HP 365 Final articles
What every American needs to know about Puerto Rico's hurricane disaster" (VOX, 2017)
-Puerto Rico is entitled to same government response as any state (3.4 million US citizens -Puerto Rico's economy is is shambles; storm will make things worse (50 mile tornado, no water, food or power on island) -US is responding to disaster but very slowly _trump could be doing more to help
Video: Digital Dumping Grounds
-When containers of old computers first began arriving in West Africa a few years ago, Ghanaians welcomed what they thought were donations to help bridge the digital divide. But soon exporters learned to exploit the loopholes by labeling junk computers "donations," leaving men like Godson to sort it out.
"Identifying and understanding the role of key stakeholders in promoting worker health and safety in Nail Salons, " (Quach et al, 2015)
-While it appears that owners have major control over the salon environment and to some extent of the workers' behaviors, the owners also voiced how little control they have in retaining workers. -The role of customers in a service-based business sector is critical, and customers can drive both negative (e.g., gloves) and positive (e.g., safer alternative products) behaviors. -The focus groups informed us about how key stakeholders, including salon customers and the BBC (california board of cosmetology), can affect owner and worker behavioral changes.
"Baja California, Mexico addresses water scarcity, partnering with Fluence" (Paulson)
-water is a constitutional right in Mexico; State water commission built desalination plant in San Quintin in response to water emergency (64% of pop. lacked adequate access to water) -plant uses reverse osmosis of seawater to provide 5.8 million gallons of water a day to provide to 100,000 residents of the area -the high cost of water hampered economic development of Baja California; primary industry is agriculture
" Unicorn Cartoons: marketing sweet and creamy e-juice to youth" (Jackler & Ramamurthi, 2016)
2009 - FDA banned flavours of cigs except for menthol and tobacco Nicotine-containing liquid = e-juice - thousands of flavours -Questioning whether bans should also apply here Unicorn themes flavourings for e-juice and their associated advertising messaging Usually sweet and fruity flavours Youth appealing advertising Unicorn reminds us of joe camel - may do a cartoon ban
"Velvet Rage" (Downs, 2006)
A psychologist's perspective on what it's like to be gay in society High fashion - because they have to create a facade to hide behind Seek validation in every interaction - through sexual conquest and adoration Shame and rage - we avoid feeling them Denial of sexuality - distance themselves from anything remotely gay Substance abuse to cope with the trauma of being gay in a straight man's world
"Grandmother Caregiver-in-Chief Continues the Tradition of African American Families"
African-American families Highly involved multigenerational or extended family structure Exemplified by the Obama family in the White House - Michelle Obama's mother lived in house with them Caregiving = survival mechanism Also an expectation or family obligation Means of survival during Jim Crow and slavery era "the central role in families and part of women's collective responsibility for relative and non -elative children" Grandmother caregiving in African American communities = tradition for all social classes, but particularly needed in low income families with limited resources and experiencing social problems (e.g. drugs, illness, domestic violence, etc.) Transmission of cultural and family values "Grandmothers have had a positive and influential role in the lives of their grandchildren by transmitting family and cultural values and providing a safe and stable environment."
"Sociocultural tailoring of a healthy lifestyle intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risk among Latinos," (Mudd-Martin et al, 2013).
