Human Anatomy 2021
Saltatory conduction means ______.
"leaping"
List the ossicles of the middle ear in order, starting with the ossicle closest to the tympanic membrane
1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes
What is a nerve?
A cord of nerve fiber bundles bound together by connective tissue
Which best describes an electrical potential?
A form of potential energy that can produce current
Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following?
A large diameter myelinated fiber
A neuron receives a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next?
A local potential develops
Which describes the sympathetic chain ganglia?
A longitudinal series of ganglia adjacent to both sides of the vertebral column
What is myoglobin?
A molecule that stores oxygen in muscles
Which two characteristics describe adduction?
A movement along the frontal plane A movement towards the midline of the body
Which describes a mixed nerve?
A nerve containing both sensory and motor nerve fibers
Which describes a motor nerve?
A nerve containing only fibers carrying outgoing nerve signals from the CNS
The all-or-none law of action potentials states which of the following?
A neuron will fire at maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes it to threshold.
What is calmodulin?
A protein that replaces troponin in smooth muscle cells
Where does saltatory conduction occur?
Along myelinated nerve fibers
In a tendon reflex, which of the following is true?
Alpha motor neurons are inhibited and the muscle does not contract as strongly.
How do neuromodulators alter synaptic transmission?
Altering the breakdown and/or reuptake of neurotransmitter Adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters Increasing the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons
Which aspect of the knee joint is not covered by the joint capsule?
Anterior
Which cruciate ligament is attached at the anterior surface of the tibia?
Anterior
Which horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons?
Anterior
What is the hyaline cartilage found at the end of the bones within a synovial joint called?
Articular cartilage
Lumbar vertebrae have which of the following?
Articular processes
Which structure is the pineal gland?
C
Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?
CN I and II
Which is NOT one of the five cerebral lobes?
Cerebellar lobe
Synovial joints are also called what?
Diarthrotic
What would be the best explanation for why myelinated fibers conduct signals faster than unmyelinated fibers?
Diffusion of ions along the axoplasm is faster
A single motor neuron stimulating hundreds of skeletal muscle cells is an example of which type of circuit?
Diverging
What is movement of the foot upwards, as when walking on your heels, called?
Dorsiflexion
__________ innervation refers to the fact that many structures in the body are innervated by nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
Dual
What is the dural sheath around the spinal cord made of?
Dura mater
Which term refers specifically to the perception of acceleration?
Dynamic equilibrium
Which protein links actin fibers to the inner face of the sarcolemma?
Dystrophin
Identify the vagus (X) nerve.
E
Which letter corresponds to the insula?
E
Which term refers to coordination, balance, and orientation in three-dimensional space?
Equilibrium
Which are examples of special senses?
Equilibrium Vision Smell
The vestibule contains receptors for which sensory modality?
Equilibrium (balance)
Which are autonomic reflexes regulated by the spinal cord?
Erection Defecation Ejaculation Micturition
Which of the following bones is a single unpaired bone?
Ethmoid
Turning the sole of the foot laterally is called what?
Eversion
__________ of the foot turns the sole of the foot laterally.
Eversion
What is the process by which action potentials of a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber called?
Excitation
Which phase of contraction links the action potential in the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament?
Excitation-contraction coupling
This picture illustrates neural transmission at which type of synapse?
Excitatory cholinergic synapse
A twitch is a sustained contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached. True/False
False
There are three bones in the thumb.
False
True or false: In terms of structure, the knee is no more complicated than either the hip or ankle joints.
False
Voluntary motor signals typically begin in an upper motor neuron in the thalamus.
False
What is the structure between the arrows labeled A?
Fascicle
Within a nerve, nerve fibers are gathered into bundles called what?
Fascicles
Which cerebral lobe is responsible for voluntary motor function, motivation, memory, mood, and aggression?
Frontal
Pressure waves are transduced into neural signals in which section of the ear?
Inner ear
Which cerebral lobe is located deep to the lateral sulcus and is not visible from the surface of the brain?
Insula
Name the indented region between the condyles of the femur.
Intercondylar fossa
Which joint is the most complex diarthrosis in the body?
Knee
Which muscle is indicated in the picture?
Latissimus dorsi
Which structure focuses incoming light onto the retina?
Lens
Which divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
Which type of receptor responds to light?
Photoreceptor
In which phase does muscle tension decline and sarcoplasmic calcium levels fall?
