Human Anatomy 2021

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Saltatory conduction means ______.

"leaping"

List the ossicles of the middle ear in order, starting with the ossicle closest to the tympanic membrane

1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes

What is a nerve?

A cord of nerve fiber bundles bound together by connective tissue

Which best describes an electrical potential?

A form of potential energy that can produce current

Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following?

A large diameter myelinated fiber

A neuron receives a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next?

A local potential develops

Which describes the sympathetic chain ganglia?

A longitudinal series of ganglia adjacent to both sides of the vertebral column

What is myoglobin?

A molecule that stores oxygen in muscles

Which two characteristics describe adduction?

A movement along the frontal plane A movement towards the midline of the body

Which describes a mixed nerve?

A nerve containing both sensory and motor nerve fibers

Which describes a motor nerve?

A nerve containing only fibers carrying outgoing nerve signals from the CNS

The all-or-none law of action potentials states which of the following?

A neuron will fire at maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes it to threshold.

What is calmodulin?

A protein that replaces troponin in smooth muscle cells

Where does saltatory conduction occur?

Along myelinated nerve fibers

In a tendon reflex, which of the following is true?

Alpha motor neurons are inhibited and the muscle does not contract as strongly.

How do neuromodulators alter synaptic transmission?

Altering the breakdown and/or reuptake of neurotransmitter Adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters Increasing the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons

Which aspect of the knee joint is not covered by the joint capsule?

Which cruciate ligament is attached at the anterior surface of the tibia?

Which horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons?

What is the hyaline cartilage found at the end of the bones within a synovial joint called?

Articular cartilage

Lumbar vertebrae have which of the following?

Articular processes

Which structure is the pineal gland?

Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?

CN I and II

Which is NOT one of the five cerebral lobes?

Cerebellar lobe

Synovial joints are also called what?

Diarthrotic

What would be the best explanation for why myelinated fibers conduct signals faster than unmyelinated fibers?

Diffusion of ions along the axoplasm is faster

A single motor neuron stimulating hundreds of skeletal muscle cells is an example of which type of circuit?

Diverging

What is movement of the foot upwards, as when walking on your heels, called?

Dorsiflexion

__________ innervation refers to the fact that many structures in the body are innervated by nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Dual

What is the dural sheath around the spinal cord made of?

Dura mater

Which term refers specifically to the perception of acceleration?

Dynamic equilibrium

Which protein links actin fibers to the inner face of the sarcolemma?

Dystrophin

Identify the vagus (X) nerve.

Which letter corresponds to the insula?

Which term refers to coordination, balance, and orientation in three-dimensional space?

Equilibrium

Which are examples of special senses?

Equilibrium Vision Smell

The vestibule contains receptors for which sensory modality?

Equilibrium (balance)

Which are autonomic reflexes regulated by the spinal cord?

Erection Defecation Ejaculation Micturition

Which of the following bones is a single unpaired bone?

Ethmoid

Turning the sole of the foot laterally is called what?

Eversion

__________ of the foot turns the sole of the foot laterally.

Eversion

What is the process by which action potentials of a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber called?

Excitation

Which phase of contraction links the action potential in the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament?

Excitation-contraction coupling

This picture illustrates neural transmission at which type of synapse?

Excitatory cholinergic synapse

A twitch is a sustained contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached. True/False

False

There are three bones in the thumb.

False

True or false: In terms of structure, the knee is no more complicated than either the hip or ankle joints.

False

Voluntary motor signals typically begin in an upper motor neuron in the thalamus.

False

What is the structure between the arrows labeled A?

Fascicle

Within a nerve, nerve fibers are gathered into bundles called what?

Fascicles

Which cerebral lobe is responsible for voluntary motor function, motivation, memory, mood, and aggression?

Frontal

Pressure waves are transduced into neural signals in which section of the ear?

Inner ear

Which cerebral lobe is located deep to the lateral sulcus and is not visible from the surface of the brain?

Insula

Name the indented region between the condyles of the femur.

Intercondylar fossa

Which joint is the most complex diarthrosis in the body?

Knee

Which muscle is indicated in the picture?

Latissimus dorsi

Which structure focuses incoming light onto the retina?

Lens

Which divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?

Longitudinal fissure

Which type of receptor responds to light?

Photoreceptor

In which phase does muscle tension decline and sarcoplasmic calcium levels fall?

Relaxation

During an action potential, the loss of potassium ions from the cell results in which of the following?

Repolarization

Which term refers to the voltage difference (electrical potential) across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is at rest and not engaged in electrical signaling?

Resting membrane potential

Match each point in the action potential to the corresponding description of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channel activity.

Resting membrane potential - Both types of voltage-gated channels are closed. Depolarization begins - Voltage-gated Na+ channels open; voltage-gated K+ channels open more slowly Repolarization begins - Voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate; voltage-gated K+ channels remain open longer

In the PNS, the __________ cells form a neurilemma and the myelin sheath around an axon.

Schwann

Nerve fibers of peripheral nerves are encased in which cells?

Schwann

Identify the type of cell indicated by the arrow labeled A.

Schwann cell

Which type of glial cell produces the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Schwann cell

Which glial cell is found wrapped around nerve fibers in the PNS?

Schwann cells

Which are properties of action potentials?

Self-propagating Nondecremental (signal maintains amplitude) All or none

The posterior root of a spinal nerve carries what type of nerve fibers?

Sensory

Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex?

Sensory receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → gland

Which muscle is indicated in the picture?

Serratus anterior

Which muscle works with the pectoralis minor to draw the scapula laterally and forward around the chest wall, and acts as the prime mover in all forward-reaching and pushing actions?

Serratus anterior

Which would be true about a person with only one eye?

She would have impaired stereoscopic vision.

Which type of memory allows you to remember things from up to a few hours ago?

Short-term

A somatic fiber innervates which of the following?

Skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints

__________ muscle cells have a fusiform shape and taper to a point at the ends.

Smooth

__________ muscle tissue is typically slow to contract and slow to relax.

Smooth

Which of the following do costal cartilages connect?

The ribs with the sternum

Which is true about signal conduction in myelinated axons?

The signal moves more rapidly through the internodes than it does through the nodes of Ranvier. Action potentials are only generated at the nodes of Ranvier.

Which of these happens first in a cholinergic synaptic transmission?

The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine

Which statements characterize neurotransmitters?

They are released in response to stimulation. They bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell. They are synthesized by presynaptic neurons.

All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except __________.

They are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell

The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system arise from which regions of the spinal cord?

Thoracic Lumbar

From where do all preganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system arise?

Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

What are the regions of the spinal cord?

Thoracic, lumbar, cervical, sacral

Tonic contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels is important in maintaining blood pressure. True/False

True

What is the source of the sensory signals carried by the cuneate fasciculus?

Upper limbs and chest

Which term refers to the pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus whose fibers end in the nuclei of the brainstem?

Upper motor neurons

When are tendon organs stimulated?

When a muscle contracts

During contraction, what causes a power stroke?

When myosin releases ADP and ratchets to a low energy position

This picture shows an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). When do EPSPs usually occur?

When sodium channels open

Which is a special sense?

The first cervical vertebra is called the ______.

atlas

Ossification of a fibrous or cartilaginous joint results in the formation of a __________ joint.

bony

The opening of __________ gates produces an __________.

chloride; IPSP.

An ______ fiber is a nerve fiber carrying nerve signals away from the central nervous system.

efferent

The ear canal is also called the ______.

external acoustic meatus

Groups of muscles are separated by which of the following?

fascia

The corpus callosum connects the right and left cerebral __________ to each other.

hemispheres

Short-term memory is associated with the __________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the __________.

hippocampus; cerebral cortex

The muscle indicated in the picture is the __________ scapulae.

levator

A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has what condition?

meningitis

What is the most common type of neuron?

multipolar

If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be __________.

not complete tetanus

The letter A indicates the _____ on the diagram.

primary somatosensory cortex

The anterior aspect of the knee joint is covered by the patellar ligament as well as the medial and lateral patellar ______, which are extensions of the quadriceps femoris tendon.

retinacula

The prevailing theory regarding muscle contraction is called the __________ filament theory.

sliding

Which muscle plantar flexes the foot?

soleus

The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called the __________.

the threshold

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

thoracolumbar

The minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential is called the __________.

threshold

The vascular layer of the eye is also called the ______.

uvea

What is the gray commissure of the spinal cord?

A band of gray matter connecting the gray matter of the left side with the gray matter of the right side

Which of the following describes elevation?

A bone is raised vertically

What is the cauda equina?

A bundle of nerve roots occupying the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

The varicosities of the autonomic neurons that innervate smooth muscle release what when stimulated?

Neurotransmitters

Which two characteristics describe retraction?

A posterior movement of a bone Movement along the transverse plane

What is an action potential?

A rapid fluctuation in the membrane potential following stimulation

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A site where a nerve fiber communicates with a muscle fiber

What is a reflex?

A stereotyped, involuntary response to a stimulus

What is a tendon organ?

A tangle of nerve endings entwined in collagen fibers of tendon

What is a muscle spindle?

A type of stretch receptor embedded in skeletal muscle

Which best describes signal conduction in unmyelinated axons?

A wave of depolarization opens more voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential.

When an overly shortened or overly stretched muscle fiber is stimulated, what kind of contraction is generated?

A weak contraction

Which connects the kneecap to the tibial tuberosity?

Patellar ligament

Indicate which of the following statements are true about signal conduction along unmyelinated fibers.

A zone of depolarization excites voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential. Unmyelinated fibers have voltage-gated channels along their entire length.

The cross-bridge created by the binding of a myosin head to an active site on an actin filament is broken by binding ______.

ATP

The energy needed for short bursts of intense activity is provided by which of the following?

ATP Creatine phosphate

Which of the following is a platelike extension of the scapular spine that forms the apex of the shoulder?

Acromion

During cross-bridge formation, the cocked head of myosin attaches to what on the thin filament?

Active site

The pectoralis major acts on the humerus to do which of the following?

Adduct the arm Flex the arm Medially rotate the arm

What is moving a body part in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body called?

Adduction

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?

Adductor longus

Which of the following muscles is in the medial compartment of the thigh?

Adductor longus

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A?

Adductor magnus

Which of the following muscles adducts and medially rotates the thigh?

Adductor magnus

What is a motor unit?

All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber

Which term refers to the thick folds of tissue found on each of the cerebral hemispheres?

Gyri

Which describes the optic disc?

An area of the retina lacking photoreceptors

What does the axon of a postganglionic neuron synapse with?

An effector

Resistance exercise causes muscle growth by stimulating which of the following?

An increase in myofibril size

Which types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system?

Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells

Which term applies to the small swellings at the distal end of the axon of a neuron that contain synaptic vesicles?

Axon terminals

Which term refers to the passage of proteins, organelles and other materials along an axon?

Axonal transport

Which sensory modalities are mediated by inner ear structures?

Balance Hearing

Equilibrium refers to perception of which of the following? Choose three of the options below.

Balance Orientation in space Coordination

How are individual joints typically named?

Based on the names of the bones involved in the joint.

What are the two major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?

Central and peripheral nervous systems

In the spinal cord, what is the space within the gray commissure that contains CSF?

Central canal

Which groove in the brain separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

Central sulcus

The brain and spinal cord are components of the ______ nervous system, while the nerves and ganglia are components of the ______ nervous system.

Central, peripheral

Which structures make up most of the posterior pons?

Cerebellar peduncles

Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in which structure?

Cerebellum

Name the portion of the brain dorsal to the brainstem responsible for motor coordination, evaluation of sensory input, and memory of learned motor skills.

Cerebellum

Which area of the brain is responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills?

Cerebellum

Which part of the brain occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

Cerebellum

Which structure occupies the posterior cranial fossa inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem?

Cerebellum

Which send input to the ANS?

Cerebral cortex Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Hypothalamus

The tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus are all found in which part of the midbrain?

Cerebral peduncles

Which anterior midbrain structures anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem?

Cerebral peduncles

Which functions to protect the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injury by providing chemical stability and buoyancy?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Together, the right and left cerebral hemispheres make up which part of the brain?

Cerebrum

Which are the three major divisions of the brain?

Cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum

The forebrain includes of which of the following structures?

Cerebrum,thalamus, and hypothalamus

The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses?

Cervical, lumbar, sacral

Which are functions of CSF?

Chemical stability Protection Buoyancy

Match each type of receptor to the stimulus it detects.

Chemoreceptor - Chemicals Thermoreceptor - Changes in temperature Photoreceptor - light Nociceptor - Tissue damage (or potentially damaging stimuli) Mechanoreceptor - Touch, pressure, stretch, vibration

At a GABA-ergic synapse, the postsynaptic receptor for the GABA neurotransmitter is which type of channel?

Chloride

Which term refers to a synapse that releases acetylcholine from the presynaptic axon terminal?

Cholinergic

Which structures produce CSF?

Choroid plexus Ependymal cells

Which fascicle arrangement produces the weakest muscle?

Circular

What are the effects of light exposure on rhodopsin?

Cis-retinal converted to trans isoform Retinal and opsin separation

The pectoral girdle includes which of the following bones?

Clavicle, scapula

Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, carries information between the two cerebral hemispheres?

Commissural

Which rami connect the anterior rami to the sympathetic chain?

Communicating

Projection tracts are bundles of unmyelinated neurons which extend between the brainstem and the spinal cord. True/False

False

Severing a sensory nerve root will completely deaden sensation from a dermatome. True/False

False

Signal conduction is faster in unmyelinated axons because myelin increases the capacitance of the membrane. True/False

False

Smooth muscle often fatigues. True/False

False

The auditory ossicles provide mechanical advantage and amplify the sound. True/False

False

The chief functions of the occipital lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression. True/False

False

The chief functions of the parietal lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression. True/False

False

The chief functions of the parietal lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression. True/Flase

False

The hamstrings are the major extensors of the knee. True/False

False

The limbic system is the part of the brain involved with coordination of motor input. True/False

False

The midbrain and the cerebellum interact to control emotional feelings and memories. True/False

False

The more synapses a neuron has, the lesser its information-processing capability.

False

The more synapses a neuron has, the lesser its information-processing capability. True/False

False

The spinal cord is vitally important in processing complex information.

False

Match each type of rib with its definition.

False Ribs - These ribs do not have independent cartilaginous connections to the sternum. Floating ribs - These ribs do not attach to the sternum. True ribs - These ribs have independent costal cartilages that attach to the sternum.

A meniscus is a type of bursa seen in the space between the femur and tibia. True/False

False?

A typical reflex contains a sensory neuron attached directly to an effector.

False?

Which type of transport is used to move mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, and small molecules such as glucose toward the distal end of an axon?

Fast axonal transport

Which fibers are adapted for a quick response?

Fast glycolytic

In a symphysis, bones are held together by which of the following?

Fibrocartilage

What are articular discs, as the one in the temporomandibular joint, made of?

Fibrocartilage

What are the menisci of the knee composed of?

Fibrocartilage

Which structure is found between the bones of the temporomandibular joint?

Fibrocartilage pad

Which class of joints includes sutures and gomphoses?

Fibrous

Which term refers to the outermost layer of the eyeball?

Fibrous

What comprises the outer layer of a synovial joint capsule?

Fibrous capsule

Which superficial ligament is located on the lateral surface of the knee?

