HR Chapter 4

O*Net

An online database that includes information on skills, abilities, knowledge, work activities, and interests associated with occupations.

Traditional instructor-led training may be more effective for ______ and _____ workers, while technology-enhanced training may appeal to younger workers.

Baby Boomers , Generation X

Interpersonal skills

Collaboration, empathy, and managing others.

Behavioral competencies

Customer focus Team orientation Technical expertise Results orientation Communication effectiveness Leadership Conflict resolution Innovation Adaptability Decisiveness

Conduct the job analysis

Data about jobs are collected using various methods; the methods are based on time and the available resources.Ideally, the data will be gathered in more than one way and from more than one source to ensure that all perspectives are considered and that the data is comprehensive.

Temporary/emergency telework

During bad weather, a natural disaster, or other events causing disruption, employees work from home.

Employee Diary/Log

Employees "observe" their own performance by keeping a diary/log of their job duties. It's burdensome.

Regular telework

Employees may spend scheduled days or every day at an office at home.

Brief occasional telework

Employees may use a home office on weekends or at night to do a project

Special-purpose team

Formed to address specific problems, improve work processes, and enhance the overall quality of products and services. Often a mixture of employees, supervisors, and managers so that diverse perspectives can be provided.

Motivation, performance, and satisfaction can be influenced by the level of each ___________. Autonomy and feedback are especially powerful because they can magnify the effects of the other job characteristics.

Job characteristic

_____ will represent approximately 50% of the workforce by 2020

Millenials

Contingent worker

Not a full-time employee, but a temporary or part-time worker for a specific period of time and type of work. 35% of the total workforce.

_____ workers tend to have a slightly higher level of engagement, which can also lead to greater productivity and less absenteeism and turnover.

Older

Maintain and update job descriptions and job specifications

Once job descriptions and specifications have been completed and reviewed by all appropriate individuals, a system must be developed for keeping them current and posted on a firm's intranet source. One effective way to ensure that appropriate views occur is to use current job descriptions and job specifications as part of other human resource activities.

Plan the job analysis

Planning should be done first to gather information about jobs from managers and employees. Probably the most important consideration is to identify the objectives of the job analysis.

Prepare for and introduce the job analysis

Preparing for job analysis includes identifying the jobs to be analyzed. Organization charts, existing job descriptions, previous job analysis information, and other resources are reviewed next.

______ can be especially useful during bad weather or widespread health issues

Telecommuting

Develop job descriptions and job specifications

The job analyst drafts job descriptions and job specifications. Completed drafts should be reviewed by managers and supervisors, and then with employees, before they are finalized.

Work sampling

This method allows a job analyst to determine the content and pace of a typical workday through statistical sampling of certain actions rather than through continuous observation and timing of all actions. Best used for routine and repetitive jobs.

______ of companies face recruiting challenges because job candidates often lack decision-making, leadership, ethics, math, and communication skills.

Two-thirds

Observation

With the observation method, a manager, job analyst, or industrial engineer watches an employee perform the job and takes notes that describe the tasks and duties performed. This method is limited because many jobs do not have complete and easily observed job duties or job cycles.

Generations ___ and ___ may favor a more collaborative, coaching style of management than the more reserved Baby Boomers.

Y , Z

Coworking space

a communal space shared by freelancers and remote workers.

Task

a distinct, identifiable work activity comprised of motions that employees perform

Skills associated with mindfulness

a focused awareness, a rational mind-set, and positive decision making.

Duty

a larger work segment comprised of several tasks that are performed by individuals

Job analysis

a systematic way of gathering and analyzing information about the content, context, and human requirements of jobs.This is the basis for all Human Resource practices because the process sets up how employees are hired, trained and developed, evaluated, and compensated.

Flexible work arrangements

allow employees to perform their jobs independent of time and location. Too much flexibility can cause problems and inhibit creativity and innovation.

Flexible workspaces

compliment flexible work by eliminating cubicles and adding open work areas and shared spaces. Can lead to higher absenteeism.