Relaxation
During an action potential, the loss of potassium ions from the cell results in which of the following?
Repolarization
Which term refers to the voltage difference (electrical potential) across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is at rest and not engaged in electrical signaling?
Resting membrane potential
Match each point in the action potential to the corresponding description of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channel activity.
Resting membrane potential - Both types of voltage-gated channels are closed. Depolarization begins - Voltage-gated Na+ channels open; voltage-gated K+ channels open more slowly Repolarization begins - Voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate; voltage-gated K+ channels remain open longer
In the PNS, the __________ cells form a neurilemma and the myelin sheath around an axon.
Schwann
Nerve fibers of peripheral nerves are encased in which cells?
Schwann
Identify the type of cell indicated by the arrow labeled A.
Schwann cell
Which type of glial cell produces the myelin sheath in the PNS?
Schwann cell
Which glial cell is found wrapped around nerve fibers in the PNS?
Schwann cells
Which are properties of action potentials?
Self-propagating Nondecremental (signal maintains amplitude) All or none
The posterior root of a spinal nerve carries what type of nerve fibers?
Sensory
Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex?
Sensory receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → gland
Which muscle is indicated in the picture?
Serratus anterior
Which muscle works with the pectoralis minor to draw the scapula laterally and forward around the chest wall, and acts as the prime mover in all forward-reaching and pushing actions?
Serratus anterior
Which would be true about a person with only one eye?
She would have impaired stereoscopic vision.
Which type of memory allows you to remember things from up to a few hours ago?
Short-term
A somatic fiber innervates which of the following?
Skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints
__________ muscle cells have a fusiform shape and taper to a point at the ends.
Smooth
__________ muscle tissue is typically slow to contract and slow to relax.
Smooth
Which of the following do costal cartilages connect?
The ribs with the sternum
Which is true about signal conduction in myelinated axons?
The signal moves more rapidly through the internodes than it does through the nodes of Ranvier. Action potentials are only generated at the nodes of Ranvier.
Which of these happens first in a cholinergic synaptic transmission?
The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine
Which statements characterize neurotransmitters?
They are released in response to stimulation. They bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell. They are synthesized by presynaptic neurons.
All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except __________.
They are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell
The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system arise from which regions of the spinal cord?
Thoracic Lumbar
From where do all preganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system arise?
Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
What are the regions of the spinal cord?
Thoracic, lumbar, cervical, sacral
Tonic contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels is important in maintaining blood pressure. True/False
True
What is the source of the sensory signals carried by the cuneate fasciculus?
Upper limbs and chest
Which term refers to the pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus whose fibers end in the nuclei of the brainstem?
Upper motor neurons
When are tendon organs stimulated?
When a muscle contracts
During contraction, what causes a power stroke?
When myosin releases ADP and ratchets to a low energy position
This picture shows an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). When do EPSPs usually occur?
When sodium channels open
Which is a special sense?
Which is a special sense?
The first cervical vertebra is called the ______.
atlas
Ossification of a fibrous or cartilaginous joint results in the formation of a __________ joint.
bony
The opening of __________ gates produces an __________.
chloride; IPSP.
An ______ fiber is a nerve fiber carrying nerve signals away from the central nervous system.
efferent
The ear canal is also called the ______.
external acoustic meatus
Groups of muscles are separated by which of the following?
fascia
The corpus callosum connects the right and left cerebral __________ to each other.
hemispheres
Short-term memory is associated with the __________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the __________.
hippocampus; cerebral cortex
The muscle indicated in the picture is the __________ scapulae.
levator
A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has what condition?
meningitis
What is the most common type of neuron?
multipolar
If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be __________.
not complete tetanus
The letter A indicates the _____ on the diagram.
primary somatosensory cortex
The anterior aspect of the knee joint is covered by the patellar ligament as well as the medial and lateral patellar ______, which are extensions of the quadriceps femoris tendon.
retinacula
The prevailing theory regarding muscle contraction is called the __________ filament theory.
sliding
Which muscle plantar flexes the foot?
soleus
The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called the __________.
the threshold
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
thoracolumbar
The minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential is called the __________.
threshold
The vascular layer of the eye is also called the ______.
uvea
What is the gray commissure of the spinal cord?
A band of gray matter connecting the gray matter of the left side with the gray matter of the right side
Which of the following describes elevation?