CVD and type II diabetes mellitus (DM) leading causes of illness and death among US Latinos. -Genetic susceptibility -Lifestyle factors Interventions by 'Promotoras' - laypersons who understand local health issues who can effectively promote healthy lifestyles among Latinos Su Corazon, Su Vida - educational program to reduce CVD and DM prevention. Community partners N=22 Spanish speaking Latinas identified as natural leaders 3 Promotoras training sessions and 8 SCSV modules Participants provided feedback in focus groups Education valued, enhance self-efficacy, health promoting activities, time to discuss, & stress reduction were suggested. Family health history is important to reinforce Intervention evaluation Pre/post about feasibility and acceptability Significant increases in most outcomes (genomic knowledge, PA,
Chapter 10 - Health campaigns and community initiatives" (2013)
Campaign goals - what you need to accomplish through the health campaign - behavioural change Theoretical approaches to health campaigns - social cognitive theory (expectations, beliefs etc. influence health related behaviours), theory of reasoned action (primary predictor of a behaviour is an intention to engage in that behaviour), extended parallel process model (fear appeals), stages of change models (various stages of readiness that individuals pass through toward behaviour change) → have to be wary of these to make a good health campaign, know how to change individuals' behaviour Process of conducting a health campaign - audience analysis, audience segmentation, creating message content, channels and message dissemination process Formative campaign evaluation - complex to make health campaign, so need to do pilot testing, launch the campaign, process evaluation, and outcome evaluation
"Exploring the potential of Communication Infrastructure Theory for informing efforts to reduce Health disparities" (Wilkin, 2013)
Communication infrastructure theory - basic communication system of a community - through storytelling (macro - e.g. government health programs or micro - e.g. family, friends etc. and the communication action context Researchers identify health priorities and strategies to reducing health disparities The health of the community can be reliant on the neighbourhood storytellers Top two communication resources for finding health and medical information, responses were health care providers, family, friends, internet Latino's found it harder to obtain health care than african americans - difficulty finding affordable quality healthy food More research needs to be done on the effects of strengthening the connections between neighbourhood storytellers and telling stories about health disparities - could help by holding meetings and discussing strategies for working together to reduce health disparities
"E-cigarettes and National Adolescent Cigarette Use: 2004-2014" (Dutra & Glantz, 2017)
Declining youth smoking from e-cigs? Yes, but only cigarettes, due to psychosocial aspect of smoking, people are still willing to wear clothing with tobacco logos, likelihood of smoking cigarettes from a friend etc. still same But e-cigs have promoted more smokers who wouldn't have smoked before
"9 facts that explain DACA, the immigration program Trump is threatening to end" (Lind, 2017)
Deferred action for childhood arrivals 800,000 people helped Helped the 'dreamers' - unauthorised immigrants Helping those brought to USA by their parents who are immigrants and can't go to college or work Losing DACA would mean a fear of deportation the children who crossed illegally into the US with their parents were growing up in a country where they could never become legal residents or citizens. These children became known as DREAMers, after the DREAM Act, a piece of legislation meant to give them a path to citizenship first introduced in 2001. Most of the immigrants protected by the program are in their 20s — or even as old as 35.
"Doctor-Patient Communication: A Review" (Fong et al, 2010)
Dissatisfaction from patients on doctor-patient relationship, while doctors tend to overestimate their ability in communication Heart of medicine is successful doctor-patient communication Resulting in best outcome and patient satisfaction - essential for effective delivery of health care Main goals - good interpersonal relationship, facilitating exchange of information, and including patients in decision making Bedside manner - indicator of general competence of dr Good communication can regulate patient's' emotions, facilitate comprehensions of medical information, allow for better identification of patients' needs/perceptions/expectations Patient's sense of control associated with better mental health, ability to tolerate pain, illness recovery Problems Communication skills decline as medical students progress in medical education Nondisclosure of info - patient's understanding of prognosis, purpose of care, expectations and involvement in treatment Doctors' avoidant behaviour - avoiding social/emotional impact on patients because it distresses them Discouragement of collaboration - doctors found to discourage pateints form voicing concerns and expectations and asking for clarification Resistance by patients - reconstructing expert information to assert their own perspectives Improvement Skillful communication - listening, empathy, use of open-ended questions Communication training - suggest medical training expand to respond to patients' unique experience Collaborative communication - 2-way exchange of information Conflict management - de-escalate situation, exploratory approach that strives to understand both perspectives Health beliefs - doctors acknowledge and respect patients' rights to make decisions and choices Studies in this field were cross-sectional, but patient often visit twice -> this study
"Differences in self-reported discrimination by primary type of drug use among New York City drug users" (Crawford et al, 2012)
Drug users are subject to discrimination - the study asked people who take drugs whether they face discrimination or not -heroin users were found to have more discrimination than cocaine users
"Association between initial use of e-cigarette and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults", Soneji et al (2017)
E-cigs associated with greater risk for subsequent cig smoking intitiation and past 30 day cigarette smoking
"Recycling electronic waste responsibly: Excuses dwindle" (Wood, 2014: NY Times)
Environmental damages 80% of electronics are dumped illegally The cost is the biggest hurdle of electronics recycling, so companies are selling reusable parts and gadgets Can reuse 30% of gadgets that are thrown away Trying to encourage companies to create better products that can be recycled Green Citizen = e-waste recycling center Take the functional parts of e-waste and combines them into a working, refurbished product Resells them online
"Micronesian Migrants in Hawaii: Health issues and culturally appropriate, community-based solutions" (Pobutsky et al, 2005)
Factors in their home islands driving the recent emigration include the limited economic resources and struggling health care systems. Education systems in Micronesia are inadequate, and there are few job opportunities. The rates of infectious diseases remain high while at the same time, the epidemiologic transition in health has led to an explosion of non-communicable diseases.