Fibular collateral ligament

Which order neuron of the spinothalamic tract ends in the posterior horn at the point of entry to the spinal cord?

First

Which order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract originate at muscles and tendons?

First

In a sensory pathway, which neuron detects the stimulus and transmits the signal to the spinal cord or brainstem?

First order

What is the term for a slit through a bone?

Fissure

What are the actions of the coracobrachialis?

Flexes and medially rotates arm

The deltoid muscle has multiple actions. Indicate four of its actions from the list below.

Flexes arm Medially rotates arm Abducts arm Laterally rotates arm

What is the action of the indicated muscle?

Flexes hip and laterally rotates thigh

What is the action of the sartorius?

Flexes hip and laterally rotates thigh

What are the actions of the gastrocnemius?

Flexes knee Plantar flexes foot

What is the action of the muscle indicated by A?

Flexes knee and medially rotates tibia

What is the action of the indicated muscle?

Flexes knee; medially rotates tibia

What is the action of the iliopsoas?

Flexes thigh; flexes trunk at hip when thigh is fixed

Curling a dumbbell is an example of which action at the elbow?

Flexion

A monoaxial joint, like the elbow, is capable of which one of the following movements?

Flexion and extension

What is the major action of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh, commonly called the "hamstrings?"

Flexion of knee

The brachioradialis muscle does which of the following actions?

Flexion of the elbow

Which reflex is ipsilateral?

Flexor

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the figure?

Flexor carpi radialis

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the figure?

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Which type of rib lacks an anterior connection to the sternum via cartilage?

Floating ribs

Which ventricle is located between the pons and the cerebellum?

Fourth

The cerebral aqueduct passes CSF down the core of the midbrain and into which of the following?

Fourth ventricle

How many fibers of the optic nerve cross over at the optic chiasm?

Half of them

Together the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus are commonly known by which name?

Hamstring muscles

Which term refers to a prominent expanded end of a bone that is sometimes rounded?

Head

Which sensations result primarily from the activation of exteroceptors?

Hearing Vision Cutaneous sensations

Which are examples of general (aka somatosensory or somatic) senses?

Heat Touch Pain

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

Hematoma formation-> soft callus-> hard callus-> bone remodeling

Which term refers to the differences in function between the right and left sides of the cerebrum?

Hemispheric lateralization

The thalamus does which of the following?

Processes many types of sensory information Relays motor signals from the cerebral cortex Regulates emotional memory formation

Which are common symptoms of Parkinson disease?

Progressive loss of motor function Slurred speech Change in gait; smaller and slower steps

Which type of tract carries information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body?

Projection

Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, carries information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body?

Projection

What is the action of the pronator teres?

Pronate the forearm

Which muscle is indicated in the picture?

Pronator teres

Muscle spindles are classified as what type of receptor?

Proprioceptor

Which of the following is not a function associated with the spinal cord?

Protect neurons in both the ascending and descending tracts

Reaching forward to open a door involves which action of the shoulder girdle?

Protraction

What is the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane called?

Protraction

How do smooth muscle myocytes differ from cardiomyocytes?

Smooth muscle myocytes have no T tubules while cardiac muscles do.

Which three terms refer to all the senses that utilize receptors widely distributed throughout the body?

Somesthetic senses General senses Somatosensory senses

__________ fibers are nerve fibers that innervate more localized organs in the head (eyes, ears, olfactory and taste receptors, etc.).

Special

Which term refers to vision, equilibrium, hearing, taste, and smell?

Special senses

Which part of the neuron is indicated by the arrow labeled A?

Terminal arborization

What are the end-sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called?

Terminal cisternae

Which fibrous structure is indicated by the letter A in the figure?

Terminal filum

What happens when a myosin head releases from actin?

The filament remains in the same place.

In order to regenerate, a peripheral nerve fiber must have which of the following?

The neurosoma and at least some neurilemma intact

What is acetylcholine?

The neurotransmitter released at a neuromuscular junction

Which occurs during muscle contraction?

The overlapping of myofilaments increases.

What is muscle tone?

The partial contraction of resting muscles

What is the action of the supinator?

Supinate the forearm

Which best describes the action of the biceps brachii?

Supination; flexes shoulder and elbow

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?

Supinator

Which muscle attaches on the supraspinous fossa and the greater tubercle of the humerus?

Supraspinatus

Which muscle lies within the suprascapular fossa?

Supraspinatus

Which rotator cuff muscle occupies the fossa above the scapular spine?

Supraspinatus

Which best describes the cerebral cortex?

Surface layer of gray matter on the cerebrum

Vasomotor tone is produced by a baseline level of stimulation by which division of the ANS?

Sympathetic

Which division inhibits digestion?

Sympathetic

Which division of the ANS is associated with the "fight-or-flight" response?

Sympathetic

Which ganglia extend from the cervical region to the coccygeal region along the vertebral column?

Sympathetic chain

Which division of the ANS is responsible for increasing heart rate, alertness, blood pressure, pulmonary airflow, blood-glucose concentration, and blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscles?

Sympathetic division

The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a __________.

Symphysis

The synaptic knob does not touch the muscle fiber but is separated by which structure?

Synaptic cleft

Which term refers to the microscopic physical gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a chemical synapse?

Synaptic cleft

The epiphyseal plate in a growing bone is an example of what type of joint?

Synchondrosis

What type of joint is found between the costal cartilage of rib one and the sternum?

Synchondrosis

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

Syndesmosis Gomphosis Suture

Which joint type is most likely to develop dysfunction due to its complexity?

Synovial

Action potentials cause the opening of voltage-gated sodium ion channels in the __________ tubules. This leads to the opening of calcium ion channels in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Action potentials spread across the sarcolemma and continue down which structures into the sarcoplasm?

T tubules

What is the function of a T tubule?

T tubules carry the action potential through the sarcoplasm.

Which membranous structures conduct impulses through the sarcoplasm to stimulate the release of calcium?

T-tubules

Which structure secretes an oil that reduces tear evaporation?

Tarsal gland

The auditory canal is a passageway through which bone?

Temporal

Which term refers to summation that results from a single synapse firing rapidly in sequence?

Temporal

The Wernicke area is responsible for interpreting the meaning of written and spoken language. It is found within which cerebral lobe(s)?

Temporal Parietal

The thickened lines on the side of the skull that provide attachment points for the temporalis muscle are called which of the following?

Temporal lines

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Temporal lobe and insula

When a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades, what is this process called?

Temporal summation

Which reflex occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon?

Tendon

What are the two primary stabilizing structures of the knee? Multiple select question.

Tendon of the semimembranosus Tendon of the quadriceps femoris

Which is a tangle of nerve endings entwined in collagen fibers?

Tendon organ

What is a bursa wrapped around a tendon called?

Tendon sheath

Which muscle extends the knee, laterally rotates the tibia, aids in abduction and medial rotation of the femur, and tautens the iliotibial tract to brace the knee when the opposite foot is lifted?

Tensor fasciae latae

Which muscle extends and medially rotates the humerus?

Teres major

Which muscle is indicated in the figure?

Teres major

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?

Teres minor

What is the hydrolysis of ATP and preparation for reattachment to the thin filament by the myosin head called?

The recovery stroke

Which of the following statements are true about sodium?

The resting plasma membrane is much less permeable to Na+ than to K+. Na+ is about 12 times as concentrated in the ECF as in the ICF.

Elastic filaments in a myofibril are made of which protein?

Titin

Why would the synapses of a memory trace undergo synaptic potentiation?

To allow easier signal transmission along pathway

What function does increased oxygen consumption after exercise serve?

To allow the conversion of lactic acid to pyruvate and glucose by the liver

What is the function of a muscle spindle?

To detect muscle length and body movements

What is the function of the lens?

To focus light onto the retina

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?

To increase the speed of signal conduction in the axon

What are the functions of smooth muscle?

To move material through the digestive tract To regulate pupil diameter To constrict or dilate blood vessels to control blood pressure

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

To prevent the tibia from being displaced backward

What is the role of neural pools in the CNS?

To process information

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

To produce and drain tears

Which describes the function of the choroid plexus?

To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Functions of the enteric nervous system include which of the following?

To regulate motility through the digestive tract To regulate the secretion of digestive enzymes

What is the function of the blood barrier system?

To regulate passage of materials from the blood into the brain

Why does increased oxygen consumption continue after exercise?

To replace the oxygen bound to myoglobin and hemoglobin

What is the function of T-tubules?

To stimulate the terminal cisternae to release calcium

Inverted images are focused onto the retina by the lens. True/False

True

Muscle spindles sense changes in muscle length and are therefore proprioceptors. True/False

True

Myosin ATPase is an enzyme in the myosin head that hydrolyzes ATP to release energy. True/False

True

Sensitivity differences during light and dark adaptation result, at least in part, from the difference in bleaching and regeneration rates of photopsin and rhodopsin. True/False

True

Smooth muscle is capable of mitosis and hyperplasia. True/False

True

The duration of exercise determines which muscle mechanism supplies ATP. True/False

True

The flexor reflex uses an ipsilateral reflex arc.

True

The hematopoietic tissue in a bone is otherwise known as myeloid tissue.

True

The neural pathway of a flexor reflex is more complex than that for the tendon reflex.

True

The neuron shown in this picture is structurally classified as an anaxonic neuron. True/False

True

The tension generated by a muscle fiber depends on how stretched or compressed the fiber is before it is stimulated. True/False

True

True or false: Bony joints are formed by ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints.

True

True or false: The patella articulates with the femur.

True

Unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS are enveloped in Schwann cells. True/False

True

A radiograph (X-ray) of a child's hand will show epiphysial lines.

True?

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments are tissues and organs of the skeletal system.

True?

Hinge joints, such as the tibiofemoral joint, are monoaxial. True/False

True?

Injury to the deep fibular nerve would cause inability to extend one's toes.

True?

Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called kyphosis.

True?

Synovial fluid is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous texture similar to egg white.

True?

Under normal circumstances, the wrist can be hyperextended, but the elbow cannot. True/False

True?

Match each tunic of the eyeball to its components.

Tunica fibrosa - Scler and corne Tunica vasculosa - choroid, ciliary body, and iris tunica interna - retina and beginning of the optic nerve

Which describes pronation?

Turning the palm posteriorly

Which is a quick cycle of contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached?

Twitch

How many neurons are found in a descending tract?

Two

Which structure transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles?

Tympanic membrane

Together, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up the entirety of which division of the nervous system?

Visceral Motor

Choose the characteristics of neuroglia.

They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold. They protect the neurons and help them function.

What is the function of intermediate filaments in smooth muscle cells?

They bind the dense bodies to the sarcolemma.

Which are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

They contract nearly in unison. They contract with regular rhythm. They are resistant to fatigue.

What does it mean that cardiac cells are autorhythmic?

They contract rhythmically and independent of nervous stimulation.

Which statements are true about Schwann cells?

They form the neurilemma. They form the myelin sheath in the PNS. They assist in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers.

Which describes slow-twitch fibers?

They have a rich blood supply.

A volleyball player depends on the gastrocnemius muscles for plantar flexion, whereas a marathon runner depends more on the soleus muscles for the same action. What characteristic of the soleus muscles makes this so?

They make more use of aerobic respiration.

Which are characteristics of neural pools?

They may be concerned with a particular body function. They consist of complex patterns of interneurons.

Which ventricle is located between the right and left halves of the diencephalon?

Third

What is the other name for the autonomic nervous system?

Visceral motor system

Which are considered "special senses"?

Vision Smell Taste Hearing Equilibrium

Spatial perception and the recognition of familiar objects require activity in which of the following cortical regions?

Visual association areas

Choose the bone that, along with the ethmoid, forms the nasal septum.

Vomer

Where is single unit smooth muscle found?

Wall of uterus Wall of bladder Wall of stomach

Where is single-unit smooth muscle found?

Wall of uterus Wall of stomach Wall of bladder

Which would result in the strongest twitch?

Warmer temperatures

Which joint is the articulation between the scapula and the humerus?

Glenohumeral

______ cells protect the neurons and help them function.

Glial

The patellofemoral joint is an example of which class of synovial joint?

Gliding

Which nerve transmits both sensory and motor impulses to the head, neck and thoracic region?

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

The glycogen-lactic acid system utilizes what molecule(s) as fuel to generate ATP?

Glucose

Aerobic respiration utilizes what two molecules as fuel to generate ATP?

Glucose Fatty acids

Which is a large posterior thigh muscle that is active in stair climbing, running, and elevation of the trunk after stooping?

Gluteus maximus

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone.

Hyaline Cartilage

A joint that is extended beyond zero position is said to be what?

Hyperextended

The function of the anterior cruciate ligament is to prevent which action?

Hyperextension

In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?

Hyperpolarization of the membrane

Which nerve controls tongue movements?

Hypoglossal

What region of the brain is the primary regulator of the visceral motor system?

Hypothalamus

__________ matter is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and is superficial to the gray matter of the spinal cord.

White

Which of the following structures is the richest in lipid content?

White Matter

Bundles of axons make up which of the following?

White matter

Which is the major control center of the visceral motor system?

Hypothalamus

Which structure serves as the major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system?

Hypothalamus

Which structures are located in the diencephalon?

Hypothalamus Epithalamus Thalamus

Match the name of each cranial nerve to its designated number.

I - Olfactory III - Oculomotor V - Trigeminal VII - Facial IX - Glossopharyngeal XI - Accessory

Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.

IX VII X III

Which term refers to the pore that transports CSF from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

Interventricular foramen

All spinal nerves except C1 pass through which structure to emerge from the vertebral column?

Intervertebral foramen

What is turning the sole of the foot medially called?

Inversion

What are the actions of the indicated muscle?

Inversion of the foot Dorsiflexion

What are the actions of the tibialis anterior?

Inversion of the foot Dorsiflexion

Cardiac and smooth muscle are both considered which of the following?

Involuntary

Which statements are true about signal conduction along myelinated fibers?

Ions can be exchanged with the ECF only at the nodes of Ranvier. There are few voltage-gated ion channels at the myelin-covered internodes and multiple channels at the nodes of Ranvier. Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier.

Electrical currents in neurons are due primarily to the flow of which of the following through gated channels?

Ions such as sodium and potassium

Which nerve tracts do not decussate?

Ipsilateral

Which tract will have its origin and destination on the same side of the body?

Ipsilateral

Which structures are part of the vascular layer of the eyeball?

Iris Ciliary body Choroid

What is the function of the cardiac pacemaker?

It triggers contraction in the heart muscle.

Which are characteristics of cardiac muscle?

It uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively. It has large stores of glycogen. It is rich in myoglobin.

Which describes slow axonal transport?

It works in a stop-and-go fashion. It is used to renew worn-out axoplasmic components in mature neurons.

Where are tarsal glands located?

Within a tarsal plate

Where is the limbic system located?

Within the cerebral cortex

The binding of __________ to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will __________ it.

acetylcholine; excite

Declarative and procedural memory are two types of what?

Long-term memory

Which are functions of the spinal cord?

Locomotion Reflexes Conduction

What is a syndesmosis held together by?

Long collagen fibers

The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is called __________.

acetylcholinesterase

In descending tracts, which motor neuron innervates the target organ?

Lower

Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Lower Blood Calcium

What is the prominent bony process behind and below the ear that is filled with small air sinuses and serves as an attachment for a major neck muscle?