A bone is raised vertically
What is the cauda equina?
A bundle of nerve roots occupying the vertebral canal from L2 to S5
The varicosities of the autonomic neurons that innervate smooth muscle release what when stimulated?
Neurotransmitters
Which two characteristics describe retraction?
A posterior movement of a bone Movement along the transverse plane
What is an action potential?
A rapid fluctuation in the membrane potential following stimulation
What is a neuromuscular junction?
A site where a nerve fiber communicates with a muscle fiber
What is a reflex?
A stereotyped, involuntary response to a stimulus
What is a tendon organ?
A tangle of nerve endings entwined in collagen fibers of tendon
What is a muscle spindle?
A type of stretch receptor embedded in skeletal muscle
Which best describes signal conduction in unmyelinated axons?
A wave of depolarization opens more voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential.
When an overly shortened or overly stretched muscle fiber is stimulated, what kind of contraction is generated?
A weak contraction
Which connects the kneecap to the tibial tuberosity?
Patellar ligament
Indicate which of the following statements are true about signal conduction along unmyelinated fibers.
A zone of depolarization excites voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential. Unmyelinated fibers have voltage-gated channels along their entire length.
The cross-bridge created by the binding of a myosin head to an active site on an actin filament is broken by binding ______.
ATP
The energy needed for short bursts of intense activity is provided by which of the following?
ATP Creatine phosphate
Which of the following is a platelike extension of the scapular spine that forms the apex of the shoulder?
Acromion
During cross-bridge formation, the cocked head of myosin attaches to what on the thin filament?
Active site
The pectoralis major acts on the humerus to do which of the following?
Adduct the arm Flex the arm Medially rotate the arm
What is moving a body part in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body called?
Adduction
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?
Adductor longus
Which of the following muscles is in the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductor longus
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A?
Adductor magnus
Which of the following muscles adducts and medially rotates the thigh?
Adductor magnus
What is a motor unit?
All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber
Which term refers to the thick folds of tissue found on each of the cerebral hemispheres?
Gyri
Which describes the optic disc?
An area of the retina lacking photoreceptors
What does the axon of a postganglionic neuron synapse with?
An effector
Resistance exercise causes muscle growth by stimulating which of the following?
An increase in myofibril size
Which types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system?
Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells
Which term applies to the small swellings at the distal end of the axon of a neuron that contain synaptic vesicles?
Axon terminals
Which term refers to the passage of proteins, organelles and other materials along an axon?
Axonal transport
Which sensory modalities are mediated by inner ear structures?
Balance Hearing
Equilibrium refers to perception of which of the following? Choose three of the options below.
Balance Orientation in space Coordination
How are individual joints typically named?
Based on the names of the bones involved in the joint.
What are the two major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?
Central and peripheral nervous systems
In the spinal cord, what is the space within the gray commissure that contains CSF?
Central canal
Which groove in the brain separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
Central sulcus
The brain and spinal cord are components of the ______ nervous system, while the nerves and ganglia are components of the ______ nervous system.
Central, peripheral
Which structures make up most of the posterior pons?
Cerebellar peduncles
Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in which structure?
Cerebellum
Name the portion of the brain dorsal to the brainstem responsible for motor coordination, evaluation of sensory input, and memory of learned motor skills.
Cerebellum
Which area of the brain is responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills?
Cerebellum
Which part of the brain occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
Cerebellum
Which structure occupies the posterior cranial fossa inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem?
Cerebellum
Which send input to the ANS?
Cerebral cortex Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Hypothalamus
The tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus are all found in which part of the midbrain?
Cerebral peduncles
Which anterior midbrain structures anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem?
Cerebral peduncles
Which functions to protect the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injury by providing chemical stability and buoyancy?
Cerebrospinal fluid
Together, the right and left cerebral hemispheres make up which part of the brain?
Cerebrum
Which are the three major divisions of the brain?
Cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum
The forebrain includes of which of the following structures?
Cerebrum,thalamus, and hypothalamus
The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses?
Cervical, lumbar, sacral
Which are functions of CSF?
Chemical stability Protection Buoyancy
Match each type of receptor to the stimulus it detects.
