HP Homework 2

what represents the mechanism of enzyme function

E+S->E-S->E-P->E+P

the cytochrome c oxidase complex transports ___ protons into the space

2

the ETS is grouped into __ complexes that serve as ____ pumps

3, proton

endergonic reaction

ADP + P¡ —> ATP

place the following described processes or reactions in order as they would occur under normal aerobic conditions for a single molecule of glucose. (5)

ATP synthase conversion of ADP to ATP

within inner mitochondrial membrane you will find______

ATP synthase, cytochrome C, flavin mononucleotide, proton pumps

exergonic

ATP —> ADP + P¡

in order for glycolysis to continue, there must be adequate amounts of ____ available, which is produced in the lactic acid pathway

NAD

All statements about NAD+

NAD+ is the oxidized state, NADH is the oxidized state, functions as a hydrogen carrier

in addition to pyruvate, glycolysis results in the production of two molecules of_______

NADH

the _______ complex transports 4 H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space

NADH-enzyme Q reductase

in the last step of the ETS, ___ is the final electron acceptor

O2

FADH2

Reduced state

place the following described processes or reactions in order as they would occur under normal aerobic conditions for a single molecule of glucose. (3)

acetyl-CoA conversion to citric acid

within mitochondria matrix you will find______

acetyl-CoA, citric acid, oxaloacetic acid, succinic acid

Kinase

adds phosphate groups

Hydrolase

adds water to split molecules

after anaerobic exercise, lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid, which enters the _______ pathway and can be used for energy

aerobic

characteristics of phagocytosis

amoeboid movement, pseudopods, performed by neutrophils and macrophages

the lactic acid pathway is a type of _________

anaerobic metabolism

the function of sucrase is to________

break sucrose into glucose and fructose

according to the _________ theory, the electron-transport system pumps _______ from the matrix into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

chemiosmotic, protons

the _______ complex also transports ___ protons into the intermembrane space

cytochrome C reductase, 4

functions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

decrease blood osmolality, stimulate water intake, increase water retention

in cell respiration and combustion

each step of cell respiration energy is released

this system is powered by the transport of ______

electrons

glycolysis releases energy, so it is ____

exergonic

reactions that release energy are called _______ reactions

exergonic

The reaction of adenosine diphosphate and phosphate generates adenosine triphosphate and energy.

false

an enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time

false

an enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once

false

since both the liver and skeletal muscle can store glucose as glycogen, both organs can break down the glycogen into free glucose to release into the blood.

false

place the following described processes or reactions in order as they would occur under normal aerobic conditions for a single molecule of glucose. (2)

formation of pyruvic acid

the formation of glucose from amino acids is called _________

gluconeogenesis

more importantly, all organs must use_______ primarily for energy

glucose

place the following described processes or reactions in order as they would occur under normal aerobic conditions for a single molecule of glucose. (1)

glucose split and converted to fructose 1, 6-biphosphate

within cytoplasm you will find________

glucose, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, fructose 1, 6-biphosphate

ATP is able to store and release large amounts of energy because of its

high energy bond to the third phosphate group and its ability to couple to exergonic and endergonic reactions

facilitated diffusion

includes the movement of small organic molecules through a protein located within the plasma membrane

What cellular adaptations can explain a runner's mileage improvement before fatigue?

increased mitochondria in adipose cells, decreased storage of glycogen in skeletal muscle, increased levels of enzymes needed for aerobic cellular respiration

simple diffusion

involves the movement of lipid soluble molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

active transport

involves the movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration

FAD

is derived from the vitamin riboflavin

characteristics of exocytosis

is involved in neurotransmitter release, increases the surface area of the cell membrane, releases proteins produced in golgi complex

the main substrates for gluconeogenesis are the three-carbon-long molecules of alanine, glycerol, and __________

lactic acid

when two hydrogen atoms are added to pyruvate, __________ is produced

lactic acid

how often can a sucrase molecule be used to hydrolysis sucrose

many times

characteristics of passive transport

movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries, movement of water from the plasma to the interstitial fluid, organic molecules, such as glucose, moving into or out of a cell using a carrier protein, lipid soluble hormones entering a target cell

characteristics of active transport

movement of sodium and potassium during the sodium/potassium pump, calcium moving from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle, coupled movement of sodium into a cell and glucose out of a cell

where is sucrase found in the human body

on the microvilli of the small intestine

the process by which amino acids are converted to urea is called

oxidative deamination

FAD

oxidized state

NAD+

oxidized state

oxygen combined with 2 hydrogen to make water

oxygen is reduced

characteristics of endocytosis

pinocytosis, receptor mediated, is the way cholesterol enters a cell

enzymes are

proteins

glycolysis is the metabolic pathway in which glucose is converted into two molecules of ______

pyruvate

Isomerase

rearranges the atoms in a molecule

NADH

reduced state

place the following described processes or reactions in order as they would occur under normal aerobic conditions for a single molecule of glucose. (4)

reduction of FMN by NADH

Dehydrogenase

removes hydrogens

Phosphatase

removes phosphate groups

Synthase

removes water to join molecules

characteristics shared by carrier proteins and enzymes in the cell membrane

specificity, saturation, allosteric inhibition

What binds to the active site of an enzyme?

substrate

how does sucrose change the configuration of sucrase?

sucrose binds to its active site on sucrase, changing the shape of sucrase enzyme

keto acids can be converted to amino acids by the process of ________

transamination

acetyl coenzyme A enables the products of glycolysis to enter the citric acid cycle

true

free energy is the only type that can be used to perform cellular work

true

the electron transport chain system is responsible for the production of the majority of cellular ATP

true

the primary role of the citric acid cycle is to complete the oxidation of glucose started by glycolysis

true