HSS 386 Final Exam
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Mammary glands are modified apocrine glands
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Mechanical stress is detected by osteocytes and communicated to osteoblasts, which synthesize osteoid to increase bone strength over time as a result
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Melanin is produced by cells that are located in the stratum spinosum.
1. Female features are more delicate and small. They generally are rounder orbits and narrower jaws. 2. Male features are larger, bulkier. On average, male skulls have larger, broader palates, squarer orbits, larger mastoid processes, larger sinuses, and larger occipital condyles than those of females.
List and describe two difference between an adult male skull and an adult female skull.
1. The greater the difference in concentration, the quicker the rate of diffusion. It goes down the concentration gradient. The molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentartion. 2. The higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy the particles will have, so they will move and mix more quickly. Therefore, it will increase the rate of diffusion.
List and describe two things that affect the rate of diffusion.
1. Frontal bone 2. Sphenoid bone 3. Zygomatic bone 4. Lacrimal bone 5. Ethmoid bone 6. Palatine bone 7. Maxilla
List the seven bones that make up the orbital complex.
Atlas C1 and Axis C2
List the special names that are given to vertebrae C1 and C2.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The QRS complex represents atrial repolarization, and masks ventricular depolarization.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: each os coxae is formed by the fusion of three bones.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: the endomysium surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: the fibula bears some weight, but not as much as the tibia
False
TRUE OR FALSE: we have the same number of carpals as we do tarsals.
Carbon dioxide
The amount of which substance in the blood normally increases the respiratory rate?
Fontanelles
The areas of dense regular connective tissue that separate skull bones in an infant are known as which of the following?
Stretch of the heart chamber prior to contraction
What is preload a measure of?
tendon
What is the bundle of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to bone?
Wide subpubic angle, greater than 100 degrees
Which pelvis characteristic is considered female-like?
Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
Which process does not require cellular energy?
End Systolic Volume (ESV)
Which represents the amount of blood left in the heart after the ventricles have contracted?
T-wave
Which section of the EKG/ECG reading represents ventricular repolarization?
Right
Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood to be pumped into the pulmonary circulation?
Glycolysis
Which stage of cellular respiration can function just as effectively in either low or high oxygen levels?
It is the primary muscle that produces movement
Which statement is accurate about an agonist?
The largest tunic in a vein is the tunica externa
Which statement is accurate about veins?
AV node
Which structure takes over as pacemaker should the SA node fail?
covalent bond
Which type of chemical bond involves atoms sharing electrons?
Increase in the number of cells
What is hyperplasia?
Inflammation and bronchoconstriction of his bronchioles
10-year-old Michael is diagnosed with asthma after having difficulty breathing during his recent soccer match. What change occurred in his lungs because of the asthma?
More precise control
A greater ratio of motor neurons to skeletal muscle fibers (i.e. in muscle that control eye movement) results in what outcome?
tissue
A group of similar cells that perform common functions is also known as a:
?
A long bones growth in length is called?
All of these are correct
A patient has been in a serious car accident and is hemorrhaging. Which of the following changes would be seen in this patient?
cations
After atoms donate elctrons, what do they become?
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing
Alveolar type II cells secrete what kind of substance?
secondary
An alpha helix and beta sheet are examples of what form of protein structure?
at resting length
At which sarcomere length can a skeletal muscle generate the strongest contraction?
fat
Beta-oxidation is the process whereby which macromolecule is metabolized for energy?
The all- or-none principle states that the strength of a response of a nerve cell or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus. If the stimulus is above a certain threshold, a nerve or muscle fiber will fire.
Briefly describe the "All-or-None" principle.
True
Cardiac muscle cells have a longer refractory period than skeletal muscle cells to prevent tetany.
The main anatomical differences is their locations. Cervical vertebrae: forms bone of the neck. Thoracic vertebrae: forms superior region of the back Lumbar vertebrae: forms inferior concave region of the back While the cervical vertebrae contains 7 vertebrae, C1-C7, the thoracic vertebrae contains 12, T1-T12, and the lumbar vertrebrae contains 5, L1-L5. ****
Describe the anatomical differences between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete hormones into blood. Ex: hypothalamus, pituitary glands Exocrine glands are invaginated epithelium in connective tissue. It is connected with epithelial surface by duct. Example: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands.
Describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, and give one example of each.
lengthen
During an eccentric contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber, myofibrils do which of the following?
The heart rate increases to the inherent rhythm of SA nodal cells
During surgery, the right vagus nerve was accidently cut. Explain the effect on the heart rate.
Cells in the kidneys
EPO is released from:
False
Females tend to have a higher hematocrit than males because they have overall less blood volume.
K+, Na+
Fill in the blank: the Na+/K+ pump moves [ ] into the cell and [ ] out of the cell.
Glycolysis
Glucose is converted to pyruvate in which stage of cellular respiration?
True
Hemostasis is the response to blood vessel damage.
HR x SV (heart rate x stroke volume)
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Closing of the pulmonary semilunar valve
How is blood prevented from backflowing from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle?
