creates profound changes among a population, that mutation could lead to speciation. The fact that the title species is "arbitrarily given" connects to the theme of uncertainty. This is modern because rather than applying the definition of species for the sake of finding out the truth, they are doing so "for the sake of convienence". The word species is not very different from the word variety because there is variety within a species just "less distinct" variety. The "fluctuating forms" connects to the theme of continuous evolution.

"From these remarks it will be seen that I look at the term "species" as one arbitrarily given, for the sake of convenience, to a set of individuals closely resembling each other, and that it does not essentially differ from the term 'variety,' which is given to less distinct and more fluctuating forms. The term 'variety,' again, in comparison with mere individual differences, is also applied arbitrarily, for convenience' sake". (pg. 53)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 27-28, ¶ 3-1) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. This is the very start of the chapter. Before this quote, Tocqueville laying out a commonly held belief about how men come into their characteristics, which grow and change with age and experience. He then says that this is false. Analysis: Tocqueville is explaining why it is false that people grow to develop certain characteristics. He explains that you can see all of these inherent characteristics from the beginning and that a country is like this baby. He will explain that America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans.

"Go back; examine the infant even in the arms of his mother; see the external world reflected for the first time in the still-obscure mirror of his intelligence; contemplate the first examples that strike his eye; listen to the first words that awaken the sleeping powers of his thought; finally, attend the first struggles that he has to sustain;"

Speaker: Faust to Margaret context: The garden scene. Margaret's arm linked with Faust and Martha with Mephisto as both couples stroll in the garden significance: Gretchen is a very simple girl. She has better morals in her simplicity and Faust likes that. Innocence, to Faust, is very valuable

"God isn't a pity/ that unspoiled innocence and simpleness/ should never know itself and its own worth/ that meekness, lowliness, those highest gifts/ kindly nature endows us with"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: Context: (pg. 28, ¶ 1) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: Shows how heartbroken both parties were, and contrasts Anne's ability to be persuaded with Captain Wentworth's "unbending" opinion.

"Had she not imagined herself consulting his good, even more than her own, she could hardly have given him up. The belief of being prudent, and self-denying, principally for his advantage, was her chief consolation, under the misery of a parting, a final parting; and every consolation was required, for she had to encounter all the additional pain of opinions, on his side, totally unconvinced and unbending, and of his feeling himself ill used by so forced a relinquishment. He had left the country in consequence"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 10, ¶ 2) The narrator is describing Sir Walter's character. Analysis: The narrator is being critical or Sir Walter Elliot and depicting him as vain and consumed with superficial things like appearance and his place in society. This also indicates his values, which shapes how he values others in society, such as his opinion on those in the navy.

"He considered the blessing of beauty as inferior only to the blessing of a baronetcy; and the Sir Walter Elliot, who united these gifts, was the constant object of his warmest respect and devotion."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 54, ¶ 4) This is after Wentworth and Anne have finally seen each other again for the first time. Mary relates to Anne that Wentworth felt he hardly recognized her. After getting Anne's perspective on the meeting, we get Wentworth's. Analysis: Wentworth has been unable to move on from Anne, as she has been with him, but seeing her again brought up old anger and resentment, and it makes him think he is ready to move on. He almost sounds as though he is trying to convince himself. It seems that his feelings for the Musgrove sisters are more the result of his feelings for Anne than anything to actually do with the sisters.

"He had a heart for either of the Miss Musgroves, if they could catch it; a heart, in short, for any pleasing young woman who came in his way, excepting Anne Elliot."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 54, ¶ 3) This is after Wentworth and Anne have finally seen each other again for the first time. Mary relates to Anne that Wentworth felt he hardly recognized her. After getting Anne's perspective on the meeting, we get Wentworth's. Analysis: Wentworth has been unable to move on from Anne, as she has been with him, but seeing her again brought up old anger and resentment.

"He had been most warmly attached to her, and had never seen a woman since whom he thought her equal; but, except from some natural sensation of curiosity, he had no desire of meeting her again. Her power with him was gone for ever."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 54, ¶ 5) This is after Wentworth and Anne have finally seen each other again for the first time. Mary relates to Anne that Wentworth felt he hardly recognized her. After getting Anne's perspective on the meeting, we get Wentworth's. He then expresses that perspective to his sister. Analysis: Wentworth has been unable to move on from Anne, as she has been with him, but seeing her again brought up old anger and resentment, and it makes him think he is ready to move on. He almost sounds as though he is trying to convince himself. It almost seems like he is trying to force himself to be carefree to hide his hurt. His sister can see the real emotion.

"He said it, she knew, to be contradicted. His bright proud eye spoke the conviction that he was nice; and Anne Elliot was not out of his thoughts, when he more seriously described the woman he should wish to meet with."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 26, ¶ 4) The narrator is explaining who the "he" Anne was thinking of directly before this is. Analysis: This is the introduction of Captain Wentworth. It is also interesting that when discussing the Wentworths, Sir Elliot did not recollect that his daughter was engaged to one.

"He was not Mr Wentworth, the former curate of Monkford, however suspicious appearances may be, but a Captain Frederick Wentworth, his brother, who being made commander in consequence of the action off St Domingo, and not immediately employed, had come into Somersetshire, in the summer of 1806; and having no parent living, found a home for half a year at Monkford."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 26, ¶ 4) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: Mentions of beauty, relating to the theme of vanity, and the idea of Anne's bloom.

"He was, at that time, a remarkably fine young man, with a great deal of intelligence, spirit, and brilliancy; and Anne an extremely pretty girl, with gentleness, modesty, taste, and feeling. Half the sum of attraction, on either side, might have been enough, for he had nothing to do, and she had hardly anybody to love; but the encounter of such lavish recommendations could not fail."

Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: doubtful species Analysis: Individual differences are more important to Darwin than they are to systematists. This is because Darwin recognizes that variation is a condition that needs to take place and only then can natural selection act on that variation. Since a variation can be passed through generations, Darwin recognizes that it is possible that the seemingly small variations looked over by the systematist can lead to the development of a "sub-species and then to a species".

"Hence I look at individual differences, though of small interest to the systematist, as of the highest importance for us, as being the first steps towards such slight varieties as are barely thought worth recording in works on natural history. And I look at varieties which are in any degree more distinct and permanent varieties; and at the latter, as leading to sub-species and then to species". (pg. 52)

Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: results of natural selection Analysis:

"In our diagram the line of succession is broken at regular intervals by small numbered letters marking the successive forms which have become sufficiently distinct to be recorded as varieties. But these breaks are imaginary, and might have been inserted anywhere, after intervals long enough to allow the accumulation of a considerable amount of divergent variation". (pg. 112)

Speakers: Mephisto to Faust context: Faust has a few excursions and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen). He is attracted to her and with jewelry and with help from a neighbor, Martha, Mephistopheles draws Gretchen into Faust's arms. Devil gives Faust a small gift box. The gift was supposed to be for someone else, he tells Faust, but "a child's a child and a game is a game." Faust puts the small box in Margaret's closet, and they begin to leave. Margaret opens her closet and sees the small gift box. She thinks it is perhaps some trinket from a neighbor, but when she opens it, she sees that it is a box of expensive jewels. She is shocked and amazed by the gift and wishes that she could keep it. She laments that the poor, like her, will never have such things because youth and beauty are wasted on them. An upset Mephistopheles rejoins Faust, who asks him what is the matter. The Devil tells Faust that the jewelry that they gave to Gretchen (short for Margaret) now belongs to a priest. After Gretchen showed the jewels to her mother, her mother immediately knew that "their presence was not wholly blessed." significance: The mother sent for a priest so that they could do the righteous thing and get rid of the jewels that were "obtained unlawfully". This connects to the theme of fear and desire for salvation/transcendence. Unlike Faust, Gretchen goes to the church to help guide her actions. The church is clearly corrupt, which brings up the question of whether or not people should trust the guidance of the church. This also connects to the desire to be on the righteous path and do what is morally right. There is possibly a desire for reassurance and comfort here since Gretchen's mother called for a priest, a figure that people usually seek out for consolation.

"Her mother sent for the priest... the church alone is able to digest goods illegitimately possessed" (101)

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 69, ¶ 2) Her nephew was crawling on Anne, and neither she nor Charles Hayter could get him off. Captain Wentworth steps up and pulls young Walter off of Anne. Analysis: Shows the slight awkwardness of their interactions. Captain Wentworth is typically a man of action.

"His kindness in stepping forward to her relief, the manner, the silence in which it had passed, the little particulars of the circumstance, with the conviction soon forced on her by the noise he was studiously making with the child, that he meant to avoid hearing her thanks, and rather sought to testify that her conversation was the last of his wants..."

"His presence puts my blood in turmoil/ I like people, most of them indeed; but heaven as ai long for you. I think of him with a secret dread/ and has a scoundrel, he is too/ if i am unjust to forgive me, Lord"

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 172, ¶ 2) Part 2, Chapter 3: on freedom of the press in the United States. This is from the beginning of the chapter. Tocqueville states that freedom of the press both society and politics. Analysis: Tocqueville starts by looking at how freedom of the press affects American politics. Tocqueville states that freedom of the press creates disorder and allows for slander, but these are annoyances compared to the evil it prevents: tyranny. Every individual town in America has its own newspaper, and when every newspaper is reporting along the same track, it has a nearly "irresistible power" of influence over the American people. Most Americans can read because they read newspapers, though they might not be reading highly intellectual material.

"I avow that I do not hold that complete and instantaneous love for the freedom of the press that one accords to things whose nature is unqualifiedly good. I love it out of consideration for the evils it prevents much more than for the good it does."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 13, ¶ 1) This is in the Introduction. This quote comes after he states that he came to America to figure out how to make democracy work in France, not necessarily because he is convinced that democracy is great for humanity, but because he knows it is inevitable, and he wants to help establish it in France in the safest, most peaceful way possible. Analysis: Tocqueville is searching for the true nature, or essence, of what democracy is. He is not researching American democracy, but democracy in America, meaning America is the example in which to find "the image of democracy itself." He wants to figure out what to "hope or fear from" democracy because he believes it is inevitable. Tocqueville is also invested in figuring out the secret to democracy because he had just lived through the failed French Revolution of 1789, and he wants to discover why the American Revolution was peaceful, more liberal, and more successful.