Mastoid process

The ability of synapses to change is called synaptic plasticity. Which term refers to the neuronal pathways formed during learning?

Memory traces

Which term refers to the connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges

Which of the following is found in the palm of your hand?

Metacarpal

The embryonic hindbrain consists of which secondary vesicles? Chose two from the list below.

Metencephalon Myelencephalon

Which type of glial cells in the central nervous system fight microorganisms and destroy foreign matter and dead nervous tissue?

Microglia

Which cell is indicated by the arrow labeled A?

Microglial cell

What is it called when stimulus strength increases, increasing the number of motor neurons excited which, in turn, increases the number of motor units firing?

Multiple motor unit summation

Neurons with numerous dendrites and a single axon are structurally classified as which of the following?

Multipolar

After entering the sympathetic chain, preganglionic nerve fibers may do which of the following?

Pass through the sympathetic chain without synapsing, forming splanchnic nerves Immediately synapse with postganglionic fibers Move up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels

Stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron will end when nerve signals stop arriving at the presynaptic axon terminal or when which of the following occurs?

Neurotransmitter is removed from postsynaptic receptors.

The second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate in the __________ formation of the brainstem.

reticular

Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid are examples of __________.

serrate sutures

The patella is an example of a __________ bone, one that forms within a tendon due to stress.

sesamoid

Which type of bone forms within a tendon due to stress?

sesamoid

Red-green color blindness is a(n) __________ -linked recessive trait.

sex

The bundle of nerves inferior to the medullary cone of the spinal cord is called the __________.

cauda and equina

The cerebellum is __________ to the cerebrum.

caudal

The term ______ means "toward the tail".

caudal

The sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has pockets called ______ that contain calcium channels.

caveolae

In the spinal cord, the __________ canal is lined with ependymal cells and contains cerebrospinal fluid.

central

The __________ is the region of the brain responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills.

cerebellum

Where is the gray matter of the cerebrum located?

cerebral cortex basal nuclei limbic system

The __________ enlargement of the spinal cord gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs.

cervical

The superior most region of the spinal cord is the ______ region.

cervical

Transverse foramina are only found in ______.

cervical vertebrae

Which receptors bind to ACh?

cholinergic

The great majority of which tracts pass through the corpus callosum?

commissural

The left and right sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord are connected by the gray __________.

commissure

The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of _________.

compact bone

Which is not naturally seen in the muscles of the body?

complete tetanus

The lateral walls of the nasal cavity give rise to scroll-like bones called the nasal __________

conchae

The metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of the fingers are ___________ joints.

condylar

A rounded knob that articulates with another bone is called a(n) __________.

condyle

The medial and lateral __________ of the tibia articulate with the femur.

condyles

The characteristic that allows muscles to pull on bones and organs to create movement is called ______.

contractility

A muscle fiber shortens and generates force during the ______ period of a muscle twitch.

contraction

A muscle twitch produces external tension and moves an object by shortening the muscles during the _____ phase.

contraction

The step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called ______.

contraction

Since the corticospinal tracts decussate, innervation to the muscles will be across the body or __________.

contralateral

A myofilament that runs through the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n) __________.

elastic filament

A brain wave is a measure of the __________ activity in the cells of the brain.

electrical

Which muscle(s) of respiration is(are) innervated by the phrenic nerve?

diaphragm

Which of the following muscles is the prime mover for inhalation?

diaphragm

Because it is a freely moveable joint, a synovial joint is also called a ______ joint.

diarthrosis

Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________.

digestion

Motor, or __________, neurons carry signals away from the CNS and they lead to effectors (muscle and gland cells).

efferent

The motor division is also called the ______ division.

efferent

In a myofibril, the __________ filaments stabilize the thick filaments and prevent over-stretching.

elastic

In contrast to the action potential, the ______ potential causes the opening of ion channels, which results in the initial movement of sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane at the neuromuscular junction. If continued, this in turn can trigger an action potential at the neighboring sarcolemma.

end-plate

The __________ space is located between the vertebrae and the dural sheath around the spinal cord.

epidural

The connective tissue layer indicated by the arrow is the __________.

epineurium

The pineal gland is part of which larger region of the brain?

epithalamus

While sitting at your desk, you drop your pencil onto the floor. You bend over to pick up the pencil. In order to straighten up and continue your exam you must use which of the following muscles?

erector spinae

Which of the following is most likey to cause a rapid depolarization?

opening of sodium channels

Extending a joint beyond the zero position is always an abnormal movement.

false

The bundle between the arrows labeled A is a(n) __________ and contains several nerve fibers.

fascicle

The progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of the muscles is known as muscle __________.

fatigue

The acetabulum articulates with the __________.

femur

Some joints become synostoses by replacing __________ with __________.

fibers; bone

Which body region is controlled by the largest area of the motor cortex?

fingers

In a sensory pathway, the __________ order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits the signal to the spinal cord or brainstem.

first

In regard to the degree of movement allowed, most synovial joints are which of the following?

freely moveable

The chief functions of the __________ lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression.

frontal

The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the ______ lobe.

frontal

The plural form of ganglion is ______.

ganglia

The knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are found is called a(n) __________.

ganglion

Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of __________.

gastrointestinal motility

A __________ nerve fiber innervates widespread organs such as muscles, skin, glands, viscera, and blood vessels.

general

The cochlea contains receptors for which sense?

hearing

What is a synchondrosis held together by?

hyaline cartilage

The bone in the neck that does not articulate with any other bone is the __________ bone.

hyoid

Which bone is located in the neck and does not articulate with any other bone?

hyoid

Showing your palm to someone who is in front of you, as if to tell them "Stop," requires __________.

hyper-extension of the wrist

Resistance exercise will most likely cause muscle to __________.

hypertrophy

The __________ is an especially important center of autonomic control.

hypothalamus

The __________ region of the diencephalon forms the floor of the third ventricle and extends anteriorly to the optic chiasm.

hypothalamus

Outputs from the amygdala go to the ______ to influence heart rate and blood pressure.

hypothalamus and lower brainstem

Together the iliacus and the psoas major are called the __________ and share a common tendon to the femur.

iliopsoa

The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to __________.

increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber

The __________ colliculi are part of the auditory pathway and function to receive signals from the inner ear, relaying them to other parts of the brain.

inferior

The indicated muscle is the __________ muscle.

infraspinatus

The aponeurosis of the external oblique forms the ________ at its inferior margin.

inguinal ligament

The ______ ear consists of the cochlea and the vestibule which are organs important for the senses of hearing and balance.

inner

The vastus __________ is the muscle located deep to the rectus femoris.

intermedius

If a bee sting on the right thigh causes a quick involuntary reaction of the right arm, this would be an example of a(n) __________ reflex.

intersegmental

All spinal nerves except C1 pass through a(n) __________ foramen to emerge from the vertebral column.

intervertebral

Fibers from the cuneate fasciculus end on the ______ side of the medulla oblongata.

ipsilateral

The colored portion of the eye surrounding the pupil is called the __________.

iris

The type of muscle contraction in which there is a change in length, but no change in tension is called a(n) __________ contraction

isotonic

When a muscle relaxes, elastic recoil of the collagen helps to return the muscle to its resting __________.

length

Fibrous joints with shorter fibers between the bones are going to be ______ movable than fibrous joints with longer fibers.

less

A strip of tough collagenous tissue attaching a bone to another bone is called a __________.

ligament

The visual adjustment that is made when you go from a dark or dimly lit area to a brighter area is called __________ adaption.

light

The __________ system is the part of the brain involved with emotion and learning.

limbic

Where are the hippocampus and amygdala found?

limbic system

Regarding the length of fibers, the parasympathetic nervous system has ______ preganglionic fibers and ______ postganglionic fibers.

long, short

Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in __________.

longer aerobic respiration

The ______ is the tapered end of the spinal cord.

medullary cone

The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called __________ in children and __________ in adults.

rickets; osteomalacia

Moving peripherally from the spinal cord, the anterior and posterior __________ form the spinal nerve.

roots

Which of the following is not part of the pectoral girdle?

sacroiliac joint

The suture between the parietal bones is the ______ suture.

sagittal

A nerve containing both sensory and motor nerve fibers is called a(n) __________ nerve.

mixed

Spinal nerves are described as __________ nerves because they carry both afferent and efferent signals.

mixed

Aerobic respiration produces ______ ATP than glycolysis.

Muscle that are larger can generate ______ strength than those that are smaller.

Syndesmoses are ______ moveable than sutures or gomphoses.

There are __________ bones in a newborn compared with the average number in an adult.

What does the sliding filament theory describe?

muscle contraction

What does a tendon attach?

muscle to bone

What are the effectors of motor neurons?

muscles and glands

Which of the following groups of muscles has the most muscle spindles?

muscles of the hand

A genetic condition in which an abnormal form of the dystrophin protein is produced results in __________ dystrophy.

muscular

Which embryonic structure develops first?

neural plate

A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, this type of synapse is called a __________ junction.

neuromuscular

The ______ (the cell body of a neuron) gives rise to branch-like processes called ______, which are the primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons.

neurosoma, dendrites

The portion of a myofibril from one Z disc to the next is called a(n) __________.

sarcomere

During relaxation, calcium is actively pumped back into the __________ __________.

sarcoplasmic, reticulum

When a muscle is injured, cells called __________ cells can multiply and help repair the damage.

satellite

The acromion is an anatomical feature of the __________.

scapula

The glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the and the humerus.

scapula

In the spinothalamic tract, the ______ -order neurons decussate from the posterior horn of the spinal cord.

second

The __________ houses the pituitary gland (hypophysis) and is found in the __________.

sella turcica; sphenoid bone

The ______ ducts of the inner ear are specialized to detect rotational head movements (angular acceleration).

semicircular

The indicated muscle is the __________ muscle.

semimembranosus

A ______ nerve is a peripheral nerve carrying nerve signals to the CNS.

sensory

Afferent neurons are ______ neurons.

sensory

The somas of which neurons are found within the posterior root ganglion?

sensory

Which terms refers to the part of the PNS that carries signals from various receptors to the CNS?

sensory divison

The thighs of a chicken are composed mostly of ______ fibers.

slow-oxidative

Tonic contraction of __________ muscle plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure and in keeping the intestine partially contracted.

smooth

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of skeletal muscle to smooth muscle?

smooth muscle contracts and relaxes more slowly

During depolarization of a muscle cell or nerve cell, ion channels in the plasma membrane open allowing which ions to enter the cell?

sodium

When acetylcholine binds to its receptors on the motor end plate, an ion channel opens and ______ ions diffuse quickly into the muscle cell.

sodium

The motor division of the PNS is further subdivided into the ______ motor division that carries signals to the skeletal muscles and the ______ motor division (also known as the autonomic nervous system), which carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

somatic, visceral

The letter A indicates the _____.

somatosensory association area

A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called __________.

spatial summation

Vision is a ______ sense.

special

What structure passes through the foramen magnum?

spinal cord

A sharp, slender, or narrow process of a bone is called a ______.

spine

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers typically synapse with sympathetic chain ganglia unless they pass through, forming __________ nerves that instead enter collateral ganglia.

splanchnic

In a whiplash injury, the neck undergoes forced hyperextension then hyperflexion, injuring multiple muscles in the neck. Which of the following muscles would be injured during the hyperextension phase of the injury?

sternocleidomastoid

The manubrium is part of what bone?

sternum

When a muscle lengthens, the collagenous components protect the muscle because they resist which of the following?

stretching

Under the microscope, muscle that has alternating light and dark regions is said to be which of the following?

striated

In skeletal muscle, the term that describes the alternating light and dark bands is ___________.

striations

Skeletal muscle exhibits alternating light and dark bands called __________.

striations

Smooth muscle is named for the fact that it has no ______.

striations

The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the __________ space between the meninges.

subarachnoid

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is called the __________ space.

subarachnoid

Name the term used to describe a groove in which is located a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel.

sulcus

There are two ways in which EPSPs can add up to produce enough activity to make a postsynaptic cell fire. They are temporal and spatial __________.

summation

The __________ colliculi play an important role in visual attention and visual tracking of moving objects.

superior

A soft callus forms during

the healing of a fracture

A soft callus forms during ___________.

the healing of a fracture

To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft.

synaptic vesicles

The joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum is a __________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by __________ joints.

synchondrosis; synovial

A __________ is a type of mobile fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by a band of long collagen fibers.

syndesmoses

The joint between the diaphyses of the radius and ulna is a __________.

syndesmosis

A bony, immovable joint is called a(n) __________.

synostosis

Which of the following is produced by embryonic bones fusing seamlessly into one adult bone?

synostosis

A lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the bones is found in __________ joints.

synovial

The inner layer of a joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid is called the __________ membrane.

synovial

The ______ process of the zygomatic bone forms part of the zygomatic arch.

temporal

The primary auditory cortex is located in the superior region of the __________ lobe and the nearby insula.

temporal

What produces incomplete tetanus?

temporal summation

A __________ reflex occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon.

tendon

A strip or sheet of tough collagenous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone is called a __________.

tendon

Which structure attaches a muscle to bone and helps stabilize a synovial joint?

tendon

Which reflex shows the least synaptic delay?

tendon reflex

The muscle indicated in the figure is the __________ major.

teres

The fibrous strand-like structure indicated by the letter A in the figure is the __________ filum.

terminal

Male and female pelves differ in all of the following features except __________.

the female sacrum is longer

The external occipital protuberance is an attachment site for the ______.

nuchal ligament

The ______ lobe contains the primary visual center of the brain.

occipital

The primary visual cortex is located in the posterior region of the __________ lobe.

occipital

Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?

occipital

The third-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract runs from the ______ to the thalamus.

pons

The ______ roots are the spinal nerve roots that carry sensory nerve signals.

posterior

The branch of the spinal nerve that is indicated by the arrow is the __________ ramus.

posterior

Which type of neurons make up the adrenal medulla?

postganglionic sympathetic

In the sympathetic division of the ANS the ______ nerve fibers are long while the ______ fibers are short.

postganglionic, preganglionic

At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron.

postsynaptic

In a chemical synapse, synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter are docked at release sites on the membrane of the presynaptic neuron, while neurotransmitter receptors are found on the membrane of the __________ neuron.

postsynaptic

During repolarization, ______ ions diffuse out of the cell, changing the membrane potential back to a negative value.

potassium

The accumulation of __________ ions during short duration exercise lowers the membrane potential of the muscle and makes it less excitable.

potassium

The bending of a tip link protein leads to depolarization of the hair cell by allowing __________ ions to diffuse across the membrane into the cell.

potassium

The sarcolemma of a resting muscle fiber is most permeable to __________.

potassium.