Chemoreceptor - Chemicals Thermoreceptor - Changes in temperature Photoreceptor - light Nociceptor - Tissue damage (or potentially damaging stimuli) Mechanoreceptor - Touch, pressure, stretch, vibration
At a GABA-ergic synapse, the postsynaptic receptor for the GABA neurotransmitter is which type of channel?
Chloride
Which term refers to a synapse that releases acetylcholine from the presynaptic axon terminal?
Cholinergic
Which structures produce CSF?
Choroid plexus Ependymal cells
Which fascicle arrangement produces the weakest muscle?
Circular
What are the effects of light exposure on rhodopsin?
Cis-retinal converted to trans isoform Retinal and opsin separation
The pectoral girdle includes which of the following bones?
Clavicle, scapula
Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, carries information between the two cerebral hemispheres?
Commissural
Which rami connect the anterior rami to the sympathetic chain?
Communicating
Projection tracts are bundles of unmyelinated neurons which extend between the brainstem and the spinal cord. True/False
False
Severing a sensory nerve root will completely deaden sensation from a dermatome. True/False
False
Signal conduction is faster in unmyelinated axons because myelin increases the capacitance of the membrane. True/False
False
Smooth muscle often fatigues. True/False
False
The auditory ossicles provide mechanical advantage and amplify the sound. True/False
False
The chief functions of the occipital lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression. True/False
False
The chief functions of the parietal lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression. True/False
False
The chief functions of the parietal lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression. True/Flase
False
The hamstrings are the major extensors of the knee. True/False
False
The limbic system is the part of the brain involved with coordination of motor input. True/False
False
The midbrain and the cerebellum interact to control emotional feelings and memories. True/False
False
The more synapses a neuron has, the lesser its information-processing capability.
False
The more synapses a neuron has, the lesser its information-processing capability. True/False
False
The spinal cord is vitally important in processing complex information.
False
Match each type of rib with its definition.
False Ribs - These ribs do not have independent cartilaginous connections to the sternum. Floating ribs - These ribs do not attach to the sternum. True ribs - These ribs have independent costal cartilages that attach to the sternum.
A meniscus is a type of bursa seen in the space between the femur and tibia. True/False
False?
A typical reflex contains a sensory neuron attached directly to an effector.
False?
Which type of transport is used to move mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, and small molecules such as glucose toward the distal end of an axon?
Fast axonal transport
Which fibers are adapted for a quick response?
Fast glycolytic
In a symphysis, bones are held together by which of the following?
Fibrocartilage
What are articular discs, as the one in the temporomandibular joint, made of?
Fibrocartilage
What are the menisci of the knee composed of?
Fibrocartilage
Which structure is found between the bones of the temporomandibular joint?
Fibrocartilage pad
Which class of joints includes sutures and gomphoses?
Fibrous
Which term refers to the outermost layer of the eyeball?
Fibrous
What comprises the outer layer of a synovial joint capsule?
Fibrous capsule
Which superficial ligament is located on the lateral surface of the knee?
Fibular collateral ligament
Which order neuron of the spinothalamic tract ends in the posterior horn at the point of entry to the spinal cord?
First
Which order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract originate at muscles and tendons?
First
In a sensory pathway, which neuron detects the stimulus and transmits the signal to the spinal cord or brainstem?
First order
What is the term for a slit through a bone?
Fissure
What are the actions of the coracobrachialis?
Flexes and medially rotates arm
The deltoid muscle has multiple actions. Indicate four of its actions from the list below.
Flexes arm Medially rotates arm Abducts arm Laterally rotates arm
What is the action of the indicated muscle?
Flexes hip and laterally rotates thigh
What is the action of the sartorius?
Flexes hip and laterally rotates thigh
What are the actions of the gastrocnemius?
Flexes knee Plantar flexes foot
What is the action of the muscle indicated by A?
Flexes knee and medially rotates tibia
What is the action of the indicated muscle?
Flexes knee; medially rotates tibia
What is the action of the iliopsoas?
Flexes thigh; flexes trunk at hip when thigh is fixed
Curling a dumbbell is an example of which action at the elbow?
Flexion
A monoaxial joint, like the elbow, is capable of which one of the following movements?
Flexion and extension
What is the major action of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh, commonly called the "hamstrings?"
Flexion of knee
The brachioradialis muscle does which of the following actions?
Flexion of the elbow
Which reflex is ipsilateral?
Flexor
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the figure?
Flexor carpi radialis
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the figure?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Which type of rib lacks an anterior connection to the sternum via cartilage?
