HP Homework 2
what represents the mechanism of enzyme function
E+S->E-S->E-P->E+P
the cytochrome c oxidase complex transports ___ protons into the space
2
the ETS is grouped into __ complexes that serve as ____ pumps
3, proton
endergonic reaction
ADP + P¡ —> ATP
place the following described processes or reactions in order as they would occur under normal aerobic conditions for a single molecule of glucose. (5)
ATP synthase conversion of ADP to ATP
within inner mitochondrial membrane you will find______
ATP synthase, cytochrome C, flavin mononucleotide, proton pumps
exergonic
ATP —> ADP + P¡
in order for glycolysis to continue, there must be adequate amounts of ____ available, which is produced in the lactic acid pathway
NAD
All statements about NAD+
NAD+ is the oxidized state, NADH is the oxidized state, functions as a hydrogen carrier
in addition to pyruvate, glycolysis results in the production of two molecules of_______
NADH
the _______ complex transports 4 H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space
NADH-enzyme Q reductase
in the last step of the ETS, ___ is the final electron acceptor
O2
FADH2
Reduced state
place the following described processes or reactions in order as they would occur under normal aerobic conditions for a single molecule of glucose. (3)
acetyl-CoA conversion to citric acid
within mitochondria matrix you will find______
acetyl-CoA, citric acid, oxaloacetic acid, succinic acid
Kinase
adds phosphate groups
Hydrolase
adds water to split molecules
after anaerobic exercise, lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid, which enters the _______ pathway and can be used for energy
aerobic
characteristics of phagocytosis
amoeboid movement, pseudopods, performed by neutrophils and macrophages
the lactic acid pathway is a type of _________
anaerobic metabolism
the function of sucrase is to________
break sucrose into glucose and fructose
according to the _________ theory, the electron-transport system pumps _______ from the matrix into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane
chemiosmotic, protons
the _______ complex also transports ___ protons into the intermembrane space
cytochrome C reductase, 4
functions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
decrease blood osmolality, stimulate water intake, increase water retention
in cell respiration and combustion
each step of cell respiration energy is released
this system is powered by the transport of ______
electrons
glycolysis releases energy, so it is ____
exergonic
reactions that release energy are called _______ reactions
exergonic
The reaction of adenosine diphosphate and phosphate generates adenosine triphosphate and energy.
false
an enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time
false
an enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once
false
since both the liver and skeletal muscle can store glucose as glycogen, both organs can break down the glycogen into free glucose to release into the blood.
false
place the following described processes or reactions in order as they would occur under normal aerobic conditions for a single molecule of glucose. (2)
formation of pyruvic acid
the formation of glucose from amino acids is called _________
gluconeogenesis
more importantly, all organs must use_______ primarily for energy
glucose
place the following described processes or reactions in order as they would occur under normal aerobic conditions for a single molecule of glucose. (1)
glucose split and converted to fructose 1, 6-biphosphate
within cytoplasm you will find________
glucose, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, fructose 1, 6-biphosphate
ATP is able to store and release large amounts of energy because of its
high energy bond to the third phosphate group and its ability to couple to exergonic and endergonic reactions
facilitated diffusion
includes the movement of small organic molecules through a protein located within the plasma membrane
What cellular adaptations can explain a runner's mileage improvement before fatigue?
increased mitochondria in adipose cells, decreased storage of glycogen in skeletal muscle, increased levels of enzymes needed for aerobic cellular respiration
simple diffusion
involves the movement of lipid soluble molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
active transport
involves the movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration
FAD
is derived from the vitamin riboflavin
characteristics of exocytosis
is involved in neurotransmitter release, increases the surface area of the cell membrane, releases proteins produced in golgi complex
the main substrates for gluconeogenesis are the three-carbon-long molecules of alanine, glycerol, and __________
lactic acid
when two hydrogen atoms are added to pyruvate, __________ is produced
lactic acid
how often can a sucrase molecule be used to hydrolysis sucrose
many times
characteristics of passive transport
movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries, movement of water from the plasma to the interstitial fluid, organic molecules, such as glucose, moving into or out of a cell using a carrier protein, lipid soluble hormones entering a target cell
characteristics of active transport
movement of sodium and potassium during the sodium/potassium pump, calcium moving from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle, coupled movement of sodium into a cell and glucose out of a cell
where is sucrase found in the human body
on the microvilli of the small intestine
the process by which amino acids are converted to urea is called
oxidative deamination
FAD
oxidized state
NAD+
oxidized state
oxygen combined with 2 hydrogen to make water
oxygen is reduced
characteristics of endocytosis
pinocytosis, receptor mediated, is the way cholesterol enters a cell
enzymes are
proteins
glycolysis is the metabolic pathway in which glucose is converted into two molecules of ______
pyruvate
Isomerase
rearranges the atoms in a molecule
NADH
reduced state
place the following described processes or reactions in order as they would occur under normal aerobic conditions for a single molecule of glucose. (4)
reduction of FMN by NADH
Dehydrogenase
removes hydrogens
Phosphatase
removes phosphate groups
Synthase
removes water to join molecules
characteristics shared by carrier proteins and enzymes in the cell membrane
specificity, saturation, allosteric inhibition
What binds to the active site of an enzyme?
substrate
how does sucrose change the configuration of sucrase?
sucrose binds to its active site on sucrase, changing the shape of sucrase enzyme
keto acids can be converted to amino acids by the process of ________
transamination
acetyl coenzyme A enables the products of glycolysis to enter the citric acid cycle
true
free energy is the only type that can be used to perform cellular work
true
the electron transport chain system is responsible for the production of the majority of cellular ATP
true
the primary role of the citric acid cycle is to complete the oxidation of glucose started by glycolysis
true