The voltage measured across the muscle cell at rest is about -90mV and is called the resting membrane __________.

potential

The ______ cortex is the seat of judgment, intent, and control over the expression of our emotions.

prefrontal

The ______ is where a person decides the appropriate ways to show feelings.

prefrontal cortex

At a synapse, the neuron that releases neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron.

presynaptic

Drugs called calcium channel blockers may be used to lower blood pressure by causing arteries to vasodilate. How do you suppose these drugs work?

prevent calcium from entering smooth muscle, thus allowing the muscle to relax

The letter A indicates the _____ on this diagram?

primary motor area

The three bones that make up the coxal bone are the ilium, ischium, and

pubic

The __________ is the opening within the iris of the eye.

pupil

In a patellar reflex, the effector is the ______ muscle group of the thigh.

quadriceps

When excitation of a muscle fiber stops, the SR ______.

reabsorbs calcium

As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must __________.

recruit more muscle fibers

Slow-twitch fibers are also known as ______ fibers.

red

A __________ is a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus.

reflex

The refractory period in which it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus is the ______ refractory period.

relative

When acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles, the skeletal muscle __________.

relaxes

From excitation through contraction, the SR ______.

releases and reabsorbs calcium

When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV toward 0 mV, the cell is __________.

repolarizing

At rest, K+ diffuses out of the cell through leak channels, resulting in a slight local accumulation of positive charge on the outside of the membrane (due to excess K+) and a slight local accumulation of negative charge on the inside of the membrane (due to decreased K+). This describes the basis of the __________ membrane potential.

resting

Neurons that have multiple dendrites but no axons, and which do not produce action potentials, are called ______ neurons.

anaxonic

The ______ median fissure is a longitudinal groove on the ventral surface of the spinal cord.

The __________ horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons.

The branch of the spinal nerve indicated by the arrow is the __________ ramus.

The structure indicated by the arrow is the __________ root.

The __________ does not belong to the femur.

anterior border

Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is called __________.

atrophy

The __________ tube is a flattened tube which, when opened by actions such as yawning or swallowing, equalizes pressure in the tympanic cavity.

auditory

The __________ nervous system controls the activity of glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

autonomic

Cardiac muscle tissue is autorhythmic but the ______ can increase or decrease the heart rate and contraction strength. Multiple choice question.

autonomic nervous system

Cardiac muscle cells are considered __________ because they contract rhythmically and independently.

autorhythmic

The second cervical vertebra is called the ______.

axis

Within a synapse, a neuron ends in a swelling called a(n) __________ terminal.

axon

A(n) __________ is a sac of fluid associated with a synovial joint.

bursa

The muscles that laterally rotate and depress the scapula, as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders, are the __________.

trapezius and serratus anterior.

Infoldings of the sarcolemma, called transverse tubules, are associated with two terminal cisternae, forming a unit called a __________.

triad

The concave surface of the ulna that wraps around the trochlea of the humerus is the __________ notch.

trochlear

The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is __________.

troponin

The number of neurons in a descending pathway is __________.

two

What is the anatomical name for the eardrum?

tympanic membrane

The __________ body is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.

vitreous

Because skeletal muscle is under the conscious control it is said to be ______.

voluntary

Fast-twitch fibers are also known as ______ fibers.

white

In the brain, the cortex and nuclei make up the gray matter, and tracts make up the __________ matter.

white

Michael Jordan was arguably the best player in professional basketball history. Scientifically, one would expect him to have highly developed __________ fibers.

white

The _________ communicating ramus contains myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that extend from the spinal nerve to the nearest sympathetic ganglion.

white

The __________ communicating ramus contains myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that extend from the spinal nerve to the nearest sympathetic ganglion.

white

Which structures mediate auditory reflexes, such as the tendency to jump when startled by a sudden noise?

Inferior colliculi

Which are functions of the vitreous body?

Maintains intraocular pressure Keeps retina smooth

What are the names of the auditory ossicles?

Malleus Stapes Incus

The mandibular condyle articulates with which part of the temporal bone?

Mandibular fossa

The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the __________.

Marrow Cavity

Which reflex is mediated by the brain?

Stretch

How can the stretching of smooth muscle lead to smooth muscle contraction?

Stretching causes the opening of mechanically gated calcium ion channels in the sarcolemma.

Which midbrain structures mediate visual reflexes?

Superior colliculi

How much CSF does the brain produce per day?

500 mL

Which arrow is pointing to the lateral ventricle?

Which letter indicates the olfactory bulb?

Which tract is also called a pyramidal tract?

Corticospinal

Medial and lateral condyles of the femur are involved in the hip joint.

False

Which structure is indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure?

Medullary cone

Which anatomical term refers to the paired white-matter structures on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata that contain descending motor fibers?

Medullary pyramids

Which term is used to refer to a cell membrane across which there is a separation of electrical charge, so that one side is more positive and the other side is more negative?

Polarized

Which viral disease results in the destruction of motor neurons?

Poliomyelitis

After a stroke, a patient complains about lack of sensitivity in her right hand. The stroke most likely affected which part of the brain?

Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe

Which ramus of a spinal nerve innervates the local muscles, joints, and skin of the back?

Posterior

The joint capsule of the knee encloses which aspects of the knee joint?

Posterior and lateral

Which ligament is attached at the posterior surface of the tibia?

Posterior cruciate

Which knee ligament prevents posterior movement of the tibia?

Posterior cruciate ligament

Which branch of the spinal nerve is indicated by the arrow?

Posterior ramus

Which structure is indicated by the arrow?

Posterior root

Which structure is indicated by the arrow?

Posterior root ganglion

Which nerve fibers secrete norepinephrine?

Postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division

Neural integration is based on the combining together of which of the following?

Postsynaptic potentials

Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons?

Potassium

Which of the following ions has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential?

Potassium

What causes hyperpolarization of a neuronal membrane?

Potassium leave the cell

An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy?

Potential energy

Synapses in a certain pathway can be modified to allow signals to travel more easily across "trained" synapses. Which term refers to the process of making transmission easier?

Potentiation

Which stage of contraction occurs when the myosin releases ADP and flexes, pulling the thin filament toward the M line?

Power stroke

How is the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) functionally classified?

Predominantly Sensory

How is the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) classified?

Predominantly motor

Emotional feelings result from interaction between areas of which of the following?

Prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and amygdala

How is the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) classified?

Sensory

Which pathways are made up of three neurons?

Sensory

The first cervical spinal nerve emerges between which two structures?

Skull and vertebra C1

Which term refers to a temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated?

Sleep

In recruitment, which motor units are activated first?

Smaller, less powerful motor units

Which sensory modalities depend on the activation of chemoreceptors?

Smell Taste

Excitation can be non-electrical in what type of muscle tissue?

Smooth

The presence of material in the stomach and urinary bladder stretches the wall, stimulating what type of muscle contraction?

Smooth

Which muscle tissue frequently exhibits tetanus and is resistant to fatigue?

Smooth

Which muscle tissue is capable of mitosis and hyperplasia?

Smooth

Which tissue makes up the piloerector muscle of a hair follicle?

Smooth muscle

How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?

Smooth muscle can be excited in a multitude of ways while skeletal muscle is excited by a neuron.

Which describe smooth muscle?

Smooth muscle has no T-tubules. Smooth muscle is uninucleate. Smooth muscle has little SR.

What does contraction of a muscle do to a tendon organ?

Stimulate it

Which best describes an electrical current?

The movement of charged particles like ions

Which of the following is true concerning isotonic concentric contraction?

The muscle shortens, but tension remains constant

What types of stimuli activate nociceptors?

Tissue damage, potentially damaging stimuli

What is the function of the middle ear?

Transmit sound waves to the inner ear

What is the primary function of the outer ear?

Transmitting sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane

The deepest muscle of the abdominal wall is the __________.

Transverse abdominal

What separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?

Transverse cerebral fissure

Which foramen provides passage for the vertebral arteries?

Transverse foramen

Which muscle is classified as both a neck extensor and a posterior shoulder muscle?

Trapezius

Which muscle is indicated in the figure?

Trapezius

A skeletal muscle generates the greatest tension when it is __________.

partially stretched before being stimulated

A newborn passes through the__________ of its mother during birth.

pelvic outlet

Within the nasal septum, the plate is part of the ethmoid bone.

perpindicular

The __________ mater is the meningeal layer that is closely associated with the contours of the spinal cord.

pia

Synapses are not fixed for life. In response to experience, they can be modified to make transmission easier or harder. The ability of synapses to change is called synaptic __________.

plasticity

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?

plasticity

"Somatosensory" does not refer to sensory signals from __________.

the viscera

What do neurons and muscle cells have in common?

their membranes undergo voltage changes when stimulated

A __________ is a receptor that responds to temperature (heat and cold).

thermoreceptors

During contraction, the cocked myosin head binds to an exposed active site on the actin protein of the __________ filament to form a cross-bridge.

thin

In the CNS, bundles of axons that make up white matter are called ______.

tracts

Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, connect regions within the same cerebral hemisphere?

Association

Which is most likely to be the threshold potential for a neuron?

-55

Which is most likely to be the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

-70 mV

Which numerical value is most likely to be the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

-70 mV

The total supply of ATP and creatine phosphate in a muscle is enough to power contraction for about ______.

1 minute

How many spinal nerves are there in order from superior to inferior?

1. 8 cervical 2. 12 Thoracic 3. 5 Lumbar 4. 5 sacral 5. 1 coccygeal

Put the components of the visual projection pathway in order starting with the retina and ending with the brain.

1. Bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina 2. Hemidecussation in optic chiasm 3. Optic tracts 4. Latera; geniculate nucleus of thalamus 5. Optic radiations 6. Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Put the components of the brainstem in order from the most rostral at the top to the most caudal.

1. Diencephalon 2. Midbrain 3. Pons 4. Medulla Oblongata

List the meningeal layers from most superficial to deep.

1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

Place the meninges in order from superficial to deep.

1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

The nervous system plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. List, in order, the basic steps that describe how the nervous system carries out this task.

1. Information recieved by sensory receptors is transmitted to the CNS. 2. Information is processed and an appropriate response is determined. 3. A command is issued to effectors such as muscle or glands.

Arrange the following structures in order of how the CSF flows through the brain. The most superior structure should be listed first, and the most inferior structure should be listed last.

1. Lateral ventricle 2. Interventricular foramina 3. Third ventricle 4. Cerebral aqueduct 5. Fourth ventricle

Arrange the following structures in order of how the CSF flows through the brain. The most superior structure should be listed first, and the most inferior structure should be listed last. Instructions

1. Lateral ventricle 2. Interventricular foramina 3. Third ventricle 4. Cerebral aqueduct 5. Fourth ventricle

Place these events into the order in which they occur during a single action potential.

1. Local potential depolarizes membrane 2. Threshold is reached 3. Depolaization spike 4. Repolarization 5. Hyperpolarization

Starting with a signal reaching the distal end of the presynaptic axon, indicate the correct order of events that occur during transmission at a cholinergic excitatory synapse.

1. Opening of calcium gates in synaptic knob as nerve signal arrives 2. Exocytosis of ACh; diffusion across synaptic cleft 3. Binding of ACh to receptors on post synaptic neuron 4. Opening of sodium gates on post-synaptic membrane allowing influx of sodium 5. Depolarization of postsynaptic plasma membrane

Place the components of a visceral reflex arc in order.

1. Receptor 2. Afferent neuron 3. Interneuron 4. Efferent neurons 5. Effector

Place the steps of muscle relaxation in order.

1. The nerve signal ceases 2. AChE breaks ACh down 3. Active transport pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum begin to pump calcium back into the cisternae. 4. Calcium releases from troponin 5. Tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites

List in chronological order the stages of regeneration of a nerve fiber.

1. degeneration of axon and myelin distal to injury 2. swelling of soma; dispersal of Nissl bodies 3. sprouting of axon growth processes 4. growth process enters regeneration tube 5. reestablishment of synaptic contact

What is the approximate ratio of glial cells to neurons?

10:1

Alzheimer disease affects about ______ of the US population over the age of 65.

11%

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

The typical vertebral column has ______ thoracic vertebrae.

One hand of an adult has __________ bones.

How many divisions does the trigeminal nerve have?

Most human color vision is based upon comparing signals generated by how many types of cones?

Aerobic respiration produces a net yield of approximately __________ ATPs per glucose.

Which type of cell plays a role in the establishment of the blood-brain barrier?

Astrocyte

The cerebral cortex constitutes about ______ of the mass of the brain.

40%

How many branches does the facial nerve have?

How many lobes are found in each of the cerebral hemispheres?

What is the typical number of lumbar vertebrae?

The typical vertebral column has __________cervical vertebrae.

Indicate the correct number of vertebrae in each region of an average, normal human vertebral column.

7 - Cervical 12 - Thoracic 5 - Lumbar 5 fused vertebrae -sacral 4 tiny, fused vertebrae - coccygeal

How many muscle fibers are generally found within a muscle spindle?

7 to 8

Association areas constitute about ______ of all brain tissue.

75%

How many spinal nerves are in each region of the spinal cord in order from superior to inferior?

8,12,5,5,1

Identify the association tracts.

What letter is the preganglionic nerve fiber labeled in the figure?

Within a sarcomere, the overlap of actin and myosin produce the __________ bands.

Match the regions of the sternum identified in the figure with their names.

A - Manubrium B - Body C - Xiphoid Process

Indicate the statements that accurately describe muscarinic receptors.

ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an excitatory effect on some cells. ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an inhibitory effect on some cells. All cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and gland cells have muscarinic receptors.

Which nerve innervates muscles that move the eyeball laterally?

Abducens (VI)

What is the action of the indicated muscle?

Abduct and medially rotate thigh

What is moving a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body called?

Abduction

What is the action of the gluteus minimus?

Abducts and medially rotates thigh

The tensor fasciae latae has several actions. Select two of them from the list below.

Abducts femur Extends knee

Choose the actions of the gluteus maximus from the list below.

Abducts thigh Extends thigh at the hip

The visceral motor division of the PNS is also called the autonomic division. Which of the following are functions of this division?

Accelerating or decreasing heartbeat Controlling gland secretion Stimulating smooth muscle

Which nerve sends motor signals for swallowing, and moving the head, neck, and shoulders?

Accessory

What neurotransmitters do the neurons of the autonomic nervous system secrete?

Acetycholine and norepinephrine

A cholinergic synapse uses which of the following as its neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?

Acetylcholine

Select the four categories of neurotransmitters based on chemical composition.

Acetylcholine Amino acids Neuropeptides Monoamines

Which term describes all neurons that carry signals towards the CNS?

Afferent

Which are found in synovial fluid?

Albumin and hyaluronic acid

Match the type of depression with its definition.

Alveolus - A pit or socket Fossa - A shallow, broad, or elongated basin Fovea - A small pit Sulcus - A groove for a tendon, nerve or blood vessel

Which disease is associated with the anatomical findings shown in this picture: shrunken folds of cerebral tissue, neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques containing beta-amyloid protein?

Alzheimer disease

In which disease does sclerosis of the lateral spinal cord occur, with destruction of motor neurons?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its RMP?

An inflow of chloride

Shortening a muscle while it maintains constant tension is called __________.

An isotonic contraction

The glycogen-lactic acid system relies on which form of metabolism?

Anaerobic

What are the two most important pathways by which ATP is generated in muscle cells?

Anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration

Which ramus of a spinal nerve innervates the anterior and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk?

What type of glial cell is indicated by the arrow labeled A?

Astrocytes

Which term refers to the bony ridge that can be palpated along the shin?

Anterior crest

Hyperextension at the knee is prevented by which ligament?

Anterior cruciate

What are the actions of the flexor carpi radialis?

Anterior flexion of the wrist Radial flexion of the wrist

What are the actions of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

Anterior flexion of the wrist Ulnar flexion of the wrist

The iliopsoas belongs to which muscle group?

Anterior muscles of the hip

Which term refers to the inability to use or comprehend words?

Aphasia

What fluid is secreted by the ciliary body?