Floating ribs
Which ventricle is located between the pons and the cerebellum?
Fourth
The cerebral aqueduct passes CSF down the core of the midbrain and into which of the following?
Fourth ventricle
How many fibers of the optic nerve cross over at the optic chiasm?
Half of them
Together the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus are commonly known by which name?
Hamstring muscles
Which term refers to a prominent expanded end of a bone that is sometimes rounded?
Head
Which sensations result primarily from the activation of exteroceptors?
Hearing Vision Cutaneous sensations
Which are examples of general (aka somatosensory or somatic) senses?
Heat Touch Pain
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?
Hematoma formation-> soft callus-> hard callus-> bone remodeling
Which term refers to the differences in function between the right and left sides of the cerebrum?
Hemispheric lateralization
The thalamus does which of the following?
Processes many types of sensory information Relays motor signals from the cerebral cortex Regulates emotional memory formation
Which are common symptoms of Parkinson disease?
Progressive loss of motor function Slurred speech Change in gait; smaller and slower steps
Which type of tract carries information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body?
Projection
Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, carries information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body?
Projection
What is the action of the pronator teres?
Pronate the forearm
Which muscle is indicated in the picture?
Pronator teres
Muscle spindles are classified as what type of receptor?
Proprioceptor
Which of the following is not a function associated with the spinal cord?
Protect neurons in both the ascending and descending tracts
Reaching forward to open a door involves which action of the shoulder girdle?
Protraction
What is the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane called?
Protraction
How do smooth muscle myocytes differ from cardiomyocytes?
Smooth muscle myocytes have no T tubules while cardiac muscles do.
Which three terms refer to all the senses that utilize receptors widely distributed throughout the body?
Somesthetic senses General senses Somatosensory senses
__________ fibers are nerve fibers that innervate more localized organs in the head (eyes, ears, olfactory and taste receptors, etc.).
Special
Which term refers to vision, equilibrium, hearing, taste, and smell?
Special senses
Which part of the neuron is indicated by the arrow labeled A?
Terminal arborization
What are the end-sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called?
Terminal cisternae
Which fibrous structure is indicated by the letter A in the figure?
Terminal filum
What happens when a myosin head releases from actin?
The filament remains in the same place.
In order to regenerate, a peripheral nerve fiber must have which of the following?
The neurosoma and at least some neurilemma intact
What is acetylcholine?
The neurotransmitter released at a neuromuscular junction
Which occurs during muscle contraction?
The overlapping of myofilaments increases.
What is muscle tone?
The partial contraction of resting muscles
What is the action of the supinator?
Supinate the forearm
Which best describes the action of the biceps brachii?
Supination; flexes shoulder and elbow
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?
Supinator
Which muscle attaches on the supraspinous fossa and the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Supraspinatus
Which muscle lies within the suprascapular fossa?
Supraspinatus
Which rotator cuff muscle occupies the fossa above the scapular spine?
Supraspinatus
Which best describes the cerebral cortex?
Surface layer of gray matter on the cerebrum
Vasomotor tone is produced by a baseline level of stimulation by which division of the ANS?
Sympathetic
Which division inhibits digestion?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS is associated with the "fight-or-flight" response?
Sympathetic
Which ganglia extend from the cervical region to the coccygeal region along the vertebral column?
Sympathetic chain
Which division of the ANS is responsible for increasing heart rate, alertness, blood pressure, pulmonary airflow, blood-glucose concentration, and blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscles?
Sympathetic division
The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a __________.
Symphysis
The synaptic knob does not touch the muscle fiber but is separated by which structure?
Synaptic cleft
Which term refers to the microscopic physical gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a chemical synapse?
Synaptic cleft
The epiphyseal plate in a growing bone is an example of what type of joint?
Synchondrosis
What type of joint is found between the costal cartilage of rib one and the sternum?
Synchondrosis
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Syndesmosis Gomphosis Suture
Which joint type is most likely to develop dysfunction due to its complexity?
Synovial
Action potentials cause the opening of voltage-gated sodium ion channels in the __________ tubules. This leads to the opening of calcium ion channels in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
T
Action potentials spread across the sarcolemma and continue down which structures into the sarcoplasm?
T tubules
What is the function of a T tubule?
T tubules carry the action potential through the sarcoplasm.