"Response to natural disasters like Harvey could be helped with game theory" (The Conversation, 2017)
Game theory is a powerful tool for the modeling and analysis of complex behaviors of competing decision-makers -disaster relief organizations compete for financial funds and donors respond to the visibility of the organizations in the delivery of relief supplies to victims through media coverage of disasters. -the game theory framework has significant benefits both for the disaster victims and for the NGOs
Chapter 12 (Reading): Migration, Globalization and Health
Globalisation - has positive effects and dangers, widens gap between rich and poor - confront it through glocalisation = integrating local and global concerns by localising global forces and influences Globalisation doesn't affect everyone the same way Migration - voluntary/ involuntary, temporary/ permanent, illegal/ undocumented Static migration - e.g. earn a lot of money but never leave your community Population diversity - age of diasporas - many citizens living abroad in other countries Women migrate as family unit, men on their own, children can go on their own too e.g. to Australia in 1922 Large number of doctors and nurses moving from poor to rich countries for work - Ghana to the UK Tourism - temporary form of migration Migration of healing systems - spreads health care systems, influences traditional healers, also food/ cuisines, information, religions, weapons benefits - more opportunities and can bring people together Health risks - mental illness Impact family structure - inversions of family structure Management of migrant mental health problems - psychotherapy, psychiatry, traditional healing, self-treatment and preventive strategies,
"Electronic waste - an emerging threat to the environment of urban India" (Needhidasan et al, 2014)
Growing problem of e-waste Short life span of devices (especially phones) Higher demand for personal computers *India has generated a lot of e-waste as it is developing in the IT and tech industry No recycling centers in North and East of India. Only two in South West India. Workers have little understanding of negative effects of improper recycling/disposal of e-waste Workers include the poor, women, and children Basel Convention International agreement to standards Objectives -Minimize hazardous waste. -Dispose of hazardous wastes within the country of generation in an environmentally sound manner -Prohibit export of hazardous wastes to countries that cannot process it
Video: Sick Around the World
Health Care systems around the world compared to the US
"Tobacco use among middle and high school students - United States, 2011- 2016" (Jamal, et al, 2017)
High school students - 20.2% use tobacco products, mostly e-cigs, cigs, cigars, smokeless tobacco, hookahs, and pipe tobacco, bibis E-cigs mostly common among non-hispanic white Tobacco prevention on a national level most likely helped in the reduction in the use of certain tobacco products
WHO, Emergency Response Framework - read to page 14.
In all countries experiencing emergencies: This will ensure a more effective and predictable response to and recovery from natural disasters, conflict, food insecurity, epidemics, environmental, chemical, food and nuclear incidents, political or economic crises and all other types of emergencies with public health consequences. 1. develop an evidence-based health sector response strategy, plan and appeal; 2. ensure that adapted disease surveillance, early warning and response systems are in place; 3. provide up-to-date information on the health situation and health sector performance; 4. promote and monitor the application of standards and best practices; and 5. provide relevant technical expertise to affected Member States and all relevant stakeholders
"E-cigarettes, cigarettes, and the prevalence of tobacco use" Barrington-Trimis et al, 2016
Increased use of e-cigarettes but do they substitute cigarettes or are they encouraging people to smoke who wouldn't have Study - prevalence rates from southern california Smoking prevalence has declined in SC but high prevalence of combined e-cig and cig use compared to historical prevalence, thus e-cigs aren't just substituting but are encouraging use in adolescents
"Elevated arsenic and uranium concentrations in Unregulated water sources on the Navajo Nation, USA" (Hoover, 2017)
Mixed metals exposure in regional water sources of rural populations Limited water infrastructure Extensive mining history Over 500 abandoned uranium mine sites are located in the rural southwestern United States. Arsenic and uranium concentrations exceed national drinking water standards Solutions -Need more documentation and research into water pollution in that area -Expanding water infrastructure (but may be unreasonable - expensive and not a dense concentration of people in the rural area) -Selective expansion via regulated water hauling stations Point-of-use filters Results from study -Mine waste and spills have been associated with localized contamination of groundwater sources downstream -Unregulated water sources near abandoned mines more frequently exceeded As and U drinking water standards
"Funding public health emergency preparedness in the United States" (Katz et al, 2017)
New and revised laws and regulations, executive orders, policies, strategies, and plans developed in response to biological threats since 2001 address the role of the federal government in the response to public health emergencies. However, financial mechanisms for disaster response—especially those that wait for gubernatorial request before federal assistance can be provided—do not align with the need to prevent the spread of infectious agents or efficiently reduce the impact on public health. -Emergency preparedness and response start at the local level, with the city and county officials, state governors, and tribal leaders who are the first to respond to any disaster. Authorities over emergency management functions are historically delegated to state and local governments.