Aqueous humor

Which fluid is secreted by the ciliary body and fills the anterior cavity of the eye?

Aqueous humor

Which structures reabsorb CSF from the subarachnoid space?

Arachnoid granulations

Which meninx consists of several layers of squamous epithelial cells with a mesh of fibers in the adjoining space?

Arachnoid mater

Which term refers to the white matter located in the deeper aspects of the cerebellum exhibiting a branching fern-like pattern?

Arbor vitae

A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the __________.

Articular cartilage and epiphysial plate

Identify the two terms that describe a point where two bones meet.

Articulation Joint

What is the function of the Broca area?

Articulation of spoken words

Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry information up to the brain?

Ascending

Which is also known as the external acoustic meatus?

Auditory canal

Which is located in the middle ear?

Auditory ossicles

Infections of the throat may be transmitted to the middle ear via which of the following?

Auditory tube

Which structure connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear?

Auditory tube

The efferent pathway of which nervous system uses both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters?

Autonomic

Which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?

Autonomic

Which nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?

Autonomic

The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage comprise the _______ skeleton.

Axial

A nerve fiber refers to which part of a neuron?

Axon

Match the following terms with their description.

Axon Hillock - A mound located on one side of the soma from which the axon originates. Axoplasm - Cytoplasm of the axon Axolemma - Plasma membrane of the axon Axon Collateral - Branch that originates from an axon

Name the area of the neuron indicated by the arrow labeled A.

Axon collateral

The optic nerve (cranial nerve II) is indicated by which letter in this diagram?

Why does a filament stay in place when a single myosin head releases?

Because hundreds of other myosin heads are still attached

What are two receptors that bind norepinephrine?

Beta-adrenergic Alpha-adrenergic

Where is the epidural space around the spinal cord?

Between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath

Which hamstring muscle has a tendon that wraps laterally around the knee?

Biceps femoris

Which muscle is indicated?

Biceps femoris

Which of the following muscles attaches on the head of the fibula?

Biceps femoris

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, such as olfactory cells, certain neurons of the retina, and sensory neurons of the inner ear, are classified as which of the following?

Bipolar

What type of neuron is shown in the image?

Bipolar

How would you classify the fiber tracts passing through the medulla?

Both ascending sensory and descending motor tracts

Which term refers to the transformation of cis-retinal to trans-retinal after absorption of light?

Bleaching

The brain barrier system (BBS) consists of which of the following?

Blood-brain barrier Blood-CSF barrier

Which of the following is the weight bearing portion of the vertebra?

Body

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?

Brachioradialis

The cranial cavity encloses which of the following?

Brain

Identify the region of the CNS that has nuclei for regulating cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, gastrointestinal secretion, bladder control, and pupillary constriction/dilation.

Brainstem

What are the three major divisions of the brain?

Brainstem Cerebellum Cerebrum

Where is the reticular formation located?

Brainstem and spinal cord

Most motor fibers of cranial nerves begin in which of the following?

Brainstem nuclei

Which is not a step of skeletal muscle contraction?

Breakdown of creatine phosphate

Which region of cortex is responsible for the formation of spoken words?

Broca area

Nonfluent aphasia, due to a lesion in the __________, results in slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, or use of words that only approximate the correct word.

Broca area.

What is the white matter of the spinal cord?

Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter

What are the fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid found in areas where friction from tendons occurs called?

Bursae

What are the suprapatellar, prepatellar, and deep infrapatellar structures that cushion areas around the patella?

Bursae

Which letter indicates the diencephalon?

Which letter indicates the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve on this diagram?

Which letter indicates the oculomotor nerve on this diagram?

Which letter is on the medulla oblongata?

The first cervical spinal nerve emerges above vertebrae ______.

Which of the molecules listed below can pass through the blood-brain barrier?

Caffeine Oxygen Glucose

A heavyset middle-aged insurance salesman, who doesn't exercise often, accepts his friend's invitation to a pickup basketball game. When attempting a jump shot, he falls to the ground in pain, grasping at the calf of his leg. There is an enormous bulge in his leg immediately below the popliteal fossa, and he is unable to plantar flex that foot. Most likely he has injured his __________ and the bulge is __________.

Calcaneal tendon; his triceps surae

During relaxation, active-transport pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum move which ion from the sarcoplasm into the cisternae?

Calcium

Stimulus frequency affects the sarcoplasmic concentration of which of the following?

Calcium

When a nerve signal arrives at a synaptic knob, which voltage-gated channels open in the knob?

Calcium

What is the immediate trigger for the contraction of smooth muscle?

Calcium ions

What happens to the sarcoplasmic reticulum when a skeletal myofiber is first stimulated?

Calcium is released into the sarcoplasm through gated channels

Which of the following occur during the relaxation phase of muscle contraction? Select all that apply.

Calcium levels in the sarcoplasm fall. Myosin releases the thin filaments. Muscle tension declines.

What must occur before tropomyosin can shift, revealing the active sites that allow myosin heads to bind to the actin filaments?

Calcium must bind to troponin.

In smooth muscle, which protein does calcium bind to?

Calmodulin

What regulatory protein is associated with the thick filament of smooth muscle and activates myosin light-chain kinase?

Calmodulin

The blood-brain barrier consists of tight junctions between which of the following?

Capillary endothelial cells

Which muscle tissue is rich in myoglobin, mitochondria, glycogen and uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively for its energy needs?

Cardiac

Which muscle type is resistant to fatigue, contracts with a regular rhythm, and functions 24 hours a day?

Cardiac

Which muscle type is striated, uninucleate, and branched?

Cardiac

The autonomic nervous system is important in the control of which two types of muscle tissue?

Cardiac Smooth

Which two types of muscle tissue can be autorhythmic?

Cardiac Smooth

Which types of muscle tissue are considered involuntary?

Cardiac and smooth

Which nucleus in the medulla oblongata regulates autonomic reflexes for controlling the rate and strength of the heartbeat?

Cardiac center

Which statement explains why cardiac muscle is resistant to fatigue?

Cardiac muscle uses little anaerobic fermentation.

Sensory (afferent) neurons do which of the following?

Carry signals to spinal cord and brain

What holds the bone ends of an amphiarthrodial joint together?

Cartilage

Synchondroses and symphyses are types of what kind of joint?

Cartilaginous

The pubic symphysis is an example of which type of joint?

Cartilaginous

What is the tail-like bundle of nerves indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure called?

Cauda equina

Which are referred to as the "basal nuclei?"

Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

The axons of bipolar sensory neurons leave the spiral organ to form which nerve?

Cochlear

Which term refers to the range of mental processes by which knowledge is acquired and used?

Cognition

Which are examples of general (aka somatosensory or somatic) senses?

Cold Pressure Pain

Which genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one or more photopsins?

Color blindness

Which visual defect can be detected using this image?

Color blindness

If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber does not relax at all from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be __________. This can only be achieved in the laboratory.

Complete Tetanus

A muscle shortens as it maintains tension in a what type of contraction?

Concentric

Functions of the spinal cord include which of the following?

Conduction, locomotion, reflexes

Which fundamental physiological property of neurons allows them to send signals quickly over long distances?

Conductivity

Match each anatomical bone marking with its description.

Condyle - a rounded knob that articulates with another bone Facet - a smooth, flat, articular surface Head- the prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded

Which term refers to the smooth joint surfaces on the tibia that articulate with the femur?

Condyles

Which are the photoreceptors that are primarily responsible for photopic (day) and trichromatic (color) vision?

Cone

Which type of photoreceptor is primarily responsible for photopic (day) vision and trichromatic (color) vision?

Cone cell

In the patellar tendon reflex arc, the patellar ligament is stretched, which stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This reflex will cause the quadriceps femoris to __________ and the hamstrings to __________.

Contract; relax

What is the ability of muscle cells to shorten called?

Contractility

The "cocking" of the myosin head, hydrolysis of ATP and the power stroke occur during which phase of skeletal muscle contraction?

Contraction

In response to stretching, a muscle reflexively does which of the following?

Contracts

Since the corticospinal tracts decussate, they will innervate which muscles?

Contralateral

Which tract will have its origin and destination of opposite sides of the body?

Contralateral

In the spinoreticular tract, the second order neurons decussate to where?

Contralateral anterolateral system

The respiratory center of the brain receives input from other parts (i.e from receptors for blood chemistry in arteries and stretch receptors in the lungs) to set a pattern of breathing. This is an example of which type of circuit?

Converging

The circuit in which several input nerve fibers synapse with fewer postsynaptic neurons is what type of circuit?

Converging circuit

Which are the principal types of neural circuits?

Converging circuit Reverberating circuit Diverging circuit Parallel after-discharge circuit

Which is a scapular muscle that flexes and medially rotates the arm?

Coracobrachialis

Which process of the scapula is named for its resemblance to a crow's beak? It serves as an attachment for the biceps brachii muscle.

Coracoid

What is the proximal attachment of the coracobrachialis muscle?

Coracoid process of scapula

List the sutures surrounding the parietal bones.

Coronal Squamous Sagittal Lambdoid

Name the large, C-shaped structure that contains most of the commissural tracts of the brain.

Corpus callosum

Name the prominent C-shaped band of nerve tracts that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres to each other.

Corpus callosum

Which is the prominent C-shaped fiber tract that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

Which structure is indicated by the arrow?

Corpus callosum

The gray matter of the cerebrum forms which of the following?

Cortex

Which parts of the brain control the sleep cycle?

Cortex, reticular formation, thalamus, and hypothalamus

The nerve fibers of which tract form ridges called pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla?

Corticospinal

Which tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements?

Corticospinal

Which arise from the base of the brain, exit the cranium through its foramina, and lead to muscles and sense organs in the head and neck?

Cranial nerves

During short bursts of intense activity, ATP for muscle contraction is supplied by which of the following?

Creatine phosphate

In which reflex does a contralateral extensor muscle contract?

Crossed extension

Which term refers to the flow of charged particles from one point to another?

Current

Identify the temporal lobe.

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except __________.

DNA synthesis

Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry motor signals down from the brain?

Descending

Which are types of long-term memory?

Declarative Procedural

Which are characteristics of local potentials?

Decremental Graded

What factor accounts for the fact that the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa?

Decussation

Which is a prominent scapular muscle that can move the arm in many different ways?

Deltoid

What is the distal attachment of the deltoid?

Deltoid tuberosity

__________ are the processes of a neuron that usually receive signals from other neurons.

Dendrites

What is the epineurium composed of?

Dense irregular connective tissue

During which part of the action potential do most voltage-gated sodium channels open?

Depolarization

What is the change in membrane potential with the entry of sodium ions called?

Depolarization

Which term refers to the upward change in membrane potential during an action potential?

Depolarization

Which movement lowers a body part vertically in the frontal plane?

Depression

Stereoscopic vision provides for which of the following?

Depth perception

What is an area of skin innervated by a spinal nerve called?

Dermatome

Which are symptoms of Alzheimer disease?

Deterioration of personality Loss of the ability to talk or eat Memory loss Reduced attention span

Which factors influence the speed of nerve signal conduction?

Diameter of axon Presence of myelin

Which embryonic brain regions develop into the forebrain?

Diencephalon Telencephalon

Match the name of the brainstem component with the correct letter.

Diencephalon - A Medulla oblongata - D Midbrain - B Pons - C

An organ that receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers is said to have what?

Dual innervation

What is the order of the meninges from superficial to deep?

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Which of the following structures does not contain CSF?

Dural sinus

Which term is used to describe motor neurons because they send signals away from the CNS and out to muscle and gland cells?

Efferent

Which are components of a visceral reflex arc?

Efferent neurons Smooth muscle Afferent neurons Receptor in the stomach

Which of the following is not a major joint category?

Elastic

Why are elastic elements important to muscle function?

Elastic elements provide the recoil that helps return the sarcomere to its resting length.

After contraction, what causes muscles to return to their resting length?

Elastic elements within the sarcomere

Which prevents muscle cells from becoming too slack?

Elasticity

What is a difference in electrical charge from one point to another called?

Electrical potential

Which are actions of the levator scapulae?

Elevates scapula Retracts scapula Laterally flexes neck

Which two organ systems are primarily responsible for coordinating the other bodily systems so as to maintain homeostasis?

Endocrine system Nervous system

What is the loose connective tissue surrounding an individual nerve fiber called?

Endoneurium

Which would cause postsynaptic stimulation to end?

Enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft Cessation of signals in the presynaptic nerve fiber Reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic knob Diffusion of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft into extracellular fluid

Which cell type if indicated by the arrow labeled A?

Ependymal

Which glial cell produces and helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid?

Ependymal cells

Pain during childbirth is often managed by injecting an anesthetic into which space?

Epidural

Which connective tissue layer surrounds the entire muscle?

Epimysium

A cord of nerve fiber bundles bound together by connective tissue

Epineurium

What is the dense irregular connective tissue layer enclosing an entire nerve called?

Epineurium

Which is composed of dense irregular connective tissue?

Epineurium

The thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult's epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the __________.

Epiphysial Line

Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland?

Epithalamus

Which movement straightens a joint, returning it to zero position?

Extension

Which muscle extends the wrist and fingers?

Extensor digitorum

The movement of an object or load results from the development of what kind of tension?

External

Electrical synapses are able to integrate information and make decisions more rapidly than chemical signals. True/False

False

Intramembranous ossification is common in children, whereas endochondral ossification is typical in young adults.

False

Destruction of the amygdala would mostly affect which of the following?

Expression of emotional feelings

What is the action of the quadriceps femoris?

Extend the knee

What is the action of the muscle indicated by A?

Extends fingers and wrist

What is the action of the vastus intermedius?

Extends the knee

Which property allows muscle cells to stretch to as much as three times their contracted length?

Extensibility

Which of the following is a prominent median projection on the occipital bone?

External occipital protuberance

Thin filaments are primarily composed of which protein?

F actin

Which of the following are found in thin filaments?

F actin Tropomyosin Troponin

"Cerebral lateralization" refers to the fact that one of the two cerebral hemispheres is dominant in each person. True/False

False

A lesion in the right side of the brainstem will usually cause a sensory or motor deficit on left side of the head. True/False

False

All neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect. True/False

False

All sensory input is processed in the thalamus before being relayed to the cerebrum. True/False

False

Ascending signals in the spinal cord travel via gray matter, while descending signals travel via white matter.

False

Association tracts are bundles of myelinated nerve fibers and glia which extend between the higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers.

False

Contraction of the rectus femoris results in flexion of the knee. True/False

False

Cool muscles contract more strongly than warm ones. True/False

False

Damaged nerve fibers in the CNS regenerate very fast whereas damaged nerve fibers in the PNS never regenerate. True/False

False

Which term refers to the spaces located between unfused cranial bones during early development?

Fontanelles

Where does the spinal cord arise from the medulla oblongata?

Foramen Magnum

The boundary between the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata corresponds to which of the following structures?

Foramen magnum

What structure marks the superior end of the spinal cord?

Foramen magnum

Where does optic nerve carry visual information?

From the eye to the brain

Planning, motivation, and social judgment are functions of the brain associated with which part of the cerebrum?

Frontal lobe

Which bones form the cranium?

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid

In electrical synapses, electrical signals move quickly from cell to cell through which of the following?

Gap junctions

Which structures coordinate contraction in cardiac muscle cells?

Gap junctions

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A?