Which membranous structures conduct impulses through the sarcoplasm to stimulate the release of calcium?
T-tubules
Which structure secretes an oil that reduces tear evaporation?
Tarsal gland
The auditory canal is a passageway through which bone?
Temporal
Which term refers to summation that results from a single synapse firing rapidly in sequence?
Temporal
The Wernicke area is responsible for interpreting the meaning of written and spoken language. It is found within which cerebral lobe(s)?
Temporal Parietal
The thickened lines on the side of the skull that provide attachment points for the temporalis muscle are called which of the following?
Temporal lines
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
Temporal lobe and insula
When a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades, what is this process called?
Temporal summation
Which reflex occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon?
Tendon
What are the two primary stabilizing structures of the knee? Multiple select question.
Tendon of the semimembranosus Tendon of the quadriceps femoris
Which is a tangle of nerve endings entwined in collagen fibers?
Tendon organ
What is a bursa wrapped around a tendon called?
Tendon sheath
Which muscle extends the knee, laterally rotates the tibia, aids in abduction and medial rotation of the femur, and tautens the iliotibial tract to brace the knee when the opposite foot is lifted?
Tensor fasciae latae
Which muscle extends and medially rotates the humerus?
Teres major
Which muscle is indicated in the figure?
Teres major
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?
Teres minor
What is the hydrolysis of ATP and preparation for reattachment to the thin filament by the myosin head called?
The recovery stroke
Which of the following statements are true about sodium?
The resting plasma membrane is much less permeable to Na+ than to K+. Na+ is about 12 times as concentrated in the ECF as in the ICF.
Elastic filaments in a myofibril are made of which protein?
Titin
Why would the synapses of a memory trace undergo synaptic potentiation?
To allow easier signal transmission along pathway
What function does increased oxygen consumption after exercise serve?
To allow the conversion of lactic acid to pyruvate and glucose by the liver
What is the function of a muscle spindle?
To detect muscle length and body movements
What is the function of the lens?
To focus light onto the retina
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?
To increase the speed of signal conduction in the axon
What are the functions of smooth muscle?
To move material through the digestive tract To regulate pupil diameter To constrict or dilate blood vessels to control blood pressure
What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?
To prevent the tibia from being displaced backward
What is the role of neural pools in the CNS?
To process information
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
To produce and drain tears
Which describes the function of the choroid plexus?
To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Functions of the enteric nervous system include which of the following?
To regulate motility through the digestive tract To regulate the secretion of digestive enzymes
What is the function of the blood barrier system?
To regulate passage of materials from the blood into the brain
Why does increased oxygen consumption continue after exercise?
To replace the oxygen bound to myoglobin and hemoglobin
What is the function of T-tubules?
To stimulate the terminal cisternae to release calcium
Inverted images are focused onto the retina by the lens. True/False
True
Muscle spindles sense changes in muscle length and are therefore proprioceptors. True/False
True
Myosin ATPase is an enzyme in the myosin head that hydrolyzes ATP to release energy. True/False
True
Sensitivity differences during light and dark adaptation result, at least in part, from the difference in bleaching and regeneration rates of photopsin and rhodopsin. True/False
True
Smooth muscle is capable of mitosis and hyperplasia. True/False
True
The duration of exercise determines which muscle mechanism supplies ATP. True/False
True
The flexor reflex uses an ipsilateral reflex arc.
True
The hematopoietic tissue in a bone is otherwise known as myeloid tissue.
True
The neural pathway of a flexor reflex is more complex than that for the tendon reflex.
True
The neuron shown in this picture is structurally classified as an anaxonic neuron. True/False
True
The tension generated by a muscle fiber depends on how stretched or compressed the fiber is before it is stimulated. True/False
True
True or false: Bony joints are formed by ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints.
True
True or false: The patella articulates with the femur.
True
Unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS are enveloped in Schwann cells. True/False
True
A radiograph (X-ray) of a child's hand will show epiphysial lines.
True?
Bones, cartilage, and ligaments are tissues and organs of the skeletal system.
True?
Hinge joints, such as the tibiofemoral joint, are monoaxial. True/False
True?
Injury to the deep fibular nerve would cause inability to extend one's toes.
True?
Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called kyphosis.
True?
Synovial fluid is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous texture similar to egg white.
True?
Under normal circumstances, the wrist can be hyperextended, but the elbow cannot. True/False
True?