"Doctor-patient communication in Southeast Asia: a different culture?" (Claramita et al, 2013)
One way consultation style in Southeast Asia - little input of patient Study - to see if doctors used the one way consultation style and how it affected patients - hard because use this due to cultural norms Findings on key features of Southeast Asian culture Characteristic promoting social distance Herarchial respect towards elders or people of higher social status Emphasis on superficial accord rather than building open, long-term relationship Social norm that allows for informal individually modified interpretations Tendency to show hesitant or diffident behavior Importance of maintaining harmony, which therefore causes unawareness of possible evidence that would challenge ideas Characteristic relating to closeness of relationship Strong family support system or communal society Widespread use of traditional medicine High value placed on non-verbal etiquette of politeness Specific clinical context Doctors have no role models of the desired doctor-patient communication, and student do not actively participate in patient care Lack of time due to high patient load Doctor's belief that patients were not prepared for more participatory style Doctors adhere to behaviour that fits social norm of distance (unintentionally), but patients would prefer a closer relationship
"LA is set to be a hot market for marijuana sales. But there might not be many places to smoke it" (Reyes, 2017: LA Times)
Problem L.A. is drafting rules to allow cannabis greenhouses to grow weed and for stores to sell it. -But there is no safe, legal place to smoke it as the only legal place is at home. This is a problem for tourists, etc. Consumption cafe Some advocates want a consumption area/cafe. The police are against this idea, with the fear that it can impair driving. San Francisco allows consumption in some dispensaries. Consequences of the lack of legal spaces Tourists and others will turn to edible marijuana because it is harder to detect This can be hard for the consumers to gauge how much to eat Progress West Hollywood is drafting rules for lounges that allow consumption of cannabis
"E-waste: the growing global problem and next steps" (Heacock et al, 2015)
Progressive actions and groups The Basel Convention -Banned the transport of e-waste to undeveloped countries that cannot process the e-waste properly The Bangkok Statement of Children's Environmental Health Improving environmental health of children: Protection, prevention, health care, and research, empowerment, education, and advocacy StEP (Solving the E-waste Problem) United Nations university Global management and research/development in recovery, reuse, and prevention of e-waste The Bali Declaration -Affirmed negative effects of poorly managed e-waste -Strengthened political cooperation to promote and enhance public and private investment for proper management of e-waste The Busan Pledge for Action on Children's Environmental Health -Urges the WHO to recognize, assess, and research the environmental factors of e-waste on children's health and development The Geneva Declaration on E-waste and Children's Health -Declared that there are negative health effects associated with improper management of e-waste, citing scientific evidence The next steps -Reduce exposure of harmful chemicals -Address protection of e-waste workers -Assess effectiveness of interventions as pertains to specific locations and cultures -Engineer solutions to protect and engage communities -Redesign products to increase lifespan The WHO is training health care providers to diagnoses environmental-related diseases Increase international cooperation
"E-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette and marijuana use among Hispanic young adults" (Unger et al, 2016)
Purpose Investigate how electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) change the chance that non-smokers and non-users of marijuana start smoking cigarettes/marijuana use Investigate how e-cigarettes can change the chance that cigarette smokers subsequently quit smoking Sample group Hispanic young adults Results -Cigarette non-smokers that ended up trying e-cigs were 3x more likely to smoke cigarettes the next year -Marijuana non-smokers that ended up trying e-cigs were 2x more likely to smoke marijuana the next year Conclusion -E-cigarettes could increase the likelihood of transitioning from non-user to user of cigarettes or marijuana -E-cigarettes were not associated with smoking cessation
" 'I don't know the words he uses': Therapeutic Communication among Q'eqchi Maya Healers and their patients" (Waldram)