"I confess that in America I saw more than America; I sought there an image of democracy itself, of its penchants, its character, its prejudices, its passions; I wanted to become acquainted with it if only to know at least what we ought to hope or fear from it"

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 341, ¶ 6) Part 2, Chapter 10: some considerations on the present state and the probable future of the three races that inhabit the territory in the United States. This specific section is on the position that the black race occupies in the United States; dangers incurred by whites from its presence. Tocqueville states that everywhere they are found together, White people and Black people try to destroy each other. He states that America has two choices: for the races to intermingle completely, or separate completely. Analysis: Tocqueville is saying that he thinks it is impossible for the two races to coexist is impossible except through interracial children, which is not really occurring in the North or South, but in the West.

"I have already expressed my conviction about the first means. I do not think that the white race and the black race will come to live on a footing of equality anywhere. "

faust speaker: Katz sent this to us so it probs wont be on the exam so forget it

"I hear the clink of spades, how happily!/ it is my men, their labors playing,/ the land and water reconciling/ by fixing for the waves their boundary,/ confining in strict bonds the flooding tide"

-Shows that the narrator also relied on translation Ficciones Borges Funes, The Memorious Speaker: Narrator

"I learned that they made up the first paragraph of the twenty-fourths chapter of the twenty-seventh book of Historia Naturalis. The subject of this chapter is memory" (111)

Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: introduction Analysis: This is the first time in any of the works that people credited other people in his work.

"I must regret that want of space prevents my having the satisfaction of acknowledging the generous assistance which I have received from very many naturalists, some of them personally unknown to me. I cannot, however, let this opportunity pass without expressing my deep obligations to Dr. Hooker, who, for the last fifteen year, has aided me in every possible way...". (pg. 4)

Title: Ficciones; The Babylon Lottery Author: Jorge Luis Borges Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. , ¶ ) The narrator is introducing The Company a bureaucracy that may or may not actually exist. Analysis: We are told that the identity of the company ("institution")is hidden. It is either the other "republics" don't know about the company or the company exists within the republics without them knowing ("in secret"). The reader does not get the truth or facts which relates to the postmodern theme of ambiguity or uncertainty. The truth is there may be no truth just interpretations and different perspectives.

"I owe this almost atrocious variety to an institution which other republics know nothing about, or which operates among them imperfectly and in secret"

Ficciones Borges The Garden of Forking Paths Speaker: Narrator context: An anonymous narrator introduces a document that will, he assures us, shed a little light on why a British offensive against the Germans had to be delayed by thirteen days. The document is a deposition (oral testimony given by a witness to be used in a trial) given by Dr. Yu Tsun. The first two pages are missing, so its narration begins abruptly. significance:

"I read the words which a man of my own blood had written with a small brush: "I leave to various future times, but not to all, my garden of forking paths"(97)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 241, ¶ 3), Part 2, Chapter 7: On the omnipotence of the majority in the United States and its effects. This section is specifically about the tyranny of the majority. Tocqueville sets up the idea that a single person with complete power might abuse that power, and so would a group of people with complete power because the character of man is not changed by being united. Tocqueville does not believe that a truly mixed government is possible, because it would entail giving equal power to contrary principles, which always results in revolution or it just dissolves. Analysis: Tocqueville does not believe that a mixed government sufficiently prevents tyranny, because one principle will always govern the others, and he believes that in America it is the sovereignty of the people that always dominates, which leads to a tyranny of the majority.

"I think, therefore, that one must always place somewhere one social power superior to all the others, but I believe freedom to be in peril when that power finds no obstacle before it that can restrain its advance and give it time to moderate itself."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 328, ¶ 8-pg. 329, ¶ 1), Part 2, Chapter 10: some considerations on the present state and the probable future of the three races that inhabit the territory in the United States. This specific section is on the position that the black race occupies in the United States; dangers incurred by whites from its presence. Tocqueville states that everywhere they are found together, White people and Black people try to destroy each other. Analysis: Tocqueville is saying that even if slavery is not present in the state, the cultural suppression of Black people by White people is still present.

"If I consider the United States in our day, I see indeed that in a certain part of the country the legal barrier that separates the two races tends to fall, but not that of mores: I perceive slavery receding; the prejudice to which it has given birth is unmoving."

Title: Faust Author: Goethe Speaker and Audience: Faust to Mephistopheles Context: 60In Faust's study, the poodle transforms into Mephistopheles. Faust makes an arrangement with him: Mephistopheles will do everything that Faust wants while he is here on Earth, and in exchange, Faust will serve the Devil in Hell. Faust's arrangement is that if he is pleased enough with anything Mephistopheles gives him that he wants to stay in that moment forever, then he will die at that moment. Analysis: Regarding the second bet in the text: God does not want humans to be lazy, he does not want things to be so easy. He presents us with demonic figures like Mephistopheles to keep humans striving to stay on the right path. Goethe is sending the message that the Lord puts figures on this earth that intend nothing but chaos, but they key is that there are good things that come out of the actions of these figures which speaks to the power of the lord. The lord can create good from evil. This connects to the themes of idleness and pleasure. Faust's bet with Mephisto is an allusion to the book of Job. Satan things away from Job thinking he will turn his back on God with anger. Job is a strong man of God though and does not even give Satan a chance to corrupt his life and his relationship with the Lord. Similar to the book of Job, Mephisto tests Faust but by exposing him to earthly pleasures.

"If ever I plead with the passing moment, 'linger a while, you are so fair!' Then chain me up in close confinement,/ then serving me no more's your care,/ then let the death bell toll my finish,/ then unreluctantly I'll perish,/ the clock may stop, the hands fall off,/ and time for me be over with!"

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 48, ¶ 1) Part 1, Chapter 3: social state of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville establishes the equality of conditions in America early on in the work, and in this chapter, he claims that the estate law of America pushes equality the last step in America. He claims that estate law has always had a great influence on society and politics. He has stated that eliminating primogeniture has two effects working towards the same goal. Analysis: Tocqueville is explaining the first-way eliminating primogeniture affects America: it changes the land and property itself. Because it allows property lines to change boundaries and owners frequently, fortunes disappearing rapidly in America. America loses a generational connection to land in the name of equality, and estates are continuously divided into smaller and smaller parts. Primogeniture was a law that was repelled because the social state in America is defined by the equality of conditions, and laws, which are much easier to change than the social state, come from the social state.

"In countries where legislation establishes equality of partition, goods and particularly territorial fortunes will therefore have a permanent tendency to diminish."

Faust speaking; the second bet (one between mephisto and faust) context: In Faust's study, the poodle transforms into Mephistopheles. Faust makes an arrangement with him: Mephistopheles will do everything that Faust wants while he is here on Earth, and in exchange Faust will serve the Devil in Hell. Faust's arrangement is that if he is pleased enough with anything Mephistopheles gives him that he wants to stay in that moment forever, then he will die in that moment. significance: God does not want humans to be lazy, he does not want things to be so easy. He presents us with demonic figures like Mephistopheles to keep humans striving to stay on the right path. Goethe is sending the message that the Lord puts figures on this earth that intend nothing but chaos, but they key is that there are good things that come out of the actions of these figures which speaks to the power of the lord. The lord can create good from evil. This connects to the themes of idleness and pleasure. Faust's bet with Mephisto is an allusion to the book of Job. Satan things away from Job thinking he will turn his back on God with anger. Job is a strong man of God though and does not even give Satan a chance to corrupt his life and his relationship with the Lord. Similar to the book of Job, Mephisto tests Faust but by exposing him to earthly pleasures.

"If ever you see me loll at ease,/ Then its all yours, you can have it, my life!/ if ever you fool me with flatteries/ into feeling satisfied with myself or tempt me with visions of luxuries,/ That's it, the last day that I breathe this air, I'll bet you" (59)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 7, ¶ 2) This is in the Introduction. Tocqueville has laid out the history of French political power over the last 700 years, in which every 50 years or so, "the noble has fallen on the social ladder, and the commoner has risen," meaning the country has moved continuously towards democracy. Analysis: Tocqueville is stating that if people can recognize the constant tide of democracy throughout history, they can recognize the fact that democracy is the design of God.

"If long observation and sincere meditation led men in our day to recognize that the gradual and progressive development of equality is at the same time the past and the future of their history, this discovery alone would give that development the sacred character of the sovereign master's will."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 228, ¶ 4) Part 2, Chapter 6: What are the real advantages that American society derives from the government of democracy. This section comes after exploring the public spirit in the United States specifically is looking at the idea of rights in the united states, and this is the opening line of that section. He has explained that no one in America is against individual property rights or political rights because everyone benefits from the same rights. The underlying truth of this is that man will defend what benefits him. Analysis: This example proves this rule by showing what happens when rights are not evenly distributed. Just as a poor man will not be respectful in England to establishments he is prevented from enjoying, people will not defend rights that work against their own interest.

"In England, where wealth has the privilege of pleasure like the monopoly of power, they complain that when the poor man comes to introduce himself furtively into the place destined for the pleasures of the rich he likes to cause useless damage: how can one be surprised at this?—they have taken care that he has nothing to lose."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 329, ¶ 3), Part 2, Chapter 10: some considerations on the present state and the probable future of the three races that inhabit the territory in the United States. This specific section is on the position that the black race occupies in the United States; dangers incurred by whites from its presence. Tocqueville states that everywhere they are found together, White people and Black people try to destroy each other. Tocqueville stated that even if slavery is not present in the state, the cultural suppression of Black people by White people is still present. Analysis: Tocqueville is saying that freeing Black people from slavery does not bring them closer in equality to Whites, but actually does the opposite. It strengthens racial prejudice. Even if Black people are freed or defined as equal citizens, they are not treated as such and are always separated from Whites. This is because, according to Tocqueville, law does not influence society and the societal effects of slavery are always present.

"In almost all the states where slavery was abolished, the Negro has been given electoral rights; but if he presents himself to vote, he runs a risk to his life. Oppressed, he can complain, but he finds only whites among his judges. The law does indeed open the jurors' bench to him, but prejudice repels him from it. His son is excluded from the school where the descendant of Europeans comes to be instructed."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 284, ¶ 2), Part 2, Chapter 9: on the principal causes tending to maintain a democratic republic in the United States. This specific section is about the principal causes that make religion powerful in America. Tocqueville is interested in the utility of religion for democracy. He states that it was believed by older philosophers that freedom would lesson religious zeal, but America proved the opposite. He is explaining why a country that took governmental power away from religion seems to have a society in which religion has more power. Before this quote, Tocqueville states that man has conflicting instincts ("a natural disgust for existence and an immense desire to exist") that push him towards religion. Analysis: Tocqueville is himself a deeply religious person, and he sees religious belief as a natural state of being for humanity. The religious nature of America is one of the aspects he likes most about the country.