Match each tunic of the eyeball to its components.
Tunica fibrosa - Scler and corne Tunica vasculosa - choroid, ciliary body, and iris tunica interna - retina and beginning of the optic nerve
Which describes pronation?
Turning the palm posteriorly
Which is a quick cycle of contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached?
Twitch
How many neurons are found in a descending tract?
Two
Which structure transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles?
Tympanic membrane
Together, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up the entirety of which division of the nervous system?
Visceral Motor
Choose the characteristics of neuroglia.
They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold. They protect the neurons and help them function.
What is the function of intermediate filaments in smooth muscle cells?
They bind the dense bodies to the sarcolemma.
Which are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?
They contract nearly in unison. They contract with regular rhythm. They are resistant to fatigue.
What does it mean that cardiac cells are autorhythmic?
They contract rhythmically and independent of nervous stimulation.
Which statements are true about Schwann cells?
They form the neurilemma. They form the myelin sheath in the PNS. They assist in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers.
Which describes slow-twitch fibers?
They have a rich blood supply.
A volleyball player depends on the gastrocnemius muscles for plantar flexion, whereas a marathon runner depends more on the soleus muscles for the same action. What characteristic of the soleus muscles makes this so?
They make more use of aerobic respiration.
Which are characteristics of neural pools?
They may be concerned with a particular body function. They consist of complex patterns of interneurons.
Which ventricle is located between the right and left halves of the diencephalon?
Third
What is the other name for the autonomic nervous system?
Visceral motor system
Which are considered "special senses"?
Vision Smell Taste Hearing Equilibrium
Spatial perception and the recognition of familiar objects require activity in which of the following cortical regions?
Visual association areas
Choose the bone that, along with the ethmoid, forms the nasal septum.
Vomer
Where is single unit smooth muscle found?
Wall of uterus Wall of bladder Wall of stomach
Where is single-unit smooth muscle found?
Wall of uterus Wall of stomach Wall of bladder
Which would result in the strongest twitch?
Warmer temperatures
Which joint is the articulation between the scapula and the humerus?
Glenohumeral
______ cells protect the neurons and help them function.
Glial
The patellofemoral joint is an example of which class of synovial joint?
Gliding
Which nerve transmits both sensory and motor impulses to the head, neck and thoracic region?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
The glycogen-lactic acid system utilizes what molecule(s) as fuel to generate ATP?
Glucose
Aerobic respiration utilizes what two molecules as fuel to generate ATP?
Glucose Fatty acids
Which is a large posterior thigh muscle that is active in stair climbing, running, and elevation of the trunk after stooping?
Gluteus maximus
In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone.
Hyaline Cartilage
A joint that is extended beyond zero position is said to be what?
Hyperextended
The function of the anterior cruciate ligament is to prevent which action?
Hyperextension
In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?
Hyperpolarization of the membrane
Which nerve controls tongue movements?
Hypoglossal
What region of the brain is the primary regulator of the visceral motor system?
Hypothalamus
__________ matter is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and is superficial to the gray matter of the spinal cord.
White
Which of the following structures is the richest in lipid content?
White Matter
Bundles of axons make up which of the following?
White matter
Which is the major control center of the visceral motor system?
Hypothalamus
Which structure serves as the major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
Which structures are located in the diencephalon?
Hypothalamus Epithalamus Thalamus
Match the name of each cranial nerve to its designated number.
I - Olfactory III - Oculomotor V - Trigeminal VII - Facial IX - Glossopharyngeal XI - Accessory
Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.
IX VII X III
Which term refers to the pore that transports CSF from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
Interventricular foramen
All spinal nerves except C1 pass through which structure to emerge from the vertebral column?
Intervertebral foramen
What is turning the sole of the foot medially called?
Inversion
What are the actions of the indicated muscle?
Inversion of the foot Dorsiflexion
What are the actions of the tibialis anterior?
Inversion of the foot Dorsiflexion
Cardiac and smooth muscle are both considered which of the following?
Involuntary
Which statements are true about signal conduction along myelinated fibers?
Ions can be exchanged with the ECF only at the nodes of Ranvier. There are few voltage-gated ion channels at the myelin-covered internodes and multiple channels at the nodes of Ranvier. Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier.
Electrical currents in neurons are due primarily to the flow of which of the following through gated channels?
Ions such as sodium and potassium
Which nerve tracts do not decussate?