Q'eqchi Maya healing practices in Belize -Not as romantic as what some believe traditional healing to be -Not as much verbal communication between healer and patients -Non-verbal communication: silence Perhaps communication isn't needed to have successful treatment/therapy Q'eqchi theory of treatment Patients and healers do not need to extensively share worldviews, language, or culture to work effectively together -Do not need to know each other prior to treatment -Do not need to develop any kind of personal relationship -Do not need to talk Not biomedicine, but similar Not as technologically advanced/studied But more focus towards the treatment of the disorder than the patient Patient accepts the knowledge of the healer, and trusts them Healing is medically technical Healer can diagnose/gain other information about the disorder in the patient, without the patient's help/communication
"A Religious Portrait of African-Americans" (Pew Research Institute, 2009)
Race: African-Americans = most religious racial or ethnic group in America, 87% identify as religious Religion: Majority of African-Americans are Protestants (¾) Most associated with historically black Protestant denominations Gender: Majority of African-America women are highly religious, men less so 84% say religion is important to them 59% attend church at least once a week Age: youth are more unassociated with religion than elders Education: Less than high school → ⅔ are historically black Protestant High school grads → ⅔ historically black Protestant College grads → ½ are historically black Protestant (so less) College grads → more likely to be Catholic or mainline Protestant Less educated = more religious Geography: South: ⅔ population = historically black churches West: only region with 10% Catholics 60% of historically black churches are in the South, 19% in Northeast, 13% in Midwest, and 8% in West = same as geographical distribution of African-Americans Opposition against homosexuality: More religious → more opposed 40% say accept it 46% say discourage it 64% oppose gay marriage (more so than whites) Politics: 61% say church should voice political opinions Majority democratic
"Let's Move for Pacific Islander Communities" (LaBreche et al, 2015) #4: WINCART -let's move! Toolkit
Rates of obesity are high and physical activity is low in the Pacific Islander communities. Adapted and pilot tested an evidence-based program called Instant Recess (Dr. Antronette Yancey at UCLA). Identify site, engage w/ video, establish policy to promote PA, environment supports PA. Long term goal: reduce obesity-related cancers Short term goal: increase physical activity
"Internalized stigma and sterile syringe use among people who inject drugs in New York City, 2010 - 2012" (Rivera et al, 2014)
Study - looking at the effects of stigma on health and behaviour of people who inject drugs, and internalise this stigma, seeing whether socio-demographic characteristics and injection risk behaviours are associated with internalised stigma Conclusion - higher internalised stigma - less likely to consistently use sterile syringe sources in urban settings, need individual level interventions "People who inject drugs are less likely to consistently use sterile syringe sources in urban settings with multiple sterile syringe access points."
"Obamacare: What the Affordable Care Act means for patients and physicians" by Hall (2014)
The Affordable Care Act's core achievement is to make all Americans insurable, by requiring insurers to accept all applicants at rates based on population averages regardless of health status. The act also increases coverage by allowing states to -expand Medicaid (the social healthcare program for families and people with low income and resources) -to cover everyone near the poverty line, -by subsidizing private insurance for people who are not poor but who do not have workplace coverage. The act allows most people to keep the same kind of insurance that they currently have, and it does not change how private insurance pays physicians and hospitals. Although the act falls short of achieving truly universal coverage, nine million uninsured people have received coverage so far -NOTHING fundamentally changes relationships between the government's relationship with hospitals
" Water flowing north of the border: Export Agriculture and Water Politics in a Rural Community in Baja California" (Zlolniski, 2011)
The production of fresh produce in San Quintin valley for consumer markets in the US affects access and distribution of water resources among different social groups in the region Changes in food consumption (year round demand), technology developments, economic policies in developing countries There is water scarcity/ water insecurity - this can foster unrest and class inequalities, they protested