Hormones
Which inflammatory cytokines does estrogen suppress?
-IL-1 -TNF-alpha -IL-6
PTH raises blood calcium levels through what 3 organs?
-bone -kidneys -intestine
When PTH is released, what happens to the bone?
-decrease activity of osteoblasts -increase osteoclast activity
what happens in postmenopausal women?
-decrease estrogen -increases IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6 -osteoporosis
decrease blood Ca=
-decrease osteoclast activity -increase osteoblast activity
When PTH is released, what happens in the kidney?
-decrease urinary Ca excretion -increase phosphate excretion
Calcitonin causes a decrease in osteoclast activity which results in decreased what?
-decreased breakdown of bone matrix -decreased release of Ca
What does PTH do to the blood?
-increases Ca -decreases phosphate
What does glucocorticoids stimulate?
-osteoclast activity -decreases bone density (causes osteoporosis, facture, slower repair)
Which hormones antagonistically maintain blood calcium levels?
-parathyroid hormone -calcitonin
What hormones effect bone growth?
-sex hormones -insulin -glucocorticoids
what are the bone-protective effects of estrogen?
-suppression of infalmmatory cytokines -promote osteoclast formation -promote bone resorption
At puberty when sex hormone levels rise, what happens to osteoblasts?
More-- produces bone faster causing growth spurt and closure of epiphseal plate
When blood calcium levels decrease what hormone is released?
PTH
What does insulin stimulate?
bone formation
What is released by C cells of the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium?
calcitonin
calcitonin stimulates osteoblast activity which means...?
calcium will be taken from the blood and deposited as bone matrix
What is the purpose of calcitonin?
decrease blood calcium levels
Why do girls usually stop growing before males?
estrogen causes faster closure of the epiphyseal growth plate than androgens
When PTH is released, what happens in the intestines?
increase Ca absorption
increase blood Ca=
increase calcitonin
What happens to calcium in the kidney, intestin and bone?
kidney: output intestine: input bone: storage
What does estrogen stimulate?
osteoblast activity