Unit 3 MC review

c. Although the Aztec (Mexica) created a very large empire in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries from their power base in the valley of Mexico, they did so without the use of gunpowder weapons. Gunpowder weapons were first introduced to the Americas with the arrival of the Spanish at the end of the fifteenth century.

The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT A the Safavid Empire B the Qing (Manchu) Empire C the Aztec (Mexica) Empire D the Ottoman Empire

d.

The photograph above of a sixteenth-century Mughal mosque in India built by Akbar is an example of which of the following? A Emergence of capitalist economies B Expansion of coercive labor systems C Creation of a global trade network D Cultural syncretism

a.

Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above? A To demonstrate their wealth and power B To provide jobs for artists, architects, and builders C To create fortresses as a defense against invading armies D To glorify and demonstrate the power of the official state religion

a.

Which of the following are the states that dominated the Mediterranean trade during the sixteenth century? A Italian city-states and the Ottoman Empire B The Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire C Spain and Portugal D The Hapsburg Empire and France E The Crusader states

c.

Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies. B Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer. C Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals. D The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.

c. Source 1 illustrates that some states were willing to tolerate religious diversity within their territories to an extent, while Source 2 shows that other states were unwilling to tolerate minority populations and attempted to enforce uniformity.

The two passages best illustrate which of the following continuities in world history? A While some states sought to impose religious uniformity on their populations, others embraced religious syncretism. B While some states used religion to legitimize their power, others used military or bureaucratic means. C While some states were willing to tolerate diversity within their territories, others suppressed diversity. D While some states allowed for numerous official religions, others recognized only one official religion.

b.

Which of the following about Afro-Eurasian trade is supported by the map above? A The states of the Middle East did not participate in the Indian Ocean trading system. B The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes. C The Delhi Sultanate relied primarily on sea routes to participate in the silk trade across Asia. D The Islamic states of West Africa maintained close commercial ties with eastern Europe.

b.

Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century? A The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. B The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not. C The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. D The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.

c.

Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century C.E.? A Both empires used military force to severely limit the sovereignty of their peripheral states to their core states. B Both empires welcomed the diffusion of cultural traditions from their peripheral territories. C Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states. D Both empires actively sought to assimilate the citizens of their peripheral states into their respective core cultures.

d. The image illustrates the Mughals using cannons against the forces of the sultan of Delhi. Gunpowder weapons were a decisive factor in the Mughal victory in this battle and in their other conquests in Central Asia and India.

Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image? A States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires. B The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively. C The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before. D States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

d.

Which of the following characteristics of the Ottoman Empire best explains why Sinan was determined to match the dimensions of the Hagia Sophia church, as discussed in the third paragraph? A The Ottoman dynasty was descended from Turkic pastoralist nomads who did not have their own tradition of monumental architecture. B Ottoman art often illustrated the historical and spiritual connections between Islam and other monotheistic religions, such as Christianity and Judaism. C By the time the Ottoman Empire began to expand, the Byzantine Empire had already been dramatically reduced in size and geopolitical importance. D Bringing Constantinople, with its imperial traditions, under Islamic rule was one of the central pillars of Ottoman rulers' claims to political legitimacy.

d.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the way Khubilai Khan chose to have himself portrayed in the painting? A The Yuan dynasty's potential monopolization of the Eurasian trade routes would force other Asian rulers to recognize Khubilai Khan's supremacy. B The demonstration of military skill in the painting would encourage the Abbasid caliphs to submit to Khubilai Khan's rule. C The Yuan dynasty's employment of a Chinese artist to create the painting would encourage the Japanese to accept Khubilai Khan's rule. D The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.

a.

Which of the following contributed most to the emergence of Russia as an expanding Eurasian power in the period between 1450 and 1750? A Its absorption of traditions and technology from the Byzantine Empire and western Europe B Its success in creating alliances with European powers to expel Turkish invaders from the south C The eradication of Islam from Central Asia D The fall of the kingdoms of Poland and Prussia E The use of its strong navy to acquire colonial holdings worldwide

c.

Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire's successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ? A The Ottomans' use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army B The Ottomans' use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops C The Ottomans' adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology D The Ottomans' exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades

b. Because the Protestant Reformation reduced the number of Catholics in Europe, the Church commissioned many Jesuit scholars, like those seen in the engraving, to convert others abroad.

Which of the following developments in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most directly helps to explain the presence of the scholars shown in the image of China? A The Inquisition led to the expulsion of enemies of the Catholic Church from Europe. B The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe. C The wars of religion led many to question the role of religion in European society. D The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe led many to leave their homes as refugees.

d. Mughal rulers often sponsored works of art and architecture to illustrate their power and glorify their rule.

Which of the following was the most likely purpose of the portraits of the emperor? A To demonstrate the Mughal Empire's conversion to Islam B To honor the continued influence of Hellenistic art forms in India C To represent the Mughal belief in the emperor's divinity D To glorify his rule through the sponsorship of artworks

b.

"It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes . . . are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God." An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570 What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above? A The clergy generally appointed kings, queens, and princes. B Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule. C Rulers were most often chosen from members of the clergy. D The clergy believed in the separation of church and state.

b. One of Luther's main arguments against the Catholic Church during the early stages of the Reformation is that it had become corrupted by worldly power. The passage illustrates that Luther believed that the pope and the clergy were ignoring the most important duties of their respective offices in the pursuit of worldly political goals. Luther's complaints about the corrupting influence of political power on the Church were adopted by Protestants across Europe.

A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church A had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land B had become corrupted by power C had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism D had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity

a.

Based on the intended purpose of Sinan's biography, it is most likely that the information in the passage might be A overstating the extent of the architectural challenges Sinan faced in building the mosque B understating the extent of Ottoman royal support for the building of the mosque C overstating Christian architects' achievements and their contributions to the building on the mosque D intentionally attributing the building of the mosque to Sinan even though he was not the architect

a. The Mughals reorganized their militaries to take advantage of gunpowder technology to expand their territorial boundaries.

Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following factors contributed most directly to the Mughal Empire's territorial expansion in South Asia? A The Mughals' adoption and effective use of gunpowder weapons B The Mughals' adoption of Sikhism C The Mughals' friendly relations with neighboring states, such as the Safavid Empire and Tibet D The Mughal emperors' claims that they were directly descended from Genghis Khan

c.

Between 1450 and 1750, empires such as the Ottoman and Chinese shared which of the following? A Dependence on trade as the main basis for the economy B An elite fighting force made up primarily of slaves C The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government D Continual military campaigns against European armies

b. The Spanish state's sponsorship of Jesuit missions to convert native populations to Christianity directly derives from the state's intolerance of religious diversity, which is apparent in Source 2.

The attitude toward religious practice expressed in Source 2 was most directly apparent in which of the following Spanish policies in the Americas in the period circa 1500-1750 ? A The establishment of the casta system B The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations C The use of the encomienda system D The development of Candomblé and Voudun among African slave populations

b.

The changes depicted in Map 1 were mostly a result of which of the following? A The Ottoman alliance with France against rival Christian powers B The decline of surrounding empires and the Ottoman Empire's use of gunpowder weapons C The Ottoman Empire's unrivaled naval superiority in the Mediterranean D The power vacuum left by the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate

b. Because China for centuries had pursued a policy that demanded that foreigners acknowledge Chinese superiority and pay tribute in order to conduct trade, the emperor's question to Sun Yuting most likely reflects a concern about Britain's growing power in the region and whether that growing power made it wise for China to continue its tribute-trade policies.