Self-directed team

comprised of individuals who are assigned a cluster of tasks, duties, and responsibilities to be accomplished. Become entities that use regular internal decisions-making processes.

Competency-based job analysis

considers how knowledge and skills are used. May be more focused on behaviors rather than task duties and responsibilities.

Marginal job functions

duties that are part of a job but are incidental or ancillary to the purpose and nature of the job

Telework

employees complete work through electronic interactions, telecommunications, and internet technology

Flextime

employees work a set number of hours a day but vary starting and ending times to get more scheduling flexibility. Many workers, especially parents, prize free time over pay

Skill variety

extent to which the work requires several activities for successful completion. Not to be confused with multitasking.

Performance standards

flow directly from a job description and indicate what the job accomplishes and how performance is measured in key areas of the job description. If employees know what is expected of them and how performance is measured, they have a much better chance of performing satisfactorily.

Task-based job analysis

focuses on the tasks, duties, and responsibilities performed in a job. The most common type.

Almost _____ of managers working for a selection of large companies surveyed in the U.S. claimed that skills gaps exist in their professions.

half

Job description components

identification, general summary, essential job functions and duties, job specifications, disclaimers and approvals

Job description

identifies a job's tasks, duties, and responsibilities. It describes what is done, why it is done, where it is done, and briefly how it is done.

Competencies

individual capabilities that can be linked to enhance performance by individuals or teams

Virtual team

individuals who are separated geographically but who are linked by communications technology.

Job design can

influence performance in many different jobs, can affect overall job satisfaction, and can impact both physical and mental health.

A __________ is likely to lead to better employee involvement, greater efficiency, and more customer satisfaction because the organization's work is divided into jobs that can be coordinated.

integrated workflow analysis

Job sharing

involves 2 employees performing the work of one full-time job.

Job simplification

involves breaking a more complex job into relatively small subparts. sometimes making a job too simple may result in boring work situations that cause a higher turnover.

Job enlargement

involves broadening the scope of a job by expanding the number of different tasks that are performed.

Job redesign

involves changing existing jobs in different ways to improve them.

Job enrichment

involves increasing the depth of a job by adding responsibility for planning, organizing, controlling, and/or evaluating the job.

Person-job fit

involves matching the characteristics of people with the characteristics of jobs.

Job

is a grouping of tasks, duties, and responsibilities that constitutes the total work assignment for an employer; these tasks and duties may change over time.

Work

is effort directed toward accomplishing results, and such effort may be performed by humans, machines, or both.

Job specifications

list the knowledge, skills, and abilities(KSAs) an individual needs to perform a job satisfactorily. KSAs might include the education, experience, work skill requirements, personal abilities, and mental and physical requirements a person needs to do the job, not necessarily the current employee's qualifications.

Technical competencies

often used to refer to employees' specific knowledge and skills

Job design

refers to organizing tasks, duties, responsibilities, and other elements into a productive unit of work

While the workforce is being educated,

students are not studying the necessary subjects to fill the jobs of today and tomorrow. Shortage in STEM fields.

Feedback

the amount of information employees receive about how well or how poorly they have performed. The advantage of feedback is that it helps employees understand the effectiveness of their performance, which contributes to their overall knowledge of work.

Autonomy

the extent of individual freedom and discretion in the work and its scheduling. More autonomy leads to a greater feeling of personal responsibility for the work.

Task identity

the extent to which the job includes a recognizable unit of work that is carried out from start to finish and results in a known consequence

Task significance

the impact the job has on other people and the organization as a whole. A job is more meaningful if it is important to other individuals and the company.

Responsibilities

the obligations that individuals have to perform certain tasks and duties within a job

labor force participation rate

the percentage of the population working or seeking work. The labor force participation rate has been declining in the past decade.

Job rotation

the process of shifting a person from job to job. It developed an employee's capabilities for doing several jobs.

Workflow analysis

the study of the way work moves through an organization.

Five behaviors that make teams work:

trust, conflict, commitment, accountability, and results

Triangulation

when two or more methods for collecting job analysis information are used in a study to increase the validity of the results.