The fate of oyruvate depends on oxygen availability. If sufficient oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the mitochondria. On the other hand, if insufficient oxygen is available, pyruvate converts to lactate.
In general, explain the fate of pyruvate if there is (a) sufficient oxygen; and (b) insufficient oxygen.
Stratum granulosum
In which layer of the epidermis do cells begin the process of keratinization?
Zone of proliferation
In your anatomy and physiology laboratory, you examine developing bone using light microscopy. In the epiphyseal plate region, you note the chondrocytes are slightly enlarged and stacked in a longitudinal array. What epiphyseal plate zone is in your field of view?
True
Lymphocytes are the leukocytes that produce antibodies.
Synthesize and secrete osteoid
Match the four types of bone cells to their functions: osteoblasts
Large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells that break down bone
Match the four types of bone cells to their functions: osteoclasts
Maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on bone
Match the four types of bone cells to their functions: osteocytes
stem cells
Match the four types of bone cells to their functions: osteoprogenitor cells
exerts greatest colloid osmotic pressure
Match the plasma protein to its function: Albumin
bind and transport substances in the blood
Match the plasma protein to its function: Alpha and beta globulins
responsible for blood clot formation
Match the plasma protein to its function: Fibrinogen
part of the body's immune defense system
Match the plasma protein to its function: Gamma globulins
true
Older individuals are more susceptible to developing anemia.
All of these processes
Oxidative phosphorylation involves what specific processes?
1. An action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules. 2. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to troponin. 3. Tropomyosin molecules are moved off active sites on actin. 4. Myosin binds to actin, forming cross bridges. 5. The myosin heads swivel toward the center of the sarcomere. 6. Myosin heads bind ATP molecules and release from actin. 7. ATPase splits ATP, providing the energy to reset the myosin head.
Put the following skeletal muscle contraction events in the order that they occur. (1-7) An action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules. Myosin heads bind ATP molecules and release from actin. Tropomyosin molecules are moved off active sites on actin. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to troponin. Myosin binds to actin, forming cross bridges. ATPase splits ATP, providing the energy to reset the myosin head. The myosin heads swivel toward the center of the sarcomere.
-Longer duration of contraction -More complex relaxation mechanism compared to skeletal muscle. -Can contract more forcefully at shorter and longer lengths than skeletal muscle
Select all of the following that are characteristics of smooth muscle contraction.
Anagen Catagen Telogen
Select all that apply: These are the phases of hair regrowth and replacement.
Thyroid hormone Growth hormone Calcitonin
Select all that apply: These hormones promote bone growth.
-Red blood cells with surface antigen B -Anti-A antibodies
Select all that apply: Type B blood contains:
Tidal volume (TV) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Select all that apply: components of the Inspiratory Capacity
Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis minor Erector spinae
Select all that apply: muscles of forced inspiration.
Both use adenine as a base Both contain sugar
Select all that apply: what are similarities between DNA and RNA?
CO2 and H2O
Select all that apply: which of the following are molecular compounds?
Hyoid bone Lumbar vertebrae Ribs
Select all that apply: which of the following bones are found in the axial skeleton?
Brain Skeletal muscles Skin
Select all that apply: which of the following receive relatively MORE blood during exercise than at rest?
Decreased oxygen levels Histamine Increased carbon dioxide levels
Select all that apply: which of the following result in vasodilation?
Electron Transport Chain Citric Acid Cycle Intermediate stage
Select all that apply: which stages of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?
Electrical energy Radiant energy Sound energy
Select all the forms of kinetic energy.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: A compound fracture is one in which the bone is broken in multiple places and does not penetrate the skin.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: An increase in the venous return of blood will cause an increase in the end diastolic volume and a decrease in the stroke volume.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Both merocrine and apocrine glands release their secretions via exocytosis.
long bone
The femur is classified as which type of bone?
Adducting the arm
The latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major work synergistically in what action?
facilitated diffusion
The movement of K+ along its concentration gradient through leak channels represents what type of membrane transport?
?
The smallest of the two shank (lower leg) bones is known as which of the following?
False
The wall of the right ventricle is significantly thicker than the wall of the left ventricle because it must pump blood with greater force to the systemic circulation.
Erythropoietin
What hormone controls red blood cell production?
False
Transferrin is a large, water-soluble protein that serves as the primary storage mechanism for iron.
True
True or false: the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the amount of air taken into the lungs during a forced inspiration and is a measure of lung compliance.
True
True or False: The two main components of blood are plasma and formed elements.
False
True or False: as pH increases, the amount of H+ in the solution also increases.
False
True or False: the control center of homeostatic systems is always the nervous system.
True
True or false: Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein.
False
True or false: As the partial pressure of Oxygen (PO2) decreases, blood becomes more saturated
True
True or false: Hyperventilation can drastically lower PCO2 levels in the blood and lead to localized vasoconstriction and respiratory alkalosis, which may cause dizziness or loss of consciousness.
False
True or false: Kerantized stratified squamous epithelium is made up of living cells at its apical surface and functions to protect underlying tissue from abrasion
True
True or false: The linear sequence of amino acids in methionine represents a primary structure of protein
False
True or false: a synthesis reaction occurs when atoms, molecules, or ions are exchanged between two chemical structures.
?
True or false: an increase in mechanical stress will decrease bone strength over time
?
True or false: an osteoclast will remodel bone by adding new layers of bone matrix to a cavity hollowed out by osteoblasts.
True
True or false: an oxidation-reduction reaction is a specific type of exchange reaction that involves the movement of electrons from one chemical structure to another.
false
True or false: arterioles are more elastic than bigger arteries
False
True or false: as pressure gradient increases, total blood flow decreases (assuming resistance remains the same).
False
True or false: at a PO2 of 40 mmHg, hemoglobin is almost 97% saturated.
True
True or false: blood hydrostatic pressure promotes filtration from the capillary whereas colloid osmotic pressure promotes reabsorption from the capillary.
True
True or false: increased body temperature interferes with hemoglobin's ability to bind and hold oxygen, so additional oxygen is released from hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange.
True
True or false: respiratory epithelium gradually gets thinner as you move closer to the lungs.
True
True or false: smooth muscle in arterioles is always slightly contracted, known as vasomotor tone.
False
True or false: the arterial supply of blood to the trunk region is more complex than the venous drainage in the same region.
Capillaries
Velocity of blood flow is the slowest in which type of blood vessel?
Mitosis is the cell division that occurs in somatic cells while meiosis is the cell division in sex cells (cells that give rise to sperm or oocytes)
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Receive incoming signals
What is the function of dendrites?
Dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes
What is the main action of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
?
What is the name of the suture connecting the parietal and occipital bones of the skull?
Transcription
What is the term for forming RNA from DNA?
Oxygen
What is used as a final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?
Papillary layer of dermis; areolar connective tissue
What layer is correctly matched with the tissue that forms it?
The pressure in the intrapleural cavity is lower than the pressure in the intrapulmonary space (lungs)
What normally prevents the lungs from collapsing?
Intercalated discs
What structure allow action potentials to spread rapidly between cardiac muscle cells?
SA node
What structure of the heart is considered to be the pacemaker?
1 t-tubule + 2 terminal cisternae
What structures are collectively known as a triad?
Second-degree burn
What type of burn typically involves the epidermis and part of the dermis, but not the subcutanous layer?
acid
What type of substance releases H+ when added to water?
Diaphragm
When this large muscle contracts, the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase.
Brain
Where is the important anastomosis known as the circle of Willis located?
Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
Where is the pericardial cavity located?
frontal bone
Which bone is formed from intramembranous bone growth?
Megakaryocyte
Which cell type forms platelets in the red bone marrow?
Cartilage
Which connective tissue type is composed of cells called chondrocytes?
Tactile cell
Which epidermal cell type is responsible for detecting touch sensations?
Semilunar valves
Which heart valves open when the ventricles contract?
blood clotting
Which is an example of a homeostatic system regulated by positive feedback?
Stratum lucidem
Which layer of the epidermis is not present in thin skin?
Periosteum; responsible for the growth in bone width
Which long bone structure is correctly matched with its description or function?
Triceps brachii
Which muscle is an antagonist to the brachialis muscle?
Hamstrings
Which muscles attach to the ischial tuberosity and extend the thigh plus flex the leg?
Sternocleidomastoid
Which muscles bilateral action is flexion of the neck?
a fracture of a rib on the side of the body is medial to the sternum
Which of the answers is FALSE regarding anatomical directional terms?
Occipital bone
Which of the following bones has a large foramen in it to allow passage of the spinal cord?
CO2 O2 Small non-polar solutes
Which of the following can travel across the membrane via simple diffusion? There may be more than one answer so select all that apply.
Muscle contraction, increase in volume, decrease in pressure
Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of events associated with the thoracic cavity to produce inspiration?
Decreased total blood flow
Which of the following decreases perfusion of a tissue?
An increase in temperature
Which of the following increases enzymatic activity?
Highly vascularized
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Cartilage serves as levers for movement by skeletal muscle
Which of the following is NOT a function of cartilage?
Stores calcium in the dermis
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integument?
Elastic
Which of the following is NOT a type of loose connective tissue?
Are the least numerous skeletal muscle fiber type
Which of the following is a characteristic of fast oxidative (type IIa) muscle fibers?
The consist of desmosomes and gap junctions
Which of the following is a characteristic of intercalated discs?
Alveolar PO2 decreases in conjunction with the atmospheric decrease, resulting in a decrease in hemoglobin saturation
Which of the following is the primary cause of "altitude sickness" at higher elevations?
Hemoglobin releases oxygen at the level of the cell, making hemoglobin less saturated
Which of the following statements is accurate about hemoglobin?
Spinalis
Which of these muscles extends the vertebral column?
Merocrine glands
Which type of sweat gland releases sweat onto skin surfaces throughout the body, producing a secretion that is primarily water?
Vein
Which type of vessel has the smallest pressure gradient, which must be overcome by contraction of skeletal muscles and breathing?
it is composed of fat
Your dog is chewing on an adult cow long bone and breaks it open. He pulls out some fleshy material within the diaphysis of the bone. What statement accurately describes this fleshy material?