"In considering religions from a purely human point of view, one can therefore say that all religions draw from man himself an element of strength that can never fail them, because it depends on one of the constituent principles of human nature."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: (pg. 42, ¶ 4) Anne is asked to play, but not because people truly want to hear her, but out necessity. Analysis: Shows that Anne is used to being alone in many respects, her selflessness at being so able to be happy for others, and her loneliness.

"In music she had been always used to feel alone in the world; and Mr and Mrs Musgrove's fond partiality for their own daughters' performance, and total indifference to any other person's, gave her much more pleasure for their sakes, than mortification for her own."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 48, ¶ 3) Part 1, Chapter 3: social state of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville establishes the equality of conditions in America early on in the work, and in this chapter, he claims that the estate law of America pushes equality the last step in America. He claims that estate law has always had a great influence on society and politics. He has stated that eliminating primogeniture has two effects working towards the same goal. He has established that the first effect is that it changes land. Analysis: This quote is explaining the result of primogeniture in a country. America loses this familial connection to the land. Tocqueville is explaining the second-way eliminating primogeniture affects America: it changes the spirit of the people. Because it allows property lines to change boundaries and owners frequently, fortunes disappearing rapidly in America. America loses a generational connection to land in the name of equality, and estates are continuously divided into smaller and smaller parts. Primogeniture was a law that was repelled because the social state in America is defined by the equality of conditions, and laws, which are much easier to change than the social state, come from the social state.

"In peoples where estate law is founded on the right of primogeniture, territorial domains pass most often from generation to generation without being divided. The result is that family spirit is in a way materialized in the land. The family represents the land, the land represents the family; it perpetuates its name, its origin, its glory, its power, its virtues. It is an imperishable witness to the past and a precious pledge of existence to come."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 228, ¶ 3) Part 2, Chapter 6: What are the real advantages that American society derives from the government of democracy. This section comes after exploring the public spirit in the United States specifically is looking at the idea of rights in the united states, and this is the opening line of that section. He has explained that no one in America is against individual property rights because everyone benefits from the same rights. Analysis: Here, Tocqueville is saying that American's views on property rights are the same as there views on political rights: they all have them, so they all defend them. No American will attack another American's political rights, because then his own may be attacked, He "submits" to the power of the government because his own political rights allowed him to give power to the government which helps defend his political rights.

"In the political world it is the same. In America, the man of the people has conceived a lofty idea of political rights because he has political rights; so that his own are not violated, he does not attack those of others. And whereas in Europe this same man does not recognize sovereign authority, the American submits without murmur to the power of the least of its magistrates."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 329, ¶ 2), Part 2, Chapter 10: some considerations on the present state and the probable future of the three races that inhabit the territory in the United States. This specific section is on the position that the black race occupies in the United States; dangers incurred by whites from its presence. Tocqueville states that everywhere they are found together, White people and Black people try to destroy each other. Tocqueville stated that even if slavery is not present in the state, the cultural suppression of Black people by White people is still present. Analysis: Tocqueville is saying that freeing Black people from slavery does not bring them closer in equality to Whites, but actually does the opposite. It strengthens racial prejudice.

"In the portion of the Union where Negroes are no longer slaves, have they been brought closer to whites? Every man who has inhabited the United States will have noticed that a contrary effect has been produced."

Ficciones Borges Funes, The Memorious Speaker: Narrator

"Ireno Funes died in 1889, of a pulmonary congestion" (115)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 54, ¶ 4) Part 1, Chapter 4: on the principle of sovereignty in the United States. Tocqueville has stated that sovereignty of the people has always been the foundation of every human institution is almost always either "hidden or sterile." In America, the principle was a core principle of the colonial era, but it could not take control of the government because of two obstacles, one internal and the other external. Analysis: This is the first obstacle that prevented the sovereignty of the people in the colonies, the external one. Because America was not its own country yet, it had to follow the laws of England, which did not allow for the sovereignty of the people to be the political core of America. The second, internal, restraint was that American society was not yet ready to fully adopt the sovereignty of the people, further demonstrating how societal beliefs drive political outcomes.

"It could not come to light outwardly within the laws since the colonies were still constrained to obey the mother country; it was therefore reduced to hiding itself in provincial assemblies and above all in the township. There it spread in secret. "

endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved". (pg. 507) Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: conclusion Analysis: This connects to the theme of romanticism because there is an interplay between scientific language and more poetic language. This is exemplified in his use of flowery adjectives.

"It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 6, ¶ 9-pg. 7, ¶ 1) This is in the Introduction. Tocqueville has laid out the history of French political power over the last 700 years, in which every 50 years or so, "the noble has fallen on the social ladder, and the commoner has risen," meaning the country has moved continuously towards democracy. Analysis: Tocqueville is emphasizing the "providential" or divine aspect of equality. He believes that it is inevitable because it comes from God, and so to act against democracy or equality is to act against God, and therefore futile. Not only this, but because it is the design of God, equality should be helped along. This book seeks to understand democracy so it may help it along.

"It is not necessary that God himself speak in order for us to discover sure signs of his will; it suffices to examine the usual course of nature and the continuous tendency of events; I know without the Creator's raising his voice that the stars follow the arcs in space that his finger has traced."

Faust speaker: Margaret to Faust about Mephisto context: Gretchen hates Mephisto and can see through him. Significance: Gretchen can see through Mephistopheles even within her madness which is what gets her redeemed by the lord and get her into heaven.

"It is written on his face as plain as day/ he loves no one, we're all his enemy"

(68) Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator context: The Company gets absolute power and the lottery itself becomes "secrete, free, and general". The company was first a bureaucracy to administer the lottery and it is not becoming identical with the state, a religious institution, and is functioning as a secret society. significance: The company controls all aspects of people's lives in a completely cruel and arbitrary way. The narrator is exemplifying the terrifying bureaucracy. The number of drawings controls every element of every person's existence. The number of drawings is infinite. No decision is final and all decisions diverge into others. An infinite amount of drawings requires an infinite amount of time. Borges likes Zeno's paradox that motion is nothing but an illusion. Themes: Zeno's Paradox & Infinity

"It must be recalled that all individuals of the company were (and are) all-powerful and astute as well" (68)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 30, ¶ 1) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville has laid out that America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans. Tocqueville is claiming that every characteristic of America, and the success of America, can be traced back to the point of departure and the characteristics of the Puritans. He is now explaining the point of departure itself. Analysis: Tocqueville is explaining why aristocracy did not gain a foothold in America despite the presence of aristocracy. Because the land was so wild and untamed, even the aristocracy had to be hands-on in carving out civilization into the wilderness, and so the hierarchical distinction between an aristocrat and a laborer could not be established.

"It nevertheless happened that on several occasions great lords came to America as a consequence of political or religious quarrels. Laws were made to establish a hierarchy of ranks, but they soon perceived that the American soil absolutely repelled territorial aristocracy. They saw that to clear that rebellious land, nothing less than the constant and interested efforts of the property owner himself were necessary."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 32, ¶ 4) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville has laid out that America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans. Tocqueville is claiming that every characteristic of America, and the success of America, can be traced back to the point of departure and the characteristics of the Puritans. He is now explaining the point of departure itself. He has established that the point of departure split into two distinct categories: the north and the south. He has already explained the origin of the South, and slight disdain for it, and is now explaining the origin of the North, New England. Analysis: Tocqueville views the original settlers of New England, who were more upper-class English men, as being moral and well-educated people who came to America not for wealth as the southern settlers did, but for an idea of religious freedom and equality. These are the Puritan settlers that Tocqueville view as having shaped America, and he says before this quote that the character of New England influences the character of America as a whole. These Puritans believed in the sovereignty of the people, and their social view equality is what the political view of democracy grew out of. The Northern colonies also practiced democracy from the beginning with townships.

"It was not necessity that forced them to abandon their country; they left a social position they might regret and secure means of living; nor did they come to the New World in order to improve their situation or to increase their wealth; they tore themselves away from the sweetness of their native country to obey a purely intellectual need; in exposing themselves to the inevitable miseries of exile, they wanted to make an idea triumph."

"It was now his object to marry. He was rich, and being turned on shore, fully intended to settle as soon as he could be properly tempted; actually looking round, ready to fall in love with all the speed which a clear head and a quick taste could allow."

Title: Ficciones; The Babylon Lottery Author: Jorge Luis Borges Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 66, ¶ ) We find out that the narrator is no longer in Babylon. Analysis: The drive to participate in the lottery once there are "adverse consequences" connects to the theme of thrill-seeking and the idea of getting to the essence of human nature. The end of the quote lets us see that the lottery has some control over the Babylonians.

"Naturally these "lotteries" failed. Their moral virtue was nil. They did not appeal to all the faculties of men: only to their hope. In the face of public indifference, the merchants who established these venal lotteries began to lose money. Someone attempted to introduce a slight reform: the interpolation of a certain small number of adverse outcomes among the favored numbers. By means of this reform, the purchasers of numbered rectangles stood the double chance of winning a sum of paying a fine often considerable in size. The slight danger- for each thirty favored numbers there would be one adverse number- awoke, as was only natural, the public's interest. The Babylonians gave themselves up to the game"

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 30, ¶ 5-pg. 31, ¶ 1) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville has laid out that America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans. Tocqueville is claiming that every characteristic of America, and the success of America, can be traced back to the point of departure and the characteristics of the Puritans. He is now explaining the point of departure itself. He has established that the point of departure split into two distinct categories: the north and the south. Analysis: This quote establishes how the society in the south was started in Virginia with men who were convinced they could find precious metals there. He goes on after this to say that these people, and the others who would eventually arrive in the south, did not have good moral character and eventually established slavery, which would define the South.

"It was thus gold seekers who were sent to Virginia, people without resources or without [good] conduct, whose restive and turbulent spirits troubled the infancy of the colony and rendered its progress uncertain."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 27, ¶ 4-5 - pg. 28, ¶ 1) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: Anne clearly loved the optimistic confidence of Wentworth, but Lady Russell did not. The distinction in their perceptions of him mirrors directly their different perspectives on class and social status. It is also pointed out that Anne does not, even at a younger age, agree with or value her father's opinions.

"Lady Russell had little taste for wit, and of anything approaching to imprudence a horror. She deprecated the connexion in every light. Such opposition, as these feelings produced, was more than Anne could combat. Young and gentle as she was, it might yet have been possible to withstand her father's illwill, though unsoftened by one kind word or look on the part of her sister..."

Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: results of natural selection Analysis:

"Let (A) be a common, widely-diffused, and varying species, belonging to a genus large in its own country. The branching and diverging dotted lines of unequal lengths proceeding from (A), may represent its varying offspring. The variations are supposed to be extremely slight, but of the most diversified nature; they are not supposed all to appear simultaneously, but often after long intervals of time; nor are they all supposed to endure for equal periods". (pg. 109-111)

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator/ Anne Elliot to Mary Musgrove Context: (pg. 53, ¶ 6) This is after Wentworth and Anne have finally seen each other again for the first time. Analysis: This shows how inconsiderate Mary is of Anne. Mary also seems to have forgotten the connection between Anne and Wentworth. It is also made clear that Wentworth's opinion of her hurts Anne deeply.

"Mary had no feelings to make her respect her sister's in a common way, but she was perfectly unsuspicious of being inflicting any peculiar wound. 'Altered beyond his knowledge.' Anne fully submitted, in silent, deep mortification."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 28, ¶ 3) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: This is why Anne was in low spirits her last trip to Bath, and why she still does not like it. Themes of time and memory.

"More than seven years were gone since this little history of sorrowful interest had reached its close; and time had softened down much, perhaps nearly all of peculiar attachment to him - but she had been too dependent on time alone; no aid had been given in change of place (except in one visit to Bath soon after the rupture), or in any novelty or enlargement of society."

Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: results of natural selection Analysis:

"Moreover, these two varieties, being only slightly modified forms, will tend to inherit those advantages which made their parent (A) more numerous than most of the other inhabitants of the same country; they will also partake of those more general advantages which made the genus to which the parent-species belonged, a large genus in its own country. And all these circumstances are favorable to the production of new varieties". (pg. 111)

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator, Anne at the end to herself Context: (pg. 26, ¶ 4) This comes after Mr. Shepard and the Elliot family discuss Admiral Croft as a possible tenant. Analysis: Shows Anne as an attentive listener, which she is throughout the novel, though her family is not. The reader does not yet know whom she is talking about at the end of the quote, but we later find out it is Captain Wentworth, Admiral Croft's brother-in-law.

"Mr. Shepherd was completely empowered to act; and no sooner had such an end been reached, than Anne, who had been a most attentive listener to the whole, left the room, to seek the comfort of cool air for her flushed cheeks; and as she walked along a favourite grove, said, with a gentle sigh, 'A few months more, and he, perhaps, may be walking here.'"

Speaker: Faust's soliloquy Context/significance: he is speaking about nature; addressing the earth spirit? Significance: this is the romantic view of nature, you cannot "part her [nature's] veil" or conquer her. She will not readily give up her secretes to these natural scientists and people using the Cartesian method. The theme of conquering nature is an early modern theme and this quote addresses that doing this so not possible because "nature lets no one part her veil". In the romantic view of nature, nature is very elusive. This also connects to the theme of uncertainty and the limits on knowledge because nature is "mysterious" and she is hiding something that "no one" has access to. The "levers and wrenches" may represent the early modern figures who attempted to conquer nature and how their attempts were in vain. In addition, this relates with the Faustian idea that conquering nature is not what will bring someone happiness in their lives. In another perspective, the "levers and wrenches" may be representing scientists of the early modern period. Faust is critical to science which makes him almost like a romantic hero who goes against society and its moral norms. Faust is going about conquering nature in the cold enlightenment way, which won't work but he does not realize this yet. Faust advances by page 116 when he uses the romantic view of nature which is the new and effective view of nature.

"Mysterious even in broad daylight,/ nature lets no one part her veil/ and what she keeps hidden, out of sight,/ all your levers and wrenches can't make her reveal" (26)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 7, ¶ 8) This is in the Introduction. Tocqueville has laid out the history of French political power over the last 700 years, in which every 50 years or so, "the noble has fallen on the social ladder, and the commoner has risen," meaning the country has moved continuously towards democracy. He has established in the passages before this one that equality and democracy are providential, and that it cannot be impeded and should be helped. He has stated that "A new political science is needed for a world altogether new," and that France's revolutions have been "haphazard." Analysis: Tocqueville is explaining why France's revolutions continue to be overthrown. He is saying that the revolutions continue to come from the most miserable people in the society, and they need the support of the more powerful upper classes to be successful. Even more than that, revolutions and new democracies need political science and theory to help guide them on how to rule, acting as a parent with an infant.

"Never have heads of state thought at all to prepare for it in advance; it is made despite them or without their knowing it. The most powerful, most intelligent, and most moral classes of the nation have not sought to take hold of it so as to direct it. Democracy has therefore been abandoned to its savage instincts; it has grown up like those children who, deprived of paternal care, rear themselves in the streets of our towns and know only society's vices and miseries."

(71) Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator

"No book is ever published without some variant in each copy. Scribes take a secret oath to omit, interpolate, vary"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 28, ¶ 3) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: Anne is never able to move on from Captain Wentworth, though she is the one who broke the engagement. Later, he flirts with the Miss Musgroves and states a desire to marry, indicating that he might have been able to marry someone else.

"No one had ever come within the Kellynch circle, who could bear a comparison with Frederick Wentworth, as he stood in her memory. No second attachment, the only thoroughly natural, happy, and sufficient cure, at her time of life, had been possible to the nice tone of her mind, the fastidiousness of her taste, in the small limits of the society around them."

(pg. 42) Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: variation under nature Analysis: The definition of a species is different to different naturalists. Once enough reproductive isolation is present and members of the same species cannot reproduce to create fertile offspring, they would be classified as different species according to some naturalists. An "unknown element" may refer to a spontaneous mutation that creates more variation among organisms in a population. If that variation persists over generations and creates profound changes among a population, that mutation could lead to speciation. The "various definitions" ties into the modern and postmodern theme of uncertainty. The fact that the naturalists cannot be "satisfied" with one definition connects to the theme of striving because they are never satisfied with the findings or definitions provided by other naturalists.

"Nor shall I here discuss the various definitions which have been given of the term 'species.' No one definition has satisfied all naturalists; yet every naturalist knows vaguely what he means when he speaks of a species. Generally, the term includes the unknown element of a distant act of creation". (pg. 42)

Title: Ficciones; The Babylon Lottery Author: Jorge Luis Borges Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 66, ¶ ) We find out that the narrator is no longer in Babylon. Analysis: He sometimes thinks about the men of Babylon who murmer "blasphemous conjectures" or ungodly opinions that are based on speculation. This connects to how Borges often makes the act of seeking out knowledge as something transgressive and something that you are not supposed to be doing. This relates to the postmodern idea that knowledge leads to consequences and ultimately death.

"Now far from and its beloved customs, I think of the lottery with some astonishment and ponder the blasphemous conjectures murmered by men in the shadow at twilight"

Speaker: Mephisto to Faust Significance: Mephisto reduces love to sex He is actually not capable of love → shows the limitation that Mephisto has Reference to Genesis Mephisto continues to tempt Faust with pleasure. Themes/key ideas: limitations, pleasure, striving for love, a creator god

"Of course when god's sweated six whole days/ and himself cries bravo in his works praise,/ you can be certain the results are first class/ look all you want now in the glass,/ but i can find you such a prize,/ and lucky the man, his bliss assured,/ brings home such a beauty to his bed and board" (86)

Gretchen to Faust context: Gretchen presents Faust with the famous question "What is your way about religion, pray?"[3] She wants to admit Faust to her room, but fears her mother. This is before Faust gives Gretchen a bottle containing a sleeping potion to give to her mother and Catastrophically, the potion turns out to be poisonous, and the tragedy takes its course.

"Oh, if I only slept alone!/ I's draw the bold for you tonight, yes, gladly;/ but my mother sleeps so lightly. And if we were surprised by her/ I know I'd die right then and there"

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 332, ¶ 4), Part 2, Chapter 10: some considerations on the present state and the probable future of the three races that inhabit the territory in the United States. This specific section is on the position that the black race occupies in the United States; dangers incurred by whites from its presence. Tocqueville states that everywhere they are found together, White people and Black people try to destroy each other. Analysis: Tocqueville is making clear the cultural distinction between the North and the South that is largely created by slavery.

"On the left bank of the Ohio work is blended with the idea of slavery; on the right bank, with that of well-being and progress; there it is degraded, here they honor it; on the left bank of the river, one cannot find workers belonging to the white race, [for] they would fear resembling slaves; one must rely on the care of the Negroes; on the right bank one would seek in vain for an idle man: the white extends his activity and his intelligence to all his works."

(72) Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator themes: uncertainty, heresy vs truth

"There is one conjecture, spoken from the mouths of masked heresiarchs to the effect that the company has never existed and never will"

(68) Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator Context: As the lottery pervades every element of society, everyone fate is determined by the outcome of the lottery until the next drawing. significance: There is a symbol of the labyrinth. In the labyrinth, it is impossible to understand the maze's overall structure and one can take many paths to the same place. This ties into the postmodern theme of uncertainty. This uncertainty experienced within a labyrinth is comparable to the uncertainty that people have when they are waiting to receive their fate at the "next exercize". The potential for loss of everything including your life relates to the idea of risk taking and the nature of human beings. Everyone is automatically participating, which means the lottery and the company have become a part of Babylon, which ties into the theme of identity. The word "sacred" used to describe the drawings suggests that The Company, responsible for the lottery, has become comparable to a religious institution. Since the drawings are carried out in the "labyrinths of the gods" there may be a suggestion that it is the gods who determine peoples fate or possibly the gods that determine the effects of chance which determines fate.

"Once initiated into the mysteries of bel, every free man automatically participated in the sacred drawings of the lots, which were carried out in the labyrinths of the gods every seventy nights and which determined every man's fate until the next exercise"

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 245, ¶ 6), Part 2, Chapter 7: On the omnipotence of the majority in the United States and its effects. This section is specifically about the tyranny of the majority. Tocqueville sets up the idea that a single person with complete power might abuse that power, and so would a group of people with complete power because the character of man is not changed by being united. Because of the sovereignty of the people, which does allow for freedom, people have absolute power (despotism). This tyranny of the majority in America leads the no freedom of the mind, and America has no great authors because literary genius requires freedom of the mind. Analysis: Tocqueville is explaining the extent of the tyranny of the majority: tradition tyranny makes people afraid to dissent or speak out against their government. There is no fear of doing this in America because the government has no power for punishment, but no Americans even think dissenting thoughts to begin with. Tyranny of the majority is so powerful that it prevents any actions that other tyrannies would need to punish.

"One sees governments that strive to protect mores by condemning the authors of licentious books. In the United States no one is condemned for these sorts of works; but no one is tempted to write them."