Gastrocnemius

Nerve signals carried from the midthoracic and lower parts of the body are carried by which ascending tract?

Gracile fasciculus

Where are the neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses found in the CNS?

Gray Matter

What is the proximal attachment of the indicated muscle?

Greater tubercle of humerus

What is the proximal attachment of the supraspinatus?

Greater tubercle of humerus

Which describe the conjunctiva?

Highly vascularized A thin transparent membrane A mucus membrane

Where does the organization of sensory and cognitive experiences into a unified long-term memory occur?

Hippocampus

Which is an area of the limbic system known as the "memory forming center?"

Hippocampus

Which affects the strength of a muscle twitch?

How stretched the muscle was before stimulation

Which muscle flexes the thigh at the hip when the trunk is fixed, and flexes the trunk at the hip when the thigh is fixed?

Iliopsoas

Which three bones make up the hip?

Ilium Ischium Pubic

Which type of memory is important as you read (e.g. remembering the previous words in a sentence)?

Immediate

Where are unmyelinated nerve fibers surrounded by Schwann cells?

In the PNS

In a synapse, where are synaptic vesicles located?

In the axon terminal

Where do upper motor neuron fibers usually terminate?

In the brainstem

Where is cardiac muscle found?

In the heart wall only

Where is Broca area usually located?

In the inferior part of the prefrontal cortex

Temporal summation leads to a state of fluttering contraction known as what?

Incomplete tetanus

Which of the following occurs during the fight-or-flight response?

Increased ATP production

In high-intensity short-duration exercise, what does muscle fatigue result from?

Increased potassium

Which stimulus causes a muscle to reflexively contract?

Increased stretch

Name the midbrain structures that receive signals from the inner ear and relay them to other parts of the brain.

Inferior colliculi

What is the result of a tendon reflex response?

Inhibition of the muscle

The retina is part of which tunic of the eyeball?

Inner

Which lobe is concerned with processing the sense of taste and integration of sensory input from visceral receptors?

Insula

__________ discs are the thickened notched ends of cardiac muscle cells which contain gap junctions.

Intercalated

In smooth muscle cells, what binds the dense bodies to the membrane?

Intermediate filaments

Which layer of the eyeball includes the retina?

Internal

The arrow labeled A is pointing to which type of neuron in this diagram?

Interneuron

Which type of neuron lies entirely within the CNS and carries out the integrative function of the nervous system?

Interneuron

List the three functional classes of neurons.

Interneurons Motor neurons Sensory neurons

Between the nodes of Ranvier are myelin-covered segments of axon encircled by Schwann cells. Which term refers to these segments?

Internodes

What is the function of the Wernicke area?

Interpreting written and spoken language

When lifting something heavy, which type of contraction occurs first?

Isometric

Which type of contraction maintains joint stability and posture?

Isometric

In what type of contraction does the internal tension build until it overcomes resistance and the muscle moves the load?

Isotonic

What happens when the retinal moiety of rhodopsin absorbs light?

It becomes all-trans retinal.

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?

It breaks down ACh, ending muscle stimulation.

Which describes a muscle spindle?

It contains 7 or 8 modified muscle fibers and a few nerve fibers enclosed in a fibrous capsule.

At rest, K+ diffuses out of the cell through leak channels in the plasma membrane. Why does K+ diffusion result in a negative membrane potential?

It creates a slight local accumulation of K+ on the outside of the membrane relative to the inside.

In PNS nerve fiber regeneration, how is a growing axon directed to its original destination?

It grows within a regeneration tube.

Which of the following is not true of a thoracic vertebra?

It has a pair of transverse foramina.

Which describes a preganglionic neuron in the ANS?

It has its cell body in the spinal cord or the brainstem and its axon terminates in a ganglion.

What effect does the parasympathetic division have on the adrenal medulla?

It has no effect on the adrenal medulla.

Which are true regarding the Na+-K+ pump?

It helps maintain the proper ion distribution across the membrane, compensating for ion leakage. It accounts for about 70% of the energy (ATP) required by the nervous system.

Which statements are true regarding the Na+-K+ pump?

It helps maintain the proper ion distribution across the membrane. It requires the use of ATP. It moves Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.

The accumulation of potassium during short-duration exercise has what effect on the membrane making the muscle fiber less excitable and contributing to fatigue?

It hyperpolarizes the membrane.

Which correctly describe axonal transport?

It involves transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma). It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport).

Which statement about the reticular formation is true?

It is a loose web of gray matter that runs through multiple levels of the brainstem.

Which statements about sleep are true?

It is characterized by inhibition of muscular activity. It occurs in circadian rhythms. It is characterized by a stereotyped posture.

How does the neural pathway of the flexor reflex compare with that of the tendon reflex?

It is more complex.

Which describes smooth muscle?

It is slow to contract and slow to relax.

Which of the following describes an alpha-adrenergic receptor?

It is usually excitatory and may use a calcium second messenger system.

Which describes a beta-adrenergic receptor? Select all that apply.

It is usually inhibitory. It inhibits smooth muscle of the bronchioles, enhancing airflow. It uses a cAMP second messenger system.

What is the function of the tympanic reflex?

It muffles the transfer of vibrations to the oval window in order to protect the hair cells of the inner ear from very loud noises.

Which describes locking the knees? Select all that apply.

It occurs at full extension. It permits a conservation of energy.

Which describes the autonomic nervous system?

It originates in the CNS and receives input from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the medulla oblongata.

Which describes locking the knees at full extension?

It permits a decreased expenditure of energy to stand erect.

A synovial joint cavity is enclosed by which of the following?

Joint capsule

Identify the opening indicated in the figure.

Jugular foreman

Which of the following contributes to the development of the resting membrane potential in neurons?

K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF.

In an adult, the spinal cord ends at which vertebra?

List the components of the lacrimal apparatus.

Lacrimal ducts Lacrimal gland

Which cerebral hemisphere is usually specialized for spoken and written language and for the analytical reasoning used in math?

Left

Muscles that evert the foot will be found in which compartment of the leg?

Lateral

Which compartment of the leg contains the fibularis (peroneus) longus?

Lateral

The fibularis brevis is located in which muscle compartment?

Lateral compartment of the leg

Bending at the waist to either the left or right side is an example of which movement?

Lateral flexion

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers located in the spinal cord?

Lateral gray horn

What is the action of the muscle indicated by A?

Lateral rotation of humerus

Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?

Lateral sulcus

Which ventricles are C-shaped structures located within each cerebral hemisphere?

Lateral ventricles

What is the action of the indicated muscle?

Laterally rotates humerus

The vitreous body, or humor, is a jelly-like substance located between what two structures of the eye?

Lens and retina

What are the skeletal attachments of the subscapularis?

Lesser tubercle of humerus Subscapular fossa of scapula

Which muscle elevates the scapula if the cervical vertebrae are fixed, and flexes the neck laterally if the scapula is fixed?

Levator scapulae

Which muscle is indicated in the picture?

Levator scapulae

Locking the knee causes what to be twisted and taut?

Ligaments

Which term refers to a slightly raised, elongated ridge?

Line

What ridge is located along the posterior margin of the femur?

Linea aspera

A myelin sheath is composed primarily of __________.

Lipids

The myelin sheath is composed mostly of which of the following?

Lipids

80% of the lactate produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvate by the __________.

Liver

Which term refers to decremental changes in electrical potential along a dendrite or the soma?

Local potentials

Which term refers to neurons whose axons project from the brainstem or the spinal cord to innervate the skeletal muscles?

Lower motor neurons

In a sarcomere, the thick filaments attach to the _________ line, found in the middle of the H band.

Which of the following terms refers to the two smooth, rounded surfaces at the distal end of the femur which help form the joint of the knee?

Medial and lateral condyles

Which tracts run through the pons?

Medial lemniscus Tectospinal tract

In order to lock the knee, which direction does the femur rotate?

Medially

The semitendinosus and semimembranosus have several actions. Choose three from the list below.

Medially rotate femur Flex knee Medially rotate tibia

What is the action of the subscapularis?

Medially rotate humerus

Which type of cone contains a photopsin that is maximally sensitive to wavelengths of light around 531 nm?

Medium-wavelength cones

The descending motor fibers in the corticospinal tracts cross in the pyramidal decussation, which is found in which brainstem region?

Medulla oblongata

Which is the most caudal part of the brainstem, immediately superior to the foramen magnum of the skull?

Medulla oblongata

Which section of the ear runs from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the oval window of the cochlea?

Middle ear

Which are usually found inside the cell body (or soma) of a mature neuron?

Mitochondria Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Based on the presence of both efferent and afferent fibers, spinal nerves are classified as which of the following?

Mixed

How is the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) classified?

Mixed

How is the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve functionally classified?

Mixed

How is the trigeminal nerve classified according to function?

Mixed

What type of nerve is the vagus nerve?

Mixed

Which neurons secrete acetylcholine?

Most preganglionic parasympathetic neurons Most preganglionic sympathetic neurons Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

How is the abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) classified?

Motor

How is the accessory (XI) nerve classified?

Motor

How is the hypoglossal (XII) nerve classified according to function?

Motor

How is the trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV) classified according to function?

Motor

The anterior root of a spinal nerve contain axons of which neurons?

Motor

The poliovirus destroys which neurons in the brainstem and anterior horn of the spinal cord?

Motor

Which division of the PNS carries signals from the CNS to glands and muscle cells?

Motor

Within the spinal cord, what type of information do the descending tracts carry?

Motor

How are cranial nerves traditionally classified according to function?

Motor, sensory or mixed

What creates electrical currents in neurons?

Movement of ions through channels

Proprioceptors respond to which type of stimuli?

Movements or changes in body position

Neurons are classified structurally according to the number of processes extending from the soma. Match each classification to its description.

Multipolar Neurons - One Axon; Multiple dendrites Bipolar Neurons - One axon; One dendrite Unipolar Neurons - A single process Anaxonic Neurons - No axon; multiple dendrites

Which type of receptor can either be inhibited or excited by the binding of acetylcholine?

Muscarinic

Which affect twitch strength?

Muscle fatigue Temperature of the muscle Stimulation frequency How stretched the muscle was just before it was stimulated

What do muscle spindles monitor?

Muscle length and body movements

Which is a type of stretch receptor embedded in skeletal muscle?

Muscle spindle

Which can be measured by attaching stimulating electrodes to a nerve-muscle preparation and a recording device?

Muscle strength

The partial contraction of a resting muscle is known as which of the following?

Muscle tone

Where do the first-order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract originate?

Muscles and tendons

The medulla oblongata develops from which of the following?

Myelencephalon

Which describes the axons of the white communicating ramus?

Myelinated Sympathetic Preganglionic

Which term refers to the outermost layer of myelin, containing the nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell?

Neurilemma

Name the scroll-like bones that project into the nasal cavity.

Nasal conchae

What is the distal most portion of the lacrimal apparatus from the lacrimal gland?

Nasolacrimal duct

Which term refers to the thick outermost coil of a Schwann cell?

Neurilemma

The pathway of neurons within a neural pool is called its what?

Neural circuit

This picture illustrates that when a stimulus strength (weight) and stretch increase at a sensory fiber, the firing frequency of the neurons increase. Which term refers to the conversion of stimulus information into a meaningful pattern of action potentials?

Neural coding

Within the first three weeks of embryonic development, the neural plate sinks and its edges thicken to form which of the following?

Neural groove

Which term describes the ability of neurons to process information, store and recall it, and make decisions?

Neural integration

Which alter synaptic transmission by adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters or by affecting the breakdown and/or removal of a neurotransmitter?

Neuromodulators

Sensory, association and motor are the three classes of what?

Neurons

Which cells have plasma membranes that undergo voltage changes in response to stimuli?

Neurons and muscle cells

Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen where?

Neurosoma

Which of the following is contained within gray matter?

Neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons

In the heart, what triggers the wave of electrical excitation that causes the heart to contract?

Pacemaker

______ receptors are cholinergic receptors that are found at the synapses of all autonomic ganglia, on cells of the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions.

Nicotinic

During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true?

No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.

Which type of receptor is involved in the sensation of pain?

Nociceptor

Which term refers to the gaps between segments of myelin along an axon?

Nodes of Ranvier

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly secreted by postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Norepinephrine

Which bone forms the back of the skull?

Occipital

Which lobe is at the rear of the head?

Occipital

Which of the following articulates with the vertebral column?

Occipital condyle

Where does the skull rest on the vertebral column?

Occipital condyles

Which lobes contain the visual association area?

Occipital, parietal, and temporal

When you rest your elbow on a table, which bony part of the ulna is on the table?

Olecranon

Which glial cell insulates nerve fibers from extracellular fluids and speeds up signal conduction in the brain?

Oligodendrocyte

Which cells form myelin in the spinal cord?

Oligodendrocytes

Which type of glial cell is indicated by the arrow labeled A?

Oligodendrocytes

Where do lower motor neurons terminate?

On skeletal muscle

Where is the limbic system located in the brain?

On the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere

In an NMJ, after acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft, where does it bind to ligand-gated channels?

On the sarcolemma

Each muscle fiber is innervated by which of the following?

One motor neuron

GABA has an inhibitory effect on postsynaptic neurons because it does which of the following?

Opens chloride channels

Which cranial nerve transmits sensory information for vision?

Optic (II)

Where does hemidecussation occurs in the visual projection pathway?

Optic chiasm

Which area of the retina lacks photoreceptors and is therefore referred to as the "blind spot"?

Optic disc

Which membrane is found in the maculae of the saccule and utricle?

Otolithic

The sclera is part of which tunic of the eyeball?

Outer

The beginning of the inner ear is a membrane-covered opening called which of the following?

Oval window

Which is an opening between the middle ear and the vestibule of the inner ear?

Oval window

Contraction of the palmaris longus tenses which of the following?

Palmar aponeurosis

The tendon of which muscle goes over the flexor retinaculum, whereas the other tendons pass under it through the carpal tunnel?

Palmaris longus

The rectus abdominis is a __________ muscle, while the rectus femoris is a __________ muscle.

Parallel; bipennate

Which division of the ANS causes a decreased heart rate, vasodilation of visceral blood vessels, and vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels?

Parasympathetic

Which division of the ANS is referred to as the "rest and digest" division?

Parasympathetic

What is the alternative name for the craniosacral division of the ANS?

Parasympathetic division

Which division of the ANS causes pupillary constriction and contraction of the ciliary muscle for near vision?

Parasympathetic division

Which division of the ANS is associated with normal body maintenance?

Parasympathetic division

Most of the somatosensory association area is located in which lobe of the cerebrum?

Parietal

Which cerebral lobe is responsible for receiving and interpreting input from the general senses, as well as for some taste and visual processing?

Parietal

The visual association areas are located in which of the following lobes?

Parietal Temporal Occipital

Which bone helps form the coronal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures of the skull?

Parietal bone

Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

Parieto-occipital sulcus

What are anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration?

Pathways to generate ATP

Which is a thick fleshy muscle in the mammary region?

Pectoralis major

Which muscle flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus?

Pectoralis major

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in this picture?

Pectoralis major

Which muscle is indicated?

Pectoralis minor

Which triangular muscle, located in the upper part of the chest, arises by three heads from ribs 3 to 5 and converges on the shoulder?

Pectoralis minor

Name the structure comprised of the two coxal bones and the sacrum.

Pelvic girdle

Muscles with which fascicle arrangement produce the strongest contractions?