Ipsilateral
Which tract will have its origin and destination on the same side of the body?
Ipsilateral
Which structures are part of the vascular layer of the eyeball?
Iris Ciliary body Choroid
What is the function of the cardiac pacemaker?
It triggers contraction in the heart muscle.
Which are characteristics of cardiac muscle?
It uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively. It has large stores of glycogen. It is rich in myoglobin.
Which describes slow axonal transport?
It works in a stop-and-go fashion. It is used to renew worn-out axoplasmic components in mature neurons.
Where are tarsal glands located?
Within a tarsal plate
Where is the limbic system located?
Within the cerebral cortex
The binding of __________ to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will __________ it.
acetylcholine; excite
Declarative and procedural memory are two types of what?
Long-term memory
Which are functions of the spinal cord?
Locomotion Reflexes Conduction
What is a syndesmosis held together by?
Long collagen fibers
The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is called __________.
acetylcholinesterase
In descending tracts, which motor neuron innervates the target organ?
Lower
Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Lower Blood Calcium
What is the prominent bony process behind and below the ear that is filled with small air sinuses and serves as an attachment for a major neck muscle?
Mastoid process
The ability of synapses to change is called synaptic plasticity. Which term refers to the neuronal pathways formed during learning?
Memory traces
Which term refers to the connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
Which of the following is found in the palm of your hand?
Metacarpal
The embryonic hindbrain consists of which secondary vesicles? Chose two from the list below.
Metencephalon Myelencephalon
Which type of glial cells in the central nervous system fight microorganisms and destroy foreign matter and dead nervous tissue?
Microglia
Which cell is indicated by the arrow labeled A?
Microglial cell
What is it called when stimulus strength increases, increasing the number of motor neurons excited which, in turn, increases the number of motor units firing?
Multiple motor unit summation
Neurons with numerous dendrites and a single axon are structurally classified as which of the following?
Multipolar
After entering the sympathetic chain, preganglionic nerve fibers may do which of the following?
Pass through the sympathetic chain without synapsing, forming splanchnic nerves Immediately synapse with postganglionic fibers Move up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels
Stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron will end when nerve signals stop arriving at the presynaptic axon terminal or when which of the following occurs?
Neurotransmitter is removed from postsynaptic receptors.
The second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate in the __________ formation of the brainstem.
reticular
Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid are examples of __________.
serrate sutures
The patella is an example of a __________ bone, one that forms within a tendon due to stress.
sesamoid
Which type of bone forms within a tendon due to stress?
sesamoid
Red-green color blindness is a(n) __________ -linked recessive trait.
sex
The bundle of nerves inferior to the medullary cone of the spinal cord is called the __________.
cauda and equina
The cerebellum is __________ to the cerebrum.
caudal
The term ______ means "toward the tail".
caudal
The sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has pockets called ______ that contain calcium channels.
caveolae
In the spinal cord, the __________ canal is lined with ependymal cells and contains cerebrospinal fluid.
central
The __________ is the region of the brain responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills.
cerebellum
Where is the gray matter of the cerebrum located?
cerebral cortex basal nuclei limbic system
The __________ enlargement of the spinal cord gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs.
cervical
The superior most region of the spinal cord is the ______ region.
cervical
Transverse foramina are only found in ______.
cervical vertebrae
Which receptors bind to ACh?
cholinergic
The great majority of which tracts pass through the corpus callosum?
commissural
The left and right sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord are connected by the gray __________.
commissure
The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of _________.
compact bone
Which is not naturally seen in the muscles of the body?
complete tetanus
The lateral walls of the nasal cavity give rise to scroll-like bones called the nasal __________
conchae
The metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of the fingers are ___________ joints.
condylar
A rounded knob that articulates with another bone is called a(n) __________.
condyle
The medial and lateral __________ of the tibia articulate with the femur.
condyles
The characteristic that allows muscles to pull on bones and organs to create movement is called ______.
contractility
A muscle fiber shortens and generates force during the ______ period of a muscle twitch.
contraction
A muscle twitch produces external tension and moves an object by shortening the muscles during the _____ phase.
contraction
The step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called ______.
contraction
Since the corticospinal tracts decussate, innervation to the muscles will be across the body or __________.
contralateral
A myofilament that runs through the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n) __________.
elastic filament
A brain wave is a measure of the __________ activity in the cells of