Faust responds... "An angel, if at all like you" Speaker: Margaret to Faust Context: the garden scene; The garden scene. Margarete's arm linked with Faust and Martha with Mephisto as both couples stroll in the garden significance: it seems as though Gretchen is invalidating her domestic duties. However, the text suggests that Faust sees her domestic duties as valuable and useful.

"Our family's very small, it's true, but still it has to be looked up/ we have no maid, I sweep the floors, I cook and knit/ and sew, so all the errands, morning and night"

(71) Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator context: The narrator is saying that even though historians have invented a way to correct chance, they never walk away without being deceived. significance: chance is everything and chance cannot be corrected. this is why people who try to control chance walk away deceived. This tied into the modern idea that conquering nature is not the goal in life and that nature or chance cannot be controlled. Again the idea that the company never existed is brought up, which leads the reader to question what is and is not real. This plays into the theme of uncertainty and the absence of truth or facts.

"Our historians, the most discerning in the world, have invented a method for correcting chance... although, naturally, they are not divulged without a measure of deceit. In any case, there is nothing so contaminated with fiction than the history of the company.." (71)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 32, ¶ 5) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville has laid out that America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans. Tocqueville is claiming that every characteristic of America, and the success of America, can be traced back to the point of departure and the characteristics of the Puritans. He is now explaining the point of departure itself. He has established that the point of departure split into two distinct categories: the north and the south. He has already explained the origin of the South, and slight disdain for it, and is now explaining the origin of the North, New England. Analysis: Tocqueville views the original settlers of New England, who were more upper-class English men, as being moral and well-educated people who came to America not for wealth as the southern settlers did, but for an idea of religious freedom and equality. These are the Puritan settlers that Tocqueville view as having shaped America, and he says before this quote that the character of New England influences the character of America as a whole. These Puritans believed in the sovereignty of the people, and their social view equality is what the political view of democracy grew out of.

"Puritanism was not only a religious doctrine; it also blended at several points with the most absolute democratic and republican theories."

"Racial prejudice appears to me stronger in the states that have abolished slavery than in those where slavery still exists, and nowhere is it shown to be as intolerant as in states where servitude has always been unknown."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 284, ¶ 1), Part 2, Chapter 9: on the principal causes tending to maintain a democratic republic in the United States. This specific section is about the principal causes that make religion powerful in America. Tocqueville is interested in the utility of religion for democracy. He states that it was believed by older philosophers that freedom would lesson religious zeal, but America proved the opposite. He is explaining why a country that took governmental power away from religion seems to have a society in which religion has more power. Before this quote, Tocqueville states that man has conflicting instincts ("a natural disgust for existence and an immense desire to exist") that push him towards religion. Analysis: Tocqueville is himself a deeply religious person, and he sees religious belief as a natural state of being for humanity. The religious nature of America is one of the aspects he likes most about the country.

"Religion is therefore only a particular form of hope, and it is as natural to the human heart as hope itself. Only by a kind of aberration of the intellect and with the aid of a sort of moral violence exercised on their own nature do men stray from religious beliefs; an invincible inclination leads them back to them. Disbelief is an accident; faith alone is the permanent state of humanity."

faust speaker: Faust to Margaret context: Gretchen presents Faust with the famous question "What is your way about religion, pray?"[3] She wants to admit Faust to her room, but fears her mother. This is before Faust gives Gretchen a bottle containing a sleeping potion to give to her mother and Catastrophically, the potion turns out to be poisonous, and the tragedy takes its course.

"Shall we never/ pass a quiet time alone together, /breast pressed to breast, our tow beings one?"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 69, ¶ 2) Her nephew was crawling on Anne, and neither she nor Charles Hayter could get him off. Captain Wentworth steps up and pulls young Walter off of Anne, but then makes a lot of noise with the child so that Anne can not thank him. The Musgroves then come in the room, relieving Anne from the situation. Analysis: Charles Hayter does not like that young Walter minded Wentworth and not himself, especially because the Henrietta Musgrove seems to like him. Anne does not want to stay because it would make her sad to see other people in love, especially Captain Wentworth.

"She could not stay. It might have been an opportunity of watching the loves and jealousies of the four— they were now altogether; but she could stay for none of it. It was evident that Charles Hayter was not well inclined towards Captain Wentworth. She had a strong impression of his having said, in a vext tone of voice, after Captain Wentworth's interference..."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 19, ¶ 3) This quote comes after a description of how and why Lady Russell persuaded the family to move to Bath and how Lady Russell is disconcerted by Elizabeth Elliot's friendship with Mrs. Clay. Analysis: This quote shows that Lady Russell's influence does not extend to Elizabeth and that she favors Anne above her sisters. It also indicates Lady Russell's own vanity, though it is significantly less than Sir Elliot's.

"She had been repeatedly very earnest in trying to get Anne included in the visit to London, sensibly open to all the injustice and all the discredit of the selfish arrangements which shut her out, and on many lesser occasions had endeavored to give Elizabeth the advantage of her own better judgement and experience; but always in vain: Elizabeth would go her own way."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 28, ¶ 3) Anne received a proposal after Captain Wentworth, but turned it down. Her sister Mary would end up marrying Charles Musgrove. Analysis: Lady Russell supported this marriage, but Anne still turned him down. Suggesting Anne relies less and less on Lady Russell's opinion with age. Anne is never able to move on from Captain Wentworth, though she is the one who broke the engagement. Later, he flirts with the Miss Musgroves and states a desire to marry, indicating that he might have been able to marry someone else.

"She had been solicited, when about two-and-twenty, to change her name, by the young man, who not long afterwards found a more willing mind in her younger sister; and Lady Russell had lamented her refusal; for Charles Musgrove was the eldest son of a man, whose landed property and general importance were second in that country, only to Sir Walter's, and of good character and appearance..."

"She had used him ill, deserted and disappointed him; and worse, she had shewn a feebleness of character in doing so, which his own decided, confident temper could not endure. She had given him up to oblige others. It had been the effect of over-persuasion. It had been weakness and timidity."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Context: (pg. 42, ¶ 4) Anne is asked to play, but not because people truly want to hear her, but out necessity. Analysis: Anne is a great listener, but she is not listened to. The only people who truly listened to her were her mother and Captain Wentworth.

"She knew that when she played she was giving pleasure only to herself; but this was no new sensation. Excepting one short period of her life, she had never, since the age of fourteen, never since the loss of her dear mother, known the happiness of being listened to, or encouraged by any just appreciation or real taste."

"She was ashamed of herself, quite ashamed of being so nervous, so overcome by such a trifle; but so it was, and it required a long application of solitude and reflection to recover her."

"Sir Walter Elliot, of Kellynch Hall, in Somersetshire, was a man who, for his own amusement, never took up any book but the Baronetage..."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 27 ¶ 2) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: Both Sir Walter and Lady Russell hold traditional views on social class, meaning they value it greatly, and so object to the marriage, because Captain Wentworth has no real social standing or fortune.

"Sir Walter, on being applied to, without actually withholding his consent, or saying it should never be, gave it all the negative of great astonishment, great coldness, great silence, and a professed resolution of doing nothing for his daughter. He thought it a very degrading alliance; and Lady Russell, though with more tempered and pardonable pride, received it as a most unfortunate one"

speaker: Mephistopheles to Faust about how he is angry that the jewels he got for Gretchen now belong to a corrupt priest. context/ significance: The mother sent for a priest so that they could do the righteous thing and get rid of the jewels that were "obtained unlawfully". This connects to the theme of fear and desire for salvation/transcendence. Unlike Faust, Gretchen goes to the church to help guide her actions. The church is clearly corrupt, which brings up the question of whether or not people should trust the guidance of the church. This also connects to the desire to be on the righteous path and do what is morally right. There is possibly a desire for reassurance and comfort here since Gretchen's mother called for a priest, a figure that people usually seek out for consolation.

"So then he pockets the brooches, chains and rings/ as if they were the cheapest things/ and gives the woman as much of a thank you/ as a body gets for a moldy potato/ in heaven, he says, you will receive your reward: / the women, uplifted, are reassured."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 280, ¶ 2-3), Part 2, Chapter 9: on the principal causes tending to maintain a democratic republic in the United States. This specific section is about the influence that religious beliefs exert on political society in the United States. Tocqueville is interested in the utility of religion for democracy. He discusses how no Americans argue that everything is permissible in the interest of society because of their strong religious values. Analysis: Tocqueville is stating that legally, Americans have the right to do almost whatever they want, but they are checked by religious values. He states that American's believe religion is necessary for maintaining republican institutions, even if the government itself has no direct overlap with religion. American societal views are shaped by religion and societal views shape politics. Religious morality is what limits the tyranny of the majority.

"So, therefore, at the same time that the law permits the American people to do everything, religion prevents them from conceiving everything and forbids them to dare everything. Religion, which, among Americans, never mixes directly in the government of society, should therefore be considered as the first of their political institutions; for if it does not give them the taste for freedom, it singularly facilitates their use of it."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 28, ¶ 2) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. This is the very start of the chapter. Before this quote, Tocqueville laying out a commonly held belief about how men come into their characteristics, which grow and change with age and experience. He then says that this is false. Tocqueville explains why it is false that people grow to develop certain characteristics. He explains that you can see all of these inherent characteristics from the beginning and that a country is like this baby. Analysis: Tocqueville explains that the story about how infants are born with certain characteristics is the same as how a country is born. America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans.

"Something analogous takes place in nations. Peoples always feel [the effects of] their origins. The circumstances that accompanied their birth and served to develop them influence the entire course of the rest of their lives."

Speaker: Faust addressing the earth spirit significance: Faust is not trying to control nature anymore, rather he is "a spectator only". This falls into the romantic view of nature. There is a type of friendship here between him and nature. There is a focus on feeling and sensation. Nature will not respond to the enlightenment way of conquering nature.

"Sublime spirit, all that I asked for, all, you have me. Not for nothing was it/ the face you showed me all ablaze with fire/ you have me glorious Nature for my kingdom/ With the power to feel, to delight in her-nor as/ a spectator only, coolly admiring her wonders/ but letting me see deep into her bosom/ as a man sees deep into a dear friend's heart"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 27, ¶ 4) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: Anne clearly loved the optimistic confidence of Wentworth, but Lady Russell did not. The distinction in their perceptions of him mirrors directly their different perspectives on class and social status.