The emperor's question to Sun Yuting was most likely intended to assess which of the following? A The degree to which religious conflicts in Europe had weakened Great Britain militarily B The relative risks of continuing to pursue a trade policy that forced foreign states to acknowledge China's political superiority C The possibility for the establishment of Chinese colonies in Asia and the Americas D The potential advantages of making an alliance with Great Britain to prevent further Japanese expansion in East Asia

d. The illustration was included in a manuscript intended to glorify the achievements of Suleiman the Magnificent and thereby demonstrate his legitimacy. The image thus illustrates how art was used by rulers to legitimize their rule in the period 1450-1750.

The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450-1750 ? A Rulers using art as a way to communicate with their illiterate subjects B Rulers using art to expand their territories C Rulers using art as a way to increase literacy D Rulers using art to legitimize their rule

d. African rulers, like many leaders before the 20th century, sought to acquire legitimacy by associating their rulership with important societal religious values.

The object in Image 1 best illustrates which of the following continuities in world history? A The power of traditional elites was continuously challenged by the emerging power of new elites. B The power of states was based on the ability of rulers to monopolize the use of violence. C Artists depended on royal patronage for their livelihoods. D Rulers used religious imagery to legitimize their political authority.

a. Because the painting depicts the union of the Muslim and Hindu ruling classes and shows both Hindu and Muslim attendants, it likely was important to Golkonda rulers to serve as a symbol of unity in a religiously divided society.

The particular event depicted in the painting was likely important to Golkonda rulers mostly because it A could be used as a symbol of the union between the state's ruling class and the majority of its population B provided a source of pride for Golkonda's Muslim population by reminding them of the Muslim conquests of India C led to the decline of patriarchal social structures in the Indian subcontinent D illustrated the extent to which Golkonda elites relied on various forms of coerced labor

a.

The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following? A European monarchs' continued use of religion to legitimize political authority B The influence of Islamic political thought on Europe after the Crusades C The establishment of theocracies throughout Eurasia D The differential treatment of Protestants and Catholics in England

b. The Christian Portuguese made efforts to spread their faith as early as the sixteenth century to all levels of society, including to native Brazilian and African slaves. The author, a former slave who purchased her freedom, affirms the continuity of this practice in the nineteenth century when she declares her Catholic faith in the first sentence.

The passage best illustrates which of the following features of colonial Latin American history? A Racial categories were used to divide colonial societies. B Christian religious practices were shared by many social groups. C Plantation agriculture dominated economic production. D Competition between European states influenced colonialism.

b. The image of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, whose name in Persian means "holder of the world," holding a globe is a symbolic representation of the growing power and territorial expansion of the Mughal Empire.

The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 1 was most likely a symbolic representation of which of the following? A The Mughal Empire's scientific achievements B The expanding power of the Mughal Empire C The extended travels of Emperor Jahangir to Eurasian pilgrimage sites D The Mughal Empire's control of global trade networks

c. The forced recruitment of soldiers and officials through practices such as the Ottoman devshirme increased the military and administrative capacity of states. In some cases, such that of the Ottoman Empire, these soldiers and officials were solely dependent on the ruler's favor and thereby helped expand and centralize state authority.

The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ? A Attempts by imperial states to expand their economic power B Attempts by imperial states to prevent religious conflict C Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority D Attempts by imperial states to control population growth

b. The image depicts the spread of Christianity in China and indicates that it was Jesuit influence that was responsible for the conversion of Xu Guangxi. The spread of foreign cultural influences such as Christianity encouraged some governments, such as Tokugawa Japan, to impose very strict isolationist policies that greatly limited trade and other contacts with foreigners.

The spread of new cultural ideas, such as those illustrated by the religious beliefs of Xu Guangxi and Candida Xu, most strongly encouraged some Asian governments in Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 to A expand educational opportunities for the lower classes B limit trade and other contacts with foreigners C advocate for the peaceful settlement of existing religious conflicts D develop national joint-stock companies

c. Shi'a Safavid conflict with the neighboring Ottoman and Mughal empires most directly impacted Safavid trade as religious differences gave rise to economic competition.

