Hormones

Which inflammatory cytokines does estrogen suppress?

-IL-1 -TNF-alpha -IL-6

PTH raises blood calcium levels through what 3 organs?

-bone -kidneys -intestine

When PTH is released, what happens to the bone?

-decrease activity of osteoblasts -increase osteoclast activity

what happens in postmenopausal women?

-decrease estrogen -increases IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6 -osteoporosis

decrease blood Ca=

-decrease osteoclast activity -increase osteoblast activity

When PTH is released, what happens in the kidney?

-decrease urinary Ca excretion -increase phosphate excretion

Calcitonin causes a decrease in osteoclast activity which results in decreased what?

-decreased breakdown of bone matrix -decreased release of Ca

What does PTH do to the blood?

-increases Ca -decreases phosphate

What does glucocorticoids stimulate?

-osteoclast activity -decreases bone density (causes osteoporosis, facture, slower repair)

Which hormones antagonistically maintain blood calcium levels?

-parathyroid hormone -calcitonin

What hormones effect bone growth?

-sex hormones -insulin -glucocorticoids

what are the bone-protective effects of estrogen?

-suppression of infalmmatory cytokines -promote osteoclast formation -promote bone resorption

At puberty when sex hormone levels rise, what happens to osteoblasts?

More-- produces bone faster causing growth spurt and closure of epiphseal plate

When blood calcium levels decrease what hormone is released?

PTH

What does insulin stimulate?

bone formation

What is released by C cells of the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium?

calcitonin

calcitonin stimulates osteoblast activity which means...?

calcium will be taken from the blood and deposited as bone matrix

What is the purpose of calcitonin?

decrease blood calcium levels

Why do girls usually stop growing before males?

estrogen causes faster closure of the epiphyseal growth plate than androgens

When PTH is released, what happens in the intestines?

increase Ca absorption

increase blood Ca=

increase calcitonin

What happens to calcium in the kidney, intestin and bone?

kidney: output intestine: input bone: storage

What does estrogen stimulate?

osteoblast activity