"Such confidence, powerful in its own warmth, and bewitching in the wit which often expressed it, must have been enough for Anne; but Lady Russell saw it very differently. His sanguine temper, and fearlessness of mind, operated very differently on her. She saw in it but an aggravation of the evil. It only added a dangerous character to himself. He was brilliant, he was headstrong."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 54, ¶ 6) Part 1, Chapter 4: on the principle of sovereignty in the United States. Tocqueville has stated that sovereignty of the people has always been the foundation of every human institution is almost always either "hidden or sterile." In America, the principle was a core principle of the colonial era, but it could not take control of the government because of two obstacles, one internal and the other external. The internal issue was that American society was not ready to fully embrace the sovereignty of the people, and the external was that America was still under the legal control of England. Analysis: Once the social position changed with all people "committed...to its cause," The American Revolution eliminated the external restraint and the sovereignty of the became the political basis in America.

"The American Revolution broke out. The dogma of the sovereignty of the people came out from the township and took hold of the government; all classes committed themselves to its cause; they did combat and they triumphed in its name; it became the law of laws."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 245, ¶ 5), Part 2, Chapter 7: On the omnipotence of the majority in the United States and its effects. This section is specifically about the tyranny of the majority. Tocqueville sets up the idea that a single person with complete power might abuse that power, and so would a group of people with complete power because the character of man is not changed by being united. Because of the sovereignty of the people, which does allow for freedom, people have absolute power (despotism). This tyranny of the majority in America leads the no freedom of the mind, and America has no great authors because literary genius requires freedom of the mind. Analysis: Tocqueville is explaining the extent of the tyranny of the majority: tradition tyranny makes people afraid to dissent or speak out against their government. There is no fear of doing this in America because the government has no power for punishment, but no Americans even think dissenting thoughts to begin with. Tyranny of the majority is so powerful that it prevents any actions that other tyrannies would need to punish.

"The Inquisition could never prevent books contrary to the religion of the greatest number from circulating in Spain. The empire of the majority does better in the United States: it has taken away even the thought of publishing them. One encounters nonbelievers in America, but disbelief finds so to speak no organ."

Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: the probable effects of the action of natural selection through the divergence of character and extinction, on the descendants of a common ancestor Analysis:

"The accompanying diagram will aid us in understanding this rather perplexing subject. Let A to L represent the species of a genus large in its own country; these species are supposed to resemble each other in unequal degrees, as is so generally the case in nature, and as is represented in the diagram by the letters standing at unequal distances". (pg. 109)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 6, ¶ 8) This is in the Introduction. Tocqueville has laid out the history of French political power over the last 700 years, in which every 50 years or so, "the noble has fallen on the social ladder, and the commoner has risen," meaning the country has moved continuously towards democracy. Analysis: Tocqueville is emphasizing the "providential" or divine aspect of equality. He believes that it is inevitable because it comes from God, and so to act against democracy or equality is to act against God, and therefore futile. Not only this, but because it is the design of God, equality should be helped along. This book seeks to understand democracy so it may help it along.

"The entire book you are going to read was written under the pressure of a sort of religious terror in the author's soul, produced by the sight of this irresistible revolution that for so many centuries has marched over all obstacles, and that one sees still advancing today amid the ruins it has made."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 240, ¶ 9) Part 2, Chapter 7: On the omnipotence of the majority in the United States and its effects. This section is specifically about the tyranny of the majority. Tocqueville sets up the idea that a single person with complete power might abuse that power, and so would a group of people with complete power because the character of man is not changed by being united. Analysis: Tocqueville does not believe that a truly mixed government is possible, because it would entail giving equal power to contrary principles, which always results in revolution or it just dissolves. Tocqueville believes that one principle will always govern the others, and he believes that in America it is the sovereignty of the people that always dominates, which leads to a tyranny of the majority.

"The government called mixed has always seemed to me to be a chimera. There is, to tell the truth, no mixed government (in the sense that one gives to this word), because in each society one discovers in the end one principle of action that dominates all the others."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 228, ¶ 5) Part 2, Chapter 6: What are the real advantages that American society derives from the government of democracy. This section comes after exploring the public spirit in the United States specifically is looking at the idea of rights in the united states, and this is the opening line of that section. He has explained that no one in America is against individual property rights or political rights because everyone benefits from the same rights. The underlying truth of this is that man will defend what benefits him. Analysis: One of the greatest benefits of democracy is that it encourages all people, no matter how low in society they may be, to defend political and property rights.

"The government of democracy makes the idea of political rights descend to the least of citizens, as the division of goods puts the idea of the right of property in general within reach of all men. There is one of its greatest merits in my eyes."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 13, ¶ ) This is in the Introduction. The "us" he is referring to are his fellow Frenchmen. The one country he is referring to is America. Analysis: Tocqueville is suggesting that the equality of conditions in America has almost reached its limits. He stands by the idea that America did not have a "real" revolution: Americans instead have the results of the democratic revolution without having had to go through the pain of fighting against one's fellow countrymen to achieve it, which has worked to America's benefit.

"There is one country in the world where the great social revolution I am speaking of seems nearly to have attained its natural limits; there it has operated in a simple and easy manner, or rather one can say that this country sees the results of the democratic revolution operating among us without having had the revolution itself."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 6, ¶ 5) This is in the Introduction. Tocqueville has laid out the history of French political power over the last 700 years, in which every 50 years or so, "the noble has fallen on the social ladder, and the commoner has risen," meaning the country has moved continuously towards democracy. Analysis: Tocqueville is saying that all of history has been moving towards democracy in France, and every western country demonstrates. He also is stating that every single person, intentionally or not, has contributed in some way to the growing power of democracy. The reason it is so inevitable is that it is being driven by God. The equality of conditions is a driving influence on the social views that drive political ones. Equality of conditions is an unstoppable force transforming society. Equality of conditions is the absence of social obstacles to whatever ambitions an individual has.

"The gradual development of equality of conditions is therefore a providential fact, and it has the principle characteristics of one: it is enduring, each day it escapes human power; all events, like all men, serve its development."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 55, ¶ 6) Part 1, Chapter 4: on the principle of sovereignty in the United States. Tocqueville has stated that sovereignty of the people has always been the foundation of every human institution is almost always either "hidden or sterile." In America, the principle was a core principle of the colonial era, but it could not take control of the government because of two obstacles, one internal and the other external. The internal issue was that American society was not ready to fully embrace the sovereignty of the people, and the external was that America was still under the legal control of England. The American Revolution frees America to let the sovereignty of the people shine as the foundation of America's political system. Analysis: The people are like God in America: they control all aspects of political and social life, and they are the source of all authority and power. Elected officials are always cognizant that their power is a gift from the people and no one questions that this power should belong elsewhere, alluding to the idea of the tyranny of the majority.

"The people reign over the American political world as does God over the universe. They are the cause and the end of all things; everything comes out of them and everything is absorbed into them."

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 45, ¶ 4) This is about the Musgroves' son, Richard, who was in the navy under the command of Captain Wentworth. Analysis: Richard Musgrove was apparently not an asset to the family. Themes of memory and truth, because the Musgroves speak of their son very differently in death than they did in life.

"The real circumstances of this pathetic piece of family history were, that the Musgroves had had the ill fortune of a very troublesome, hopeless son; and the good fortune to lose him before he reached his twentieth year; that he had been sent to sea because he was stupid and unmanageable on shore..."

(71) Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator context: significance: A scribe's job is to write down things exactly as they are said so there is a contradiction when the narrator writes that a scribe introduces some "erroneous datum". This connects to the idea that there is no truth only perspectives and interpretations. This is a postmodern idea that ties into the theme of uncertainty. The narrator admits that he or she has not given the reader the complete truth which causes the reader to question the credibility of the narrator.

"The scribe who draws up a contract scarcely ever fails to introduce some erroneous datum; I myself, in making this hasty declaration, have falsified or invented some grandeur, some atrocity; perhaps too, a certain mysterious monotony"

Title: Ficciones; Pierre Menard, Author of Don Quixote Author: Jorge Luis Borges Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 54-55, ¶ ) Analysis:

"The technique is one of deliberate anachronism and erroneous attributions. This technique, with its infinite applications, urges us to run through the oddessy as if it were written after the aneid, and to read Le jardin du Centaure by Madame Henri Bachelier as if it were written by Madame Henri Bachelier"

"The years which had destroyed her youth and bloom had only given him a more glowing, manly, open look, in no respect lessening his personal advantages. She had seen the same Frederick Wentworth."

Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator (68) Context: This quote addresses the actions of the Company significance: The Company gets absolute power and the lottery itself becomes "secrete, free, and general". The company was first a bureaucracy to administer the lottery and it is not becoming identical with the state, a religious institution, and is functioning as a secret society.

"Their moves, their management, secreted. In the investigation of people's intimate hopes and intimate terrors, they made use of astrologers and spies. There were certain stone lions, there was a sacred privy... there were fissures in a dusty aqueduct which, according to the general opinion, lead the company; malign or benevolent deposited accusations in these cracks. These denunciations were incorporated into an alphabetical archive of variable veracity"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Captain Wentworth to Louisa Musgrove Context: (pg. 74, ¶ 4) Anne is overhearing the conversation. Henrietta was almost convinced by Mary not to visit Charles Hayter, and Louisa claims that she convinced Henrietta not to be persuaded and that she herself would never be persuaded away from doing something she dearly wanted to. This is directly after the nut analogy Analysis: The situation reminds Wentworth of how Anne was persuaded away from him, and so takes up a very passionate case for why Louisa's firmness is so preferred. The nut is what he thinks a person's opinions should be. The November of life is the autumns that were hard on the nut. He is speaking less out of true affection for Louisa, and more out of loss for Anne.

"Then returning to his former earnest tone— 'My first wish for all whom I am interested in, is that they should be firm. If Louisa Musgrove would be beautiful and happy in her November of life, she will cherish all her present powers of mind.'"

Speaker: the Lord speaking the Mephistopheles Context: this scene takes place in Heaven. This is the first bet in the text. Mephisto says that he will get Faust to stray off the righteous path. Significance: God does not want humans to be lazy, he does not want things to be so easy. He presents us with demonic figures like Mephistopheles to keep humans striving to stay on the right path. Goethe is sending the message that the Lord puts figures on this earth that intend nothing but chaos, but they key is that there are good things that come out of the actions of these figures which speaks to the power of the lord. The lord can create good from evil. The lord is saying that Mephisto's "jeers" or mocking remarks are not his "severest trial", which suggests that the lord can endure the "spirit of denial" and that Mephistopheles will not win the bet and get Faust to stray away from what is righteous.