Which of the following most directly caused a disruption in the land-based trade of the Safavid empire during the period circa 1500-1750 ? A Price inflation caused by the global spread of American silver B Competition between European joint-stock companies C Conflicts between the Shi'a Safavids and neighboring Sunni empires D Widespread violence between European trading companies and Muslim empires

d. Conflicts with the Shi'a Safavid Empire, fueled by religious differences, led Sunni scholars in the Ottoman Empire to attempt to enforce stricter adherence to Sunni orthodoxy, contributing to their critical views of Sufism.

Which of the following most directly strengthened Sunni religious scholars' role as official interpreters of Islamic doctrine within the Ottoman Empire, as suggested by the passage? A The establishment of the Mughal Empire in India B The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople C Ottoman sultans' extensive conquests in Europe D The Ottoman Empire's rivalry with the Safavid Empire

c. The Mughal Empire expanded rapidly in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, eventually coming to rule almost all of present-day India and Pakistan. The Golkonda Sultanate was forced to recognize Mughal overlordship in 1636 and was fully conquered by the Mughals in 1687.

Which of the following most likely describes the fate of the Golkonda state after 1650 ? A It expanded to control most of India. B It was conquered by the Portuguese. C It was conquered by the Mughal Empire. D It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

a. The development and spread of gunpowder weapons across Eurasia most strongly contributed to the military shift identified by Darwin in the second paragraph, because it reduced the strategic value of fast-moving archers on horseback while increasing that of disciplined infantry forces operating in regular formations and supported by artillery.

Which of the following most strongly contributed to the shift of power from nomadic empires to settled states that Darwin identifies in the second paragraph? A The development and spread of gunpowder weapons across Eurasia B The development of new shipbuilding and navigational techniques C The spread of epidemic diseases across Eurasia, such as the Black Death D The increased recruitment of nomadic soldiers by large agricultural states

c.

Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? A In both empires the majority of the people were Muslims. B Both empires had powerful navies that engaged European navies. C Both empires expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies. D Both empires gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.

c.

Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and the Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? A In each, the majority of the people were Muslims. B Each had a powerful navy that engaged European navies. C Each had developed an efficient administrative structure. D Each enjoyed peaceful relations with its neighboring states. E Each gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.

a. The Mughal Empire under Akbar encouraged religious tolerance and dialogue. Indeed, Akbar even introduced a new religion (Din-i-Ilahi) that combined elements of Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. Akbar's policies, therefore, were most different from the strict religious conformity demanded in Source 2.

Which of the following states in the period 1450-1750 adopted a religious policy that was most different from the religious policy expressed in Source 2 ? A The Mughal Empire under Akbar B The Safavid Empire under Shah Ismail I C The Ottoman Empire D The Tokugawa Shogunate

a.

Which of the following was a method rulers in Eurasia used to legitimize and consolidate their power during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A Developing professional militaries B Promoting free trade C Adopting the religious practices of minority groups D Enacting reforms to decrease economic and social inequalities

c.

Which of the following was an important continuity from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing dynasty in the seventeenth century? A The ongoing assimilation of Manchu cultural traditions by the imperial elite B Maintenance of the Silk Roads to promote cultural exchanges with the Middle East C The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices D Financial support for maritime expeditions similar to those led by Zheng He

c.

Which of the following world history processes was most responsible for the eighteenth-century cityscape of St. Petersburg, Russia, shown above? A Disease diffusion B World climate changes C Westernization D Democratization E Isolation

b. The discovery of maritime routes that linked Europe and Asia through the Indian Ocean in the late fifteenth century could best be used as evidence to support Darwin's argument regarding a change in patterns of long-distance trade, because those new routes led to large increases in the scale and profitability of maritime commerce at the expense of the overland Silk Road routes.

Which of the following developments in the late fifteenth century could best be used as evidence to support Darwin's argument in the second paragraph regarding a change in patterns of long-distance trade? A The growing naval power of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean B The discovery of maritime routes that linked Europe and Asia through the Indian Ocean C The naval expeditions of the Ming admiral Zheng He D The development of the Atlantic system that linked Europe to the Americas and Africa

d. The establishment of the Safavid Empire in the early sixteenth century primarily relied on the military power of Turkic nomads and ruled over a mostly sedentary population. Hence, this evidence could best be used to modify Darwin's argument in the first paragraph that it was no longer possible to build a Eurasian empire on nomadic foundations after Tamerlane's death.

Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 could best be used as evidence to modify Darwin's argument in the first paragraph about the establishment of Eurasian empires on "nomadic foundations"? A The creation of the Ottoman Empire B The Ming overthrow of the Yuan dynasty in China C The fall of the Mughal Empire D The establishment of the Safavid Empire

d. Like the Russian Empire, the Mughal Empire engaged in significant overland expansion, extending its rule across large swaths of territory in India and Central Asia during the period 1450 to 1750.

Which of the following empires in the period 1450-1750 engaged in a type of territorial expansion most similar to that depicted in Map 1 ? A The Spanish Empire B The Portuguese Empire C The British Empire D The Mughal Empire

a. The image shows gunpowder weapons contributing to the expansion of the Mughal Empire as a result of its conflict with the Delhi Sultanate. In a similar way, the Ottomans used gunpowder weapons to defeat the Safavids and expand their territory in the Middle East, which drove the Safavids to acquire more gunpowder weapons and improve their armies to resist Ottoman expansion and reconquer lost territories.

Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 ? A It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew. B It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations. C It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire. D It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.

d.

Which of the following factors contributed most to Manchu expansion in Asia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A The development of large trading companies B The adoption of Buddhist beliefs C The military alliances with western European states D The use of cannons and gunpowder

d. Like the Ottomans and Mughals, the Manchus were seminomadic in origin, from the northern frontier of China (Manchuria), and they succeeded in establishing a large land-based empire through the use of heavy cavalry and gunpowder technology in Eurasia.

Which of the following imperial expansions was most similar to those of the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? A The Portuguese Empire in Brazil B The Dutch Empire in South Africa and Indonesia C The Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia D The Manchu Empire in East Asia

d.

Which of the following is a similarity between the Ottoman and Chinese governments during the period 1450—1750 ? A The dominance of the imperial government by a landed aristocracy B The creation of overseas colonial holdings C Heavy reliance on overseas trade for government revenues D An extensive governmental bureaucracy

d.

Which of the following is true of both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire between 1450 and 1750 ? A The rulers of both believed in strictly separating secular and religious concerns. B The top administrators in both empires were chosen by a system of competitive examinations. C Christianity was prohibited in both empires. D Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia. E Both empires experienced a drastic decline in population after 1500 owing to the spread of diseases brought as a result of contact with Europeans.

c. The fact that Luther wrote a highly critical letter chastising the Catholic clergy and the pope to a German prince indicates that this prince supported Luther. Luther and early Protestant communities received protection from many members of the German nobility, either because they embraced the Protestant message of reform or because they wanted to limit the power of the Holy Roman emperor within Germany.

A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that A papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany B the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support C political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community D the Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents

d. In the passage, Luther claims that holy war against the Turks in the name of Jesus Christ is wrong because Jesus taught that Christians should not resist evil with violence or take revenge. He further states that scripture requires the bishops and clergy to mind the duties of their office instead of engaging in holy war. Luther's arguments illustrate his and other Protestants' belief that scripture was the foundation of faith, that Christians should rely on the teachings of scripture to guide their actions, and that adhering more closely to the teachings of scripture would create a more just and pious Christian society.

A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to A promote religious war against fellow Christians B encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence C demonstrate that an individual's destiny was predetermined by God D reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

a. The image portrays conflict between two rival Muslim states in India. An important part of the conflict resulted from differences between supporters of Sunni Islam in the Mughal Empire and Shi'a Islam in Golconda.