Pennate

Which best describes the cribriform plate?

Perforated bone area that forms the roof of the nasal cavity

Which connective tissue layer is indicated by the arrow?

Perineurium

Within a nerve, each fascicle is wrapped in which layer?

Perineurium

Taken together, the sensory and motor subdivisions make up which of the following?

Peripheral Nervous System

Rods and cones are examples of which of the following?

Photoreceptor cells

Which layer of the meninges is the most delicate and is composed of one or two layers of squamous to cuboidal cells and delicate collagenous and elastic fibers?

Pia mater

Which meninx forms the terminal filum?

Pia mater

Which meninx is closely associated with the contours of the spinal cord?

Pia mater

What structure sits in the sella turcica?

Pituitary gland

What is the movement of toes downward, as when jumping or stepping on a gas pedal, called?

Plantar flexion

Which is an action of the gastrocnemius?

Plantar flexion

What is the action of the indicated (deep) muscle?

Plantar flexion of the foot

What is the action of the soleus?

Plantar flexion of the foot

What are the effects of the sympathetic division on the eye?

Pupillary dilation Relaxation of the ciliary muscle and lens for far vision

Which muscles are the effectors in a patellar reflex?

Quadriceps

The primary stabilizing structures of the knee include the tendons of which muscles?

Quadriceps and semimembranosus

The patellar retinacula are part of which muscle?

Quadriceps femoris

The vastus medialis is part of which of the following?

Quadriceps femoris

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?

Rectus femoris

What are muscles that contain mainly slow oxidative fibers called?

Red

Which activities are attributed to the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Reduced energy expenditure Waste elimination Digestion

Which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-fight" reaction?

Reduced urinary output

Which of the following is not a property of reflexes?

Reflexes do not require a stimulus.

As light passes through different mediums, its path will bend. What is this called?

Refraction

Which term refers to the bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different density?

Refraction

Which term refers to the period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be excited by a threshold stimulus?

Refractory period

What is the function of the cardiac center?

Regulate autonomic reflexes for controlling the strength of the heartbeat Regulate autonomic reflexes for controlling the rate of the heartbeat

During which phase of muscle contraction is calcium transported back into the cisternae and tropomyosin moves back to block the actin active sites?

Relaxation

Where do the second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate?

Reticular formation

Where does cranial nerve II originate?

Retina

What is moving a body part posteriorly in the transverse plane called?

Retraction

What is the action of the muscle group indicated in the figure?

Retracts scapula; fixes scapula

Which type of axonal transport involves movement up the axon toward the soma?

Retrograde

Immediate memory, which is the ability to hold something in mind for a few seconds, might be based on activity in which type of neural circuit?

Reverberating

Which muscles makes skeletal attachments on the spinous processes of vertebrae T2-T5 and the medial border of the scapula?

Rhomboid major

Which muscles are indicated in the picture?

Rhomboids

Transverse costal facets on vertebrae T1 through T10 are articulation points for which of the following?

Ribs

Which are types of photoreceptor cells?

Rods Cones

Which of these structures is closest to the spinal cord?

Rootlets

Moving peripherally from the spinal cord, which anterior and posterior structures form a spinal nerve?

Roots

In which movement does a bone spin on its longitudinal axis?

Rotation

Which type of stimulus will maximally activate the sensory receptors within the semicircular ducts?

Rotational motion

Name the two chambers of the vestibule.

Saccule Utricle

Which are nerve plexuses of the body?

Sacral Lumbar Brachial Cervical

From which regions of the CNS do the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system arise?

Sacral division of spinal cord Brainstem

Which regions of the CNS does the parasympathetic division of the ANS arise from?

Sacral spinal cord Brain

Identify the bones that comprise the pelvic girdle.

Sacrum Coxal bones

Indicate which of the following are regulated by autonomic nuclei in the brainstem.

Salivation Pupillary constriction Sweating Vasomotor control

Which term is used to describe signal conduction along a myelinated axon?

Saltatory

Within skeletal muscle cells, what extends from one Z disc to the next and constitutes one contractile unit?

Sarcomere

______ cells are glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that surround somas of neurons in the ganglia, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment of neurons.

Satellite

Match each glial cell type with its location and function.

Satellite Cells - In the PNS; surround somas of neurons in ganglia, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment of neurons Schwann cells - In the PNS; form neurilemma around all PNS fibers and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers. Ependymal cells - In the CNS; line cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secrete and circulate CSF Microglia - In the CNS; phagocytize microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue

Which neuroglial cell is found in the peripheral nervous system?

Satellite cell

Which cells help regenerate damaged skeletal muscle?

Satellite cells

Which cochlear chambers contain perilymph?

Scala vestibuli Scala tympani

Which type of glial cell aids in regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers by forming a regeneration tube to help reestablish the former connection?

Schwann cells

Which two types of neuroglia are found only in the peripheral nervous system?

Schwann cells and satellite cells

Which term refers to the posterior, white portion of the fibrous layer?

Sclera

In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus?

Second-order

Which are functions of astrocytes?

Secrete nerve growth factors Form blood-brain barrier Regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid Convert blood glucose to lactate for neurons to use for fuel

The release of a neurotransmitter is an example of which physiological property exhibited by a neuron?

Secretion

Which muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?

Semimembranosus

What is the name of the indicated muscle?

Semitendinosus

Which muscles flex the knee, medially rotate the tibia when the knee is flexed, and medially rotate the femur when the hip is extended?

Semitendinosus and semimembranosus

Which is true about a neuron with a large diameter, myelinated axon as compared to a neuron with a small diameter, unmyelinated axon?

Signal conduction will be faster

What type of smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urinary tract?

Single-unit

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are usually due to the entry of which type of ion?

Sodium

Why is sodium more concentrated in the ECF than in the ICF of most neurons?

Sodium is actively pumped out of the cell by transporter proteins.

The blood brain barrier is slightly permeable to which of the following?

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and urea

What is the name of the muscle indicated by the letter A?

Soleus

Which is a broad, flat, calf muscle located deep to the gastrocnemius?

Soleus

Which are names for the cell body of a neuron?

Soma Neurosoma

Unlike visceral fibers that innervate blood vessels, glands, and viscera, ______ nerve fibers innervate skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints.

Somatic

The sensory and motor divisions of the peripheral nervous system are further split into which two subdivisions?

Somatic and visceral

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain the somas of which neurons?

Somatic motor

Which type of neuron controls a skeletal muscle cell?

Somatic motor neuron

Which nervous system transmits only excitatory signals to effector cells?

Somatic nervous system

Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex?

Somatic receptor -> afferent nerve fiber -> interneuron -> efferent nerve fiber ->skeletal muscle Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?

Which term refers to the point-for-point correspondence between an area of the body and a region of the brain?

Somatotopy

What effect does severing a sensory root that innervates a dermatome have?

Some sensation may remain.

The foramen magnum is a hole for the passage of which of the following?

Spinal cord

Which region of the CNS integrates the reflexes for micturition, defecation, erection and ejaculation?

Spinal cord

The cochlear nerve is formed by the axons of which of the following?

Spiral ganglion neurons

Tendons can serve which of the following functions? Select all that apply.

Stabilize a joint Attach muscle to bone

During which stage of sleep does one feel drowsy, begin to relax, and ECG waves transition from alpha waves to other types of waves?

Stage 1

The inner layer of the eye contains which of the following?

Start of optic nerve Retina

Which term refers to the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary?

Static equilibrium

Exteroceptors respond to which of the following?

Stimuli external to the body

What are the "hairs" on the hair cells of the spiral organ?

Stereocilia

Having two eyes with overlapping visual fields is necessary for which of the following?

Stereoscopic vision

What are the characteristics of a visceral reflex?

Stereotyped Automatic Unconscious

In which does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

Subarachnoid space

Where does most of the CSF go after it leaves the fourth ventricle?

Subarachnoid space

Match the fossa of the scapula with its description.

Subscapular fossa - The broad anterior concave surface of the scapula Supraspinous fossa - The posterior indentation that lies superior to the spine of the scapula Infraspinous fossa - The broad surface that lies inferior to the spine of the scapula

Which muscle attaches on the subscapular fossa of the scapula and on the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

Subscapularis

Which muscle is located on the anterior surface of the scapula?

Subscapularis

Degeneration of the neurons in which of the following structures leads to the muscle tremors associated with Parkinson disease?

Substantia nigra

Parkinson disease is due to the progressive degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in which brain area?

Substantia nigra

Which term refers to the shallow grooves found on each of the cerebral hemispheres?

Sulci

Name the term used to describe a groove in which is located a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel.

Sulcus

This picture illustrates a phenomenon that occurs in the trigger zone when multiple postsynaptic potentials combine their effects on a cell to produce a response. What is it called?

Summation

In the spinal cord, where is the white matter in relation to the gray matter?

Superficial

What are the four anterior bursae of the knee?

Superficial infrapatellar Deep infrapatellar Prepatellar Suprapatellar

Where is the white matter in the spinal cord?

Superficial to the gray matter

Which nasal conchae has sensory cells of smell?

Superior

In which condition are stimuli are so frequent that the muscle cannot relax, and the muscle twitches fuse into a smooth prolonged contraction?

Tetanus

Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in which region of the brain?

Thalamus

To which structure is the arrow pointing?

Thalamus

Where do the third-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract run from the pons to?

Thalamus

Which structure is sometimes called the "gateway to the cerebral cortex?"

Thalamus

What does contralateral mean?

That two points are on opposite sides of the body.

What causes skeletal muscle cells to be striated?

The alternating light and dark regions of the sarcomeres

What does the length-tension relationship suggests about the generation of muscle tension?

The amount of tension generated during a contraction depends on the degree of stretch or shortening prior to contraction.

What is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?

The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs

Why does one continue to breathe heavy after rigorous physical activity has stopped?

The body requires more oxygen to restore levels of ATP and creatine phosphate.

The axial skeleton can be defined as which of the following?

The bones of the supporting central axis of the body

Stretch reflexes are mediated primarily by which of the following?

The brain

In muscle, what does the source of ATP depend upon?

The duration of exercise

Which of the following is not a reason that somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes?

The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

The events that link the action potential of the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament contraction

A negative membrane potential indicates which of the following?

The inside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside.

What is the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord?

The longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord

What is threshold, as applied to muscle physiology?

The minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential

The "hamstring muscles" get their name from the "ham," more accurately known as the popliteal fossa. Based on where the hamstrings are located, what is the popliteal fossa?

The pit at the back of the knee

Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, what is excitation?

The process by which action potentials in a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in a muscle fiber

What is a power stroke during muscle contraction?

The ratcheting of a myosin head

n order for a peripheral nerve fiber to regenerate it must have which of the following?

The soma and at least some neurilemma intact

What is the subarachnoid space?

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

The communicating rami connect the anterior rami to which of the following?

The sympathetic chain

Which of the following is predominately made up of myosin?

The thick filament

What does the latent period on a myogram indicate?

The time period between the stimulus and the twitch

In which situation would mechanically-regulated calcium gates in smooth muscle cells open?

The tissue is stretched

What is the purpose of the triad?

The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited.

What occurs when calcium binds to troponin?

The troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape and exposes the myosin binding sites (active sites).

Some neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on which of the following?

The type of receptors on the postsynaptic cell

Which three factors contribute the most to the formation of the negative resting membrane potential?

There is a higher concentration of K+ in the intracellular fluid as compared to the extracellular fluid. Open leak channels in the plasma membrane allow K+ to diffuse across the membrane, down its concentration gradient. Outward K+ diffusion causes positive and negative charges to accumulate on either side of the membrane where they attract each other.

What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common?

These are fibrous joints.

Why are gap junctions important?

They allow the cells to contract in a coordinated fashion.

Which is true of the light bands in skeletal muscle?

They are called I bands and are bisected by a Z disc.

Which statements are true regarding postsynaptic potentials?

They are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. They are caused by neurotransmitters. They include EPSPs and IPSPs.

How many neurons are typically found in an ascending pathway between the receptor and the brain?

Three

In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must depolarize up to a level called which of the following?

Threshold

Which is a superficial ligament located on the medial surface of the knee?

Tibial collateral ligament

Name the bony bump on the anterior surface of the tibia below the knee.

Tibial tuberosity

Which is an example of a general sense?

Touch

Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglion?

Touch

Which types of sensation depend on the activation of mechanoreceptors?

Touch Balance Hearing Vibration

Which are somesthetic senses?

Touch Pain Stretch Pressure

Which is the definition of the term "rostral"?

Toward the nose; toward the forehead; or higher (vertical)

What is a bundle of nerve fibers within the white matter of the spinal cord called?

Tract

The white matter of the brain consists of which of the following?

Tracts

Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone?

Transitional epithelium

Which cranial nerve functions to sense touch, pain, and temperature on the upper and lower face and to transmit motor impulses needed for chewing?

Trigeminal

Which cranial nerve is indicated in the figure?

Trigeminal nerve

Which cranial nerve pathway would be used to look cross-eyed at the tip of your nose?

Trochlear

Which nerve is indicated by the arrow in the picture of the base of the brain?

Trochlear

Which nerve controls eye movement?

Trochlear (IV)

When a muscle is at rest, what molecule blocks the active sites on the actin molecules?

Tropomyosin

What are two regulatory proteins found in a myofibril?

Tropomyosin Troponin

What happens when calcium ions bind to troponin?

Tropomyosin moves off the active site on actin

A brain wave is the electrical activity that results from voltage changes in the cells of the brain. True/False

True

Action potentials occur only where there are voltage-gated ion channels. True/False

True

As long as there is an electrical potential across a cell membrane, we say that the membrane is polarized. True/False

True

Basal nuclei play a role in the coordination of motor movements and posture. True/False

True

Which describes smooth muscle tissue?

Uninucleate, non-striated

Which type of neuron has one single process that branches like a T into a peripheral fiber and a central fiber?

Unipolar

Which lists the structural categories of neurons?

Unipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, and multipolar

Which nerve transmits sensory signals for hearing and equilibrium?

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

How does an action potential move deep into the muscle cell?

Via the T-tubules

Which is least likely to get through the blood-brain barrier?

Urea

______ fibers are nerve fibers that innervate blood vessels, glands, and internal organs.

Visceral

What are the components of the vestibular apparatus? Choose three answers from the list below.

Utricle Semicircular ducts Saccule

Your dentist gives you an injection of anesthetic in preparation for a filling. Which cranial nerve did they target?

Match the name of each cranial nerve to its designated number.

VII - Facial VIII - Vestibulocochlear IX - Glossopharyngeal X - Vagus XI - Accessory XII - Hypoglossal

Which cranial nerve plays a major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive and urinary functions?

Vagus

Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.

Vagus Facial Oculomotor Glossopharyngeal

What are the swellings along the length of a nerve fiber that innervates smooth muscle called?

Varicosities

The choroid, ciliary body, and iris belong to which of the three tunics of the eye?

Vascular

The ciliary body is part of which tunic of the eye?

Vascular

Which are effects of the sympathetic division on the circulatory system?

Vasoconstriction of visceral blood vessels Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin Increased heart rate Increased blood clotting

__________ tone describes the continual input from the sympathetic division to the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, resulting in a partial and constant tension.

Vasomotor

Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?

Vastus lateralis

Name the muscles that insert on the tibial tuberosity.

Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Rectus femoris

The pH of a solution is 3.76. What is the OH⁻ concentration in the solution?

Vertebral column

The conjunctiva are ______.

Very vascular

Together, the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts comprise which of the following?

Vestibular apparatus

The cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve come together to form which cranial nerve?

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Name the area of the brain that is responsible for interpreting the meaning of written and spoken language?

Wernicke area

Various types of aphasia may result when a patient has a stroke in which of these brain areas related to language?

Wernicke area Broca area

Looking up a new phone number and then dialing it from memory utilizes which type of memory?

Working memory

Which cranial nerves are classified as predominantly motor?

XI XII VI III IV

What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?

Yellow Bone Marrow

Which of the following marks the boundaries of a sarcomere?

Z discs

Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle?

a 22-year-old soccer player

Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury?

a fracture of vertebra L4

Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi is an example of __________ of the shoulder.

abduction

The refractory period in which no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential is the ______ refractory period.

absolute

Which cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

accessory

A cholinergic synapse uses __________ as its neurotransmitter.

acetylcholine

At the synaptic knob of the motor neuron, calcium stimulates exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles to release the neurotransmitter ______ into the synapse.

acetylcholine

The neurotransmitter ______ binds to cholinergic receptors.

acetylcholine

The neurotransmitter used in a neuromuscular junction is ______.

acetylcholine

I bands are composed primarily of which protein?

actin

Which is found in thin filaments but is not a regulatory protein?

actin

The quick up-and-down voltage shift from negative to positive, created by the movement of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane, is called a(n) __________ potential.

action

The primary action of the muscle indicated by the letter A in the picture of thigh muscles is to __________ the thigh.

adduct

Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. To limit the amount of leaking through your hands, this action would most likely require __________.

adduction of fingers

The primary action of the muscle indicated by the letter A is to __________ the thigh.

adducts

Receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine are called __________ receptors

adrenergic

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds to ______ receptors.

adrenergic

When a muscle is at rest, most of its ATP is generated by ______ of fatty acids.

aerobic respiration

A(n) ______ fiber is a nerve fiber carrying nerve signals toward the central nervous system.

afferent

Another term for sensory division is ______ division.

afferent

Neurons that convey information to the CNS (indicated by the arrow labeled A) are called sensory neurons, or __________ neurons.

afferent

A mixed nerve consists of both __________ and ___________.

afferent and efferent fibers

A(n) __________ -adrenergic receptor is usually excitatory and uses a calcium second messenger system or inhibits cAMP.

alpha

Exhausted from studying all night, you briefly close your eyes and your mind starts to wander. Which brain waves would be most predominant in an EEG?

alpha

A tooth socket is known as a(n) _____.

alveolus

What is myosin ATPase?

an enzyme located in the myosin head that hydrolyzes ATP

What does a ligament connect?

bone to bone

Movement away from the neuron cell body toward an axon ending is called ______ transport.

anterograde

The __________ skeleton is colored green in this figure.

appendicular

The limb bones and their girdles comprise the ______ skeleton.

appendicular

Extensions of the arachnoid meninx that reabsorb CSF are called __________ granulations or villi.

arachnoid

The __________ mater is just below (deep to) the dura mater.

arachnoid

The middle layer of the meninges is the ______ mater.

arachnoid

The __________-adrenergic receptor is usually inhibitory and acts through a cAMP second-messenger system.

beta

The antagonist to the triceps brachii is the __________.

biceps brachii

A neuron with one axon and one dendrite is structurally classified as a __________ neuron.

bipolar

Gated channels in the sarcoplasmic membrane open to release which ions into the cytosol?

calcium

Walls of the heart consist of __________ muscle tissue.

cardiac

Which of the following has the largest mitochondria?

cardiac muscle

The __________ canal is the passage for the carotid artery.

carotid

Name the group of bones that form the wrist.

carpals

The __________ plexus is a spongy mass of blood capillaries that produces the cerebrospinal fluid inside the ventricles.

choroid

The __________ body is an extension of the choroid that supports the iris and lens of the eye.

ciliary

Which structure secretes the aqueous humor?

ciliary body

The bones that make up the pectoral girdle are the and the scapula.

clavicle

The most inferior region of the vertebral column is the ______ region.

coccygeal

The __________ is a very small triangular bone at the end of the vertebral column. It is made up of four or five small fused vertebrae.

coccyx

The anatomical name for tailbone is ______.

coccyx

The nervous system must interpret quantitative and qualitative information about its environment, thus it converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials. This process is called neural __________.

coding

Sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, learning, memory, imagination, and intuition are all examples of ______.

cognition

When a skeletal muscle lengthens, its __________ helps resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle.

collagen

The pectoralis minor attaches on the __________ process of the scapula.

coracoid

The __________ is the translucent anterior section of the fibrous layer (tunic) of the eye.

cornea

The anterior lip of the trochlear notch is formed by the __________ process.

coronoid

Association areas are regions of the cerebral __________ where sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, memory, imagination and intuition occur.

cortex

The gray matter of the cerebrum forms a surface layer called the __________ and deeper masses called __________ surrounded by white matter.

cortex; nuclei

The _________ tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements.

corticospinal

The __________ tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements.

corticospinal

The __________ tract is also called the pyramidal tract.

corticospinal

The nerve fibers of the __________ tract form ridges called pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla.

corticospinal

The signals that control your handwriting travel down the spinal cord in the _________ tracts.

corticospinal

The strips of hyaline cartilage that attach the ribs to the sternum are called the __________cartilages.

costal

The largest cavity in the skull that encloses the brain is the __________ cavity.

cranial

The midline crest in the ethmoid bone that provides an attachment for the dura mater is called the __________ galli.

crista

A reflex in which a contralateral extensor muscle is contracted is called a __________ extension reflex.

crossed

Because the nerve tracts of the spinal cord undergo __________, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa.

decussation

The indicated muscle is the __________ muscle.

deltoid

The rough spot on the lateral shaft of the humerus that serves as an attachment for the shoulder muscle is the __________ tuberosity.

deltoid

The processes that branch from the somas of most neurons are called ______.

dendrites

Where do most local potentials form in a neuron?

dendrites

The prominent process on the axis is the __________, also called the odontoid process.

dens

The type of circuit in which one input nerve fiber synapses with multiple postsynaptic neurons is a __________ circuit.

diverging

The structure indicated by the arrow is called the __________ root.

dorsal

Movement of the foot so that the toes are elevated off of the ground is called ________ .

dorsiflexion

The dural sheath around the spinal cord is formed from the __________ mater.

dura

The crista galli is an attachment site for the ______.

dura mater

From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order?

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater.

Epidural anesthesia is introduced to the epidural space between the __________ to block pain signals during pregnancy.

dural sheath and vertebral bones

Two organ systems are dedicated to internal coordination, communication between the other systems, and maintaining the overall homeostasis of the body. They are the __________ system, which communicates by means of hormones, and the __________ system which sends quick electrical and chemical messages from cell to cell.

endocrine, nervous

The innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber is called the __________.

endomysium

External to the neurilemma of a nerve fiber is the layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fiber called a(n) __________.

endoneurium

Fatigue resistance is improved by ______ exercise which enhances the delivery and use of oxygen.

endurance

The __________ nervous system consists entirely of neurons embedded in the wall of the digestive tract and does not originate from the brain or spinal cord.

enteric

The widest points of the femur at the knee are the medial and lateral

epicondyle

The widest points of the femur at the knee are the medial and lateral __________.

epicondyle

All muscle types will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are _________.

excitable

The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is _________. The effect of somatic fibers on target cells is __________.

excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory

Notice the origin and insertion of this muscle. Its action will be to __________ the knee.

extend

The action for the muscle indicated by A is to __________ the knee.

extend

The action of the indicated muscle is to __________ the knee and to medially rotate the femur.

flex

The biceps brachii __________ the elbow. (Use an action word to complete the sentence.)

flexes

When you hold out your hands with the palms up, __________ your wrists will tip your palms toward you.

flexing

A flexor reflex involves contraction of __________ muscles and reciprocal inhibition of extensor muscles.

flexor

Carpal tunnel pressure is sometimes relieved by surgically excising part or all of which structure?

flexor retinaculum

A flexor reflex involves contraction of ______ muscles and reciprocal inhibition of ______ muscles.

flexor; extensor

How many ventricles are located in the brain?

four

The __________ cavity is a shallow socket of the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus.

glenoid

The glenohumeral joint is where the ______ of the scapula meets the humerus.

glenoid cavity

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is most permeable to which of the following?

glucose and oxygen

Muscle cells contain _________, a starch-like carbohydrate that provides energy during intense exercise.

glycogen

Unlike other joints, a __________ does not join two bones to one another.

gomphosis

Which of the following would be caused by a contraction of smooth muscle?

goose bumps

The nerve fibers of the gracile fasciculus terminate at the __________ nucleus of the medulla oblongata.

gracile

The muscle indicated by the letter A is the __________.

gracilis

The ______ communicating ramus carries unmyelinated sympathetic postganglionic fibers that exit the ganglion, enter a spinal nerve, and then travel to the target organ.

gray

What is the site of synaptic integration in the spinal cord?

gray matter

Preganglionic fibers run from the _________ to the __________.

gray matter; autonomic ganglia

The reticular formation is a web of __________ scattered throughout the __________.

gray matter; brainstem

A point where two bones meet is called a(n) _____________ .

joint

The smallest bones of the skull are the ______ bones.

lacrimal

On a myogram, the time between the stimulus and the twitch is known as the _____ period.

latent

Most of the muscles that evert the foot are found in the __________ compartment of the leg.

lateral

The indicated muscle is the __________ dorsi muscle.

latissimus

In descending pathways, the upper motor neurons synapse with ______ motor neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord.

lower

Neurons whose axons project from the spinal cord or the brainstem to innervate skeletal muscles are called __________ motor neurons.

lower

The ______ motor neurons (which are the motor neurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers) of the descending pathway innervate skeletal muscle.

lower

A vertebra with a thick stout body, and a blunt square spinous process is most likely from the __________ region of the vertebral column.

lumbar

The ______ enlargement is the area of spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the lower limbs and pelvis.

lumbosacral

The foramen __________ is a large hole where the spinal cord enters the cranium.

magnum

The opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord exits the cranial cavity is the foramen __________.

magnum

The lower jaw bone is called the ______.

mandible

The three regions of the sternum are the __________, the body, and the xiphoid process.

manibrium

The ________ attaches to the zygomatic arch and also to the angle of the mandible.

masseter

Another term for a canal through a bone is a(n) ______.

meatus

Intercalated discs contain ______ that prevent cardiac cells from pulling apart during contraction.

mechanical junctions

The ______ are a series of fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system.

meninges

The three-layer fibrous membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are collectively called the __________.

meninges

The two C-shaped cartilages found in the joint cavity of the knee are collectively called the ______.

menisci

Neuroglial cells that act as macrophages within the CNS are ______.

microglia

All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber constitute a __________ unit.

motor

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain somas of somatic ______ neurons.

motor

Where does the end-plate potential occur?

motor end plate

The picture shows the most common structural type of neuron. It contains one axon and multiple dendrites, and it is classified as a(n) ______ neuron.

multipolar

The neurons indicated by a letter "A" are structurally classified as ______ neurons. The neurons indicated by a letter "B" are structurally classified as ______ neurons.

multipolar, bipolar

Muscle cells contain __________, a red pigment that stores oxygen needed for muscular activity.

myoglobin

The protein found in muscle cells that stores and then releases oxygen when needed is called __________.

myoglobin

A record of the timing and strength of a muscle's contraction is called a(n) __________.

myogram

In a myofibril, a thick filament is composed of pairs of __________ molecules intertwined together.

myosin

Which protein makes up the thick filaments of a myofibril?

myosin

The __________ bones form the bridge of the nose and support the cartilage that forms the lower portion.

nasal

The lacrimal apparatus drains tears into the ______.

nasal cavity

The __________ duct connects the lacrimal apparatus to the nasal cavity.

nasolacrimal

The ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located ______.

near or within the target organ

The ganglia of the sympathetic division are located ______.

near the spinal column

A __________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (fascicles) bound together by connective tissue.

nerve

A traveling wave of excitation is known as a(n) __________.

nerve signal

A __________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous __________.

nerve; axons

The __________ nerves (cranial nerve I) pass through the cribriform plate in the roof of the nasal cavity functioning in the sense of smell.

olfactory

The cribriform foramina of the cribriform plate are passageways for ______.

olfactory nerves

In the CNS, myelin is produced by glial cells called __________.

oligodendrocytes

Waking is induced by ______, which are neuropeptides secreted by the hypothalamus.

orexins

__________ is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions.

orgasm

The ______ membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion.

otolithic

The ______ hair cells of the spiral organ adjust the response of the cochlea to make the IHCs more responsive to certain pitches of sound.

outer

The __________ lobe starts at the central sulcus and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus.

parietal

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the __________ lobe.

parietal

Which cranial bones are paired?

parietal and temporal

The __________ association area is responsible for perceiving and attending to stimuli, and the __________ association area is responsible for identifying them.

parietal; temporal

A movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or downward is called __________.

pronation

The position and movements of body parts is detected by receptors called ______.

proprioceptors

The __________ function(s) in visual attention, such as to look and follow the flight of a butterfly.

superior colliculi

A movement that turns the palm forward or upward is called ______.

supination

The __________ can be easily palpated between the clavicles.

suprasternal notch

The __________ division of the ANS and the adrenal medulla develop from the same embryonic tissue.

sympathetic

The __________ division of the ANS stimulates the secretion of hormones by the adrenal medulla?

sympathetic

The division of the ANS that has general and widespread effects is the division.

sympathetic

The division of the ANS that has relatively short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers is the ______ division.

sympathetic

What are the two divisions of the visceral motor division?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Neural divergence is extensive in the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system, while in the ______ division, divergence is minimal.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Within the ANS, the effects of the ______ division are often general and widespread, while in the _______ division the effects are more specific and local.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

A neuromuscular junction is a type of ______.

synapse

The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to __________.

tetanus

The __________ is an oval-shaped structure in the diencephalon located at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres.

thalamus

What forms a cross-bridge?

the cocked head of the myosin bound to actin

Which of the following is true concerning isotonic eccentric contraction?

the muscle lengthens but tension remains constant

The axon terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which is received by receptors on the motor end plate. Which structure does this describe?

the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle

The five vertebral regions are the lumbar, cervical, coccygeal,__________ , and sacral.

thoracic

Which of the following is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in muscle?

to neutralize carbon dioxide buildup

Neurons with a single process extending from the soma, such as the neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord, are classified structurally as ______ neurons.

unipolar

An axon lacking a myelin sheath is said to be ______.

unmyelinated

Consider the two motor neurons that form descending pathways. The neurons called the __________ motor neurons have their somas in the cerebral cortex or brainstem.

upper

Which cranial nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

vagus nerve (X)

Long-term memories are held in ______.

various areas of the cortex

The muscle indicated by A is the _________ medialis.

vastus

Fluid-filled internal chambers of the brain are called __________.

ventricles

The dens projects into the ______.

vertebral foramen of the atlas

The most inferior portion of the sternum is the ______.

xiphoid process

Red bone marrow does not contain __________.

yellow bone marrow

Which process of the temporal bone extends anteriorly to form part of the zygomatic arch?

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