"There too feel free, you have carte blanche/I've never hated your likes so much;/I find of all the spirits of denial,/ your jeeres not my severest trial/ mans very effort,/ what he likes best is Sunday peace and quiet;/ so I'm glad to give him a devil- for his own good" (14)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 62, ¶ ) Part 1, Chapter 5: necessity of studying what takes place in the particular states before speaking of the government of the union. In this chapter Tocqueville sets out to understand the type of government the sovereignty of the people inspired in America. He wants to look at the constitution and understand the positives and negatives of the American political system and to do so he must first analyze the political system of the individual states. he breaks the state government into the township, the county, and the state. Analysis: He starts with the township, which he claims to form naturaly wherever men are gathered, and so the township is everywhere. He looks at townships specifically in New England where the township was founded from the point of departure and stood through England's reclaiming of central power. This quote is explaining how the township came before the state or the county and gives its own power over to those other two for the sake social interest.

"They therefore did not receive their powers; on the contrary, it was they that seemed to relinquish a portion of their independence in favor of the state—an important distinction that ought to be present in the mind of the reader"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 26 ¶ 4- pg. 27 ¶ 2) The narrator is explaining who Captain Wentworth is and his connection to Anne. Analysis: Shows the extent of their love for each other. They see each other as perfect, a view that changes and matures as they age. Felicity is described as exquisite, indicating that it is a good value to hold.

"They were gradually acquainted, and when acquainted, rapidly and deeply in love. It would be difficult to say which had seen highest perfection in the other, or which had been the happiest: she, in receiving his declarations and proposals, or he in having them accepted. A short period of exquisite felicity followed, and but a short one. Troubles soon arose."

Mephistopheles speaking in response to Faust Mephisto is pretty much saying "a bets a bet" and that he won't forget the bet. He is ensuring that Faust knows that what they are agreeing on is final.

"Think twice. Forgetting's not a thing we do" (60)

some confidence in my accuracy" (pg. 4) Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: introduction Analysis: Darwin is not claiming that his published work is perfect because it must "necessarily be imperfect" if there is continuous evolution and constant change. He was also not doing well with his health, thus, he was pushed to publish his abstract. Darwin asks the reader to trust him and his accuracy, which ties into the theme of uncertainty and the idea that the accuracy of facts cannot be known. This is a more radical idea at the time which is why this quote makes it seem like Darwin is expecting some people to not trust his ideas.

"This Abstract, which I now publish, must necessarily be imperfect. I cannot here give references and authorities for my several statements; and I must trust to the reader reposing some confidence in my accuracy" (pg. 4)

Title: Ficciones; The Babylon Lottery Author: Jorge Luis Borges Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 65, ¶ ) The introduction to the Babylon lottery. Analysis: This paragraph is the narrator telling us that he has gone through or will go through everything there is to go through. The narrator lets us know that his knowledge is limited but like Pierre Medard, he claims to have some kind of secret knowledge that is not readily available to the reader. We get the sense that there is a hierarchy because this narrator has "power over men".

"This letter, on nights of full moon, gives me power over men whose mark is Ghimel; but it also subordinates me to those marked Aleph, who on moonless nights owe obedience to those marked Ghimel. In a cellar at dawn, I have severed the jugular vein of sacred bulls against a black rock. During one lunar year, I have been declared invisible: I shrieked and was not heard, I stole my bread and was not decapitated. I have known what the Greeks did not: uncertainty. In a bronze chamber, faced with the silent handkerchief of a strangler, hope has been faithful to me; in the river of delights, panic has not failed me"

Title: Persuasion Author: Jane Austen Speaker and Audience: Captain Wentworth to Sophia Croft Context: (pg. 54, ¶ 4) This is after Wentworth and Anne have finally seen each other again for the first time. Mary relates to Anne that Wentworth felt he hardly recognized her. After getting Anne's perspective on the meeting, we get Wentworth's. He then expresses that perspective to his sister. Analysis: Wentworth has been unable to move on from Anne, as she has been with him, but seeing her again brought up old anger and resentment, and it makes him think he is ready to move on. He almost sounds as though he is trying to convince himself. It almost seems like he is trying to force himself to be carefree to hide his hurt.

"This was his only secret exception, when he said to his sister, in answer to her suppositions:— 'Yes, here I am, Sophia, quite ready to make a foolish match. Anybody between fifteen and thirty may have me for asking. A little beauty, and a few smiles, and a few compliments to the navy, and I am a lost man. Should not this be enough for a sailor, who has had no society among women to make him nice?'"

Faust Gretchen to Faust context: The garden scene. Margarete's arm linked with Faust and Martha with Mephisto as both couples stroll in the garden significance: not really any. Maybe she wants to be of use to Faust

"You are too kind, sir, I am sure it's meant/ to spare a simple girl embarrassment/ a traveler finds whatever amusement he can, you've been all over, you're a gentlemen--/ how can i say/ interest you in any way?

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 43, ¶ 7) Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville has explained the point of departure and how the Puritan values held by the founders of New England created the social view that led to the political view of democracy. Here, he is speaking specifically about what the effect the Puritan religion itself had on the morals and political values of the Puritans, explaining that the religious morals of Puritanism were rigid but they were free of all "political prejudices" because the culture of Puritanism values the sovereignty of the people and individual thought. Analysis: This quote is explaining how the Puritan values create an American culture in which morality is rigid but political principles are changeable, freeing America from the old political barriers constraining Europe and allowing for political innovation.

"Thus, in the moral world everything is classed, adapted, decided, and foreseen; in the political world everything is agitated, uncertain, and disputed: in the one is a passive, though a voluntary, obedience; in the other an independence scornful of experience and jealous of authority."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 7, ¶ 4) This is in the Introduction. Tocqueville has laid out the history of French political power over the last 700 years, in which every 50 years or so, "the noble has fallen on the social ladder, and the commoner has risen," meaning the country has moved continuously towards democracy. He has established in the passages before this one that equality and democracy are providential, and that it cannot be impeded and should be helped. Analysis: Tocqueville is stating that those who do choose to help instruct society, meaning political theorists or scientists, need to be instructing society towards democracy, and need to be helping cultivate the best version of it.

"To instruct democracy, if possible to reanimate its beliefs, to purify its mores, to regulate its movements, to substitute little by little the science of affairs for its inexperience, and knowledge of its true interests for its blind instincts; to adapt its government to time and place; to modify it according to circumstances and men: such is the first duty imposed on those who direct society in our day."

"To wish to stop democracy would then appear to be to struggle against God himself, and it would only remain for nations to accommodate themselves to the social state that Providence imposes on them."

" (70) Ficciones Borges The Babylon Lottery Speaker: Narrator Context: This quote addresses the effects of the lottery on Babylonian customs, culture, or society. significance: the company has had a significant influence on Babylon. The company was first a bureaucracy to administer the lottery and it is not becoming identical with the state, a religious institution, and is functioning as a secret society. The word beneficent as a description of the influence the company had on Babylon makes it seem like the influence was good or resulted in something good. This may be because the idea of chance or complete randomness may result in a society that is just. Complete randomness may be a principal of justice. Unreliable sacred scripture tells us that the lottery is an Unreliable sacred scripture tells us that the lottery is an interpellation of chance and the order of the world. The question is who said that there was an order in the first place? And is there even an order? And if there is an order, how are we able to discern if there's not? What difference does it make?

"Under the beneficent influence of the company, our customs have become thoroughly impregnated with chance."

"Vanity was the beginning and the end of Sir Walter Elliot's character; vanity of person and of situation. He had been remarkably handsome in his youth; and, at fifty-four, was still a very fine man. Few women could think more of their personal appearance than he did, nor could the valet of any new made lord be more delighted with the place he held in society."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 30, ¶ 5) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville has laid out that America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans. Tocqueville is claiming that every characteristic of America, and the success of America, can be traced back to the point of departure and the characteristics of the Puritans. He is now explaining the point of departure itself. He has established that the point of departure split into two distinct categories: the north and the south. Analysis: This quote establishes how the society in the south was started in Virginia with men who were convinced they could find precious metals there. He goes on after this to say that these people, and the others who would eventually arrive in the south, did not have good moral character and eventually established slavery, which would define the South.

"Virginia received the first English colony. The emigrants arrived there in 1607. Europe at that period was still singularly preoccupied with the idea that gold and silver mines made the wealth of peoples: a fatal idea that has more impoverished the European nations that gave themselves to it, and destroyed more men in America, than have war and all bad laws together."

Context: This scene takes place in Faust's study where Wagner is talking about Faust's successes Significance: Faust is respected by society as a whole and gets "popular applause". Faust is a scientist and is bring honored by society which is a change from the early modern period when scientists were outcaste and scared of getting imprisoned like Galileo, a scientist who was charged with heresy by the Catholic Church. Wager thinks that Faust satisfied with his accomplishments when he says "what gratification must be yours". However, Faust is never content and he is always striving to achieve more. This relates to the theme of continuous motion, which is exemplified by Faust, and represents what it is like to be human. This connects to the theme of getting to the essence of something and in this case it is getting to the essence of human nature and the desire to strive. Even though Faust "can count on handsome emoluments" or payment of some kind, he is not content.

"What's worthwhile is what you spontaneously create" "What gratification must be yours/ to win such a popular applause/ lucky the man, thanks to his gifts,/ who can count on handsome emoluments!"

"When a man or a party suffers from an injustice in the United States, whom do you want him to address? Public opinion? that is what forms the majority; the legislative body? it represents the majority and obeys it blindly; the executive power? it is named by the majority and serves as its passive instrument; the public forces? the public forces are nothing other than the majority in arms; the jury? the jury is the majority vested with the right to pronounce decrees: in certain states, the judges themselves are elected by the majority. Therefore, however iniquitous or unreasonable is the measure that strikes you, you must submit to it."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 47, ¶ 3) Part 1, Chapter 3: social state of the Anglo-Americans. Tocqueville establishes the equality of conditions in America early on in the work, and in this chapter, he claims that the estate law of America pushes equality the last step in America. He claims that estate law has always had a great influence on society and politics. Analysis: Tocqueville is explaining how eliminating primogeniture affects both the land, because it allows property lines to change boundaries and owners frequently, and the people, because Americans do not focus on keeping exact properties intact, because inheriting the land of one's father is not synonymous with family tradition and values the way it is in Europe. These two effects result in fortunes disappearing rapidly in America. America loses a generational connection to land in the name of equality, and estates are continuously divided into smaller and smaller parts. Primogeniture was a law that was repelled because the social state in America is defined by the equality of conditions, and laws, which are much easier to change than the social state, come from the social state.

"When estate law permits, and even more so when it orders equal partition of the father's goods among all the children, its effects are of two sorts; it is important to distinguish them carefully, although they tend to the same goal."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 53, ¶ ) Part 1, Chapter 4: on the principle of the sovereignty of the people in America. This is the first lines of the chapter. Analysis: Tocqueville holds that the political state always reflects and comes from the social state, which is defined by the equality of conditions and Puritan values in America, some of which are the sovereignty of the people, a lack of trust in authority, and a belief in developing an individual opinion. This makes Tocqueville's use of the term "dogma" slightly ironic because a dogma is a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true, which sort of goes against those Puritan ideals. It could be read a slightly critical of the unchecked power of the American people, which Tocqueville does criticize when speaking of the tyranny of the majority.

"When one wants to speak of the political laws of the United States, it is always with the dogma of the sovereignty of the people that one must begin."

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 29, ¶ 2) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. This is the very start of the chapter. Before this quote, Tocqueville laying out a commonly held belief about how men come into their characteristics, which grow and change with age and experience. He then says that this is false. Tocqueville explains why it is false that people grow to develop certain characteristics. He explains that you can see all of these inherent characteristics from the beginning and that a country is like this baby. Tocqueville explains that the story about how infants are born with certain characteristics is the same as how a country is born. Analysis: America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans. Tocqueville is claiming that every characteristic of America, and the success of America, can be traced back to the point of departure and the characteristics of the Puritans. The Puritans emphasized individual thought and freedom, and these can be seen especially in institutions like America's newspapers. The political and social state are different: the political state (democracy), grows out of the social state (equality), which comes from the point of departure and the Puritans.

"When, after having attentively studied the history of America, one carefully examines its political and social state, one feels profoundly convinced of this truth: there is not one opinion, one habit, one law, I could say one event, that the point of departure does not explain without difficulty. Those who read this book will therefore find in the present chapter the seed of what is to follow and the key to almost the whole work."

Speaker: Angels speaking context: angles are hovering in the air carrying Faust's immortal part. significance: Faust has been saved from "deathly Satan". The important idea here is that a woman's love redeems men and the desire and striving for transcendence. This is a continuous process throughout life.

"Who strives and keeps on striving still/ for him there is salvation" (436)

Ficciones Borges The Library of Babel Speaker: Narrator

"the library is limitless and periodic" (87)

Faust speaking to Wagner (Faust's attendant) context: This scene takes place in Faust's study after Wagner talks with Faust about Faust's successes. Faust talks about the idea that people have two souls. significance: Wagner represents the enlightenment period (the age of reason) because he latches on to scraps of knowledge and can't put them together in a holistic way. Wagner does not have these two souls or is not aware of these two souls because he is not disparing the way Faust is. The first soul is content with the earthly pleasures of the world while the second soul wants to transcend. the two souls that Faust is aware of are "irreconcilable", which ties into the theme of despair. The irreconcilable nature of these two souls causes tension, which is the cause of many problems. This connects to the theme of earthy dispair and suffering. The desire to transcend comes partly from Faust's dissatisfaction with everything that he does on earth. His constant striving always leaves him dissatisfied. Transcendence also connects to the theme of uncertainty because humans only know what is in this world. Faust's desire for transcendence leads to the forgiveness of his sins, his salvation, and his ascension to heaven.

"You know the one great driving force,/ may you never know the other!/ Two souls live in me alas,/ irreconcilable with one another/ one, lusting for the world with all its might,/ grapples it close, greedy of all its pleasures,/ the other rise up, up from the dirt,/ up to the blest fields where dwell our great forbears" (40)

Ficciones Borges The Garden of Forking Paths Speaker: Narrator An anonymous narrator introduces a document that will, he assures us, shed a little light on why a British offensive against the Germans had to be delayed by thirteen days. The document is a deposition (oral testimony given by a witness to be used in a trial) given by Dr. Yu Tsun. The first two pages are missing, so its narration begins abruptly.

"a volume whose last page continuing indefinitely" (97)

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 28, ¶ 1) Part 1, Chapter 2: on the point of departure and its importance for the future of the Anglo-Americans. This is the very start of the chapter. Before this quote, Tocqueville laying out a commonly held belief about how men come into their characteristics, which grow and change with age and experience. He then says that this is false. Analysis: Tocqueville is explaining why it is false that people grow to develop certain characteristics. He explains that you can see all of these inherent characteristics from the beginning and that a country is like this baby. He will explain that America had equality of conditions from the point of departure when the Puritans first came to the colonies and that the characteristics of America, such as equality, freedom, etc., are present because they were present in those Puritans.

"and only then will you understand where the prejudices, habits, and passions that are going to dominate his life come from. The man is so to speak a whole in the swaddling clothes of his cradle."

Ficciones Borges The South Speaker: Narrator

"blind to all fault, destiny can be ruthless at one's slightest distraction. Dahlman had succeeded in acquiring, on that very afternoon, an imperfect copy of the Weil's edition of The Thousand and One Nights. Avid to examine this find, he did not wait for the elevator but hurried up the stairs. In the obscurity, something brushed by his forehead: a bat a bird? (168)

" (87) Ficciones Borges The Library of Babel Speaker: Narrator we are rendered ineffective since everything we try to write has already been written.

"but the certainty that everything has been already written nullifies or makes phantoms of all of us"

Ficciones Borges The South Speaker: Narrator

"he ordered a cup of coffee, slowly stirred the sugar, sipped it (this pleasure had been denied him in the clinic), and thought, as he smoothed the cat's black coat, that this contact was an illusion and that the two beings, men and cat, were as good as seperated by a glass, for man lives in time, in succession, while the magical animal lives in the present, in the eternity of the instant" (170)

Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: results of natural selection Analysis:

"in the diagram, each horizontal line has hitherto been supposed to represent a thousand generations, but each may represent a million or more generations; it may also represent a section of the successive strata of the earth's crust including extinct remains". (pg. 116)

(87) Ficciones Borges The Library of Babel Speaker: Narrator significance: the multi-universe theory appears here. within time and space, there may be other dimensions that differ from our own.

"infinite I have just written. I have not interpolated this adjective merely from rhetorical habit. It is not illogical, I say, to think that the world is infinite. Those who judge it to be limited, postulate that in remote places the corridors and stairs and hexagons could inconceivably cease"

Ficciones Borges Funes, The Memorious Speaker: Narrator

"of a sudden I heard the high-pitched, mocking voice of Ireno. The voice spoke in Latin; the voice (which came out of obscurity) was reading, with obvious delight, a treatise or prayer or incantation" (111)

Ficciones Borges The South Speaker: Narrator

"on the floor, and hanging on to the bar, squatted an old man, immobile as an object. His years had reduced and polished him as water does a stone or the generations of men do a sentence" (172)

Ficciones Borges The Library of Babel Speaker: Narrator significance: The narrator talks about the death of humans in contrast to the infinity of the library. The reader can call the accuracy of the information the narrator is telling us because he says that it is possible that "he could be decieved".

"perhaps I am deceived by old age and fear but I suspect that the human species- the unique human species- is on the road to extinction, while the Library will last on forever: illuminated, solitary, infinite, perfectly immovable, filled with precious volumes, useless, incorruptible, secret"

Evil Spirit to Gretchen Faust Goethe context: In the cathedral. Gretchen is among a crowd of people and behind her is an evil spirit. Gretchen has the first premonitions that she is pregnant as a result of Faust's seduction. Gretchen and Lieschen's discussion of an unmarried mother, in the scene at the Well, confirms the reader's suspicion of Gretchen's pregnancy. Her guilt is shown in the final lines of her speech: "Now I myself am bared to sin! / Yet all of it that drove me here, / God! Was so innocent, was so dear!". In "By the City Wall," Gretchen kneels before the statue of the Virgin and prays for help. Gretchen seeks comfort in the church, but she is tormented by an Evil Spirit who whispers in her ear, reminding her of her guilt. significance: Gretchen is in despair and her life is collapsing around her. Here we see the institution of the church is not doing its job because they do no provide Gretchen with the comfort that she needs. So spiritual guidance and comfort are failing her. Memory and forgetting are themes here. It is her past sins that are causing Gretchen debilitating guilt and the evil spirit is reminding her of her sins and basically saying that no sin goes unpunished. She is being tormented because the evil spirit is telling her about her eternal damnation on the day of judgment. This connects to the idea of a desire for transcendence and desire for salvation. This connects to Gretchen's relationship with the divine. The church acts as mediator or intermediate between herself and god rather than having an individual relationship with God.

"the wrath of God grips you! ... sin and shame never stay hidden" (137)

Ficciones Borges The South Speaker: Narrator

"they went out and if Dahlmann was without hope, he was also without fear. As he crossed the threshold, he felt that to die in a knife fight, under the open sky, and going forward to the attack, would have been a liberation, a joy, and a festive occasion, on the first night in the sanitarium, when they stuck him with the needle" (174)

endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved". (pg. 507) Book: Origin of Species Author: Charles Darwin Context: conclusion Analysis:

; Variability from the indirect and direct action of the conditions of life, and from use and disuse: a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows.

Title: Democracy in America Author: Alexis de Tocqueville Speaker and Audience: Narrator Context: (pg. 329, ¶ 3), Part 2, Chapter 10: some considerations on the present state and the probable future of the three races that inhabit the territory in the United States. This specific section is on the position that the black race occupies in the United States; dangers incurred by whites from its presence. Tocqueville states that everywhere they are found together, White people and Black people try to destroy each other. Tocqueville stated that even if slavery is not present in the state, the cultural suppression of Black people by White people is still present. Analysis: Tocqueville is saying that freeing Black people from slavery does not bring them closer in equality to Whites, but actually does the opposite. It strengthens racial prejudice. Even if Black people are freed or defined as equal citizens, they are not treated as such and are always separated from Whites. Even in religion and death, they are kept separate. This is because, according to Tocqueville, law does not influence society and the societal effects of slavery are always present.

In theaters he cannot buy for the price of gold the right to be placed at the side of one who was his master; in hospitals he lies apart. The black is permitted to beseech the same God as whites, but not to pray to him at the same altar. He has his own priests and churches. One does not close the doors of Heaven to him: yet inequality hardly stops at the boundary of the other world. When the Negro is no longer, his bones are cast to one side, and the difference of conditions is still found even in the equality of death."

Ficciones Borges The South Speaker: Narrator

On the face of the woman who opened the door to him he saw horror engraved, and the hand he wiped across his face came away red with blood. The edge of a recently painted door which someone had forgotten to close had caused this wound. Dahlmann was able to fall asleep, but from the moment he awoke at dawn the savor of all things was atrociously poignant" (168)

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