All of the following pieces of additional information regarding the events portrayed in Image 2 are factually accurate. Which would be most useful in evaluating the message that the image was intended to convey? A Emperor Aurangzeb was a strong proponent of Sunni Islam, while the rulers of Golconda were supporters of Shiism. B Emperor Aurangzeb overthrew his father in order to become the Mughal emperor, while the ruler of Golconda succeeded his father peacefully. C Emperor Aurangzeb ruled over India during a time when it was the largest agricultural and manufacturing economy in the world. D Emperor Aurangzeb increased taxes on all non-Muslims in his empire which contributed to unrest in his multi-religious state.

d. The Jesuit scholars are portrayed in the image as illustrious men of faith, science, and wisdom. Because Du Halde had an institutional affiliation with the Jesuit order, he was likely motivated to depict the Jesuit scholars positively. Moreover, because he based his book directly on Jesuit missionary reports that also likely portrayed Jesuit scholars in China positively, a historian would likely consider the account shown in the engraving to be potentially biased in favor of the Jesuits.

All of the following statements about Du Halde are factually accurate. Which would most likely lead historians to question the objectivity of his portrayal of the scholars shown in the image? A He was the confessor to an important French noble. B He never traveled to China. C He based his observations of China on unpublished translations of Chinese texts. D He was a Jesuit and based his book on Jesuit missionary reports.

a.

From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons? A To display power and legitimize their rule B To spend excess money collected in taxes C To encourage tourism and pilgrimages D To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists

c. Sufis were instrumental in the spread of Islam to new locations in this period, both through the popularity of Sufi religious practices with merchants and through the ability of Sufi leaders to effect the conversion of political leaders in some regions on the margins of the Muslim world

Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750? A Scientific exchanges between the Muslim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia B The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world C The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia D The introduction of new practices for recruiting and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal Empire

c.

Sinan's service to the Ottoman state best illustrates the fact that land-based empires in the period 1450-1750 often relied on A appointed bureaucrats to break the power of entrenched landed aristocracies B mass conscription of soldiers to carry out their territorial expansion C methods of recruitment of officials that made use of the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects D members of the clergy to perform religious services, administer religious law, and oversee public order

d. Sikhism developed prior to British imperial expansion in South Asia and became one of the many Indian religious traditions in which Indian responses to British imperial encroachment were couched. The statement is, therefore, factually inaccurate, meaning that the option is the correct answer.

Source 2 indicates that all of the following were likely factors contributing to Sikhism's popularity in India EXCEPT: A It offered a set of religious beliefs that combined elements of both Hinduism and Islam. B It advocated a direct and personal approach to God that paralleled Islamic beliefs. C It appealed to members of the lower socioeconomic strata by rejecting the rigid social hierarchy of Hinduism. D It offered a set of principles around which all Indians could rally in resisting British imperial encroachment

c. Both images portray how the Ottoman and Mughal armies used cannons very effectively in the process of imperial expansion. Cannons were critical to the Ottoman capture of Constantinople.

Taken together, the two images best support which of the following claims regarding developments in the period from 1450 to 1750 ? A European military technology was inferior to Asian military technology. B Rulers served as military commanders and typically led armies into battle themselves. C Gunpowder technology facilitated the expansion of land-based empires. D Religious divisions were not a significant source of military conflict.

a. The image illustrates the Ottoman devshirme system, through which young boys were forcibly recruited to serve as soldiers in the Ottoman army or as officials in the Ottoman administration. Although the devshirme system produced military and bureaucratic professionals, not money or goods for the Ottoman treasury, it was similar to a tribute collection system in that it extracted resources for the use of the state from conquered or tributary regions.

The Ottoman Empire's recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450-1750 ? A The collection of tribute B Establishment of religious uniformity C Abolition of feudal privileges D The granting of autonomy to minority groups

a. The Portuguese in the sixteenth century were among the first European nations to become involved in Indian Ocean and East Asian trade networks. European diplomats and merchants in the Indian Ocean region often supported missionary activity for the purpose of spreading Christianity in the region as well.

The activities of Inez de Leyria's father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity. B The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China. C Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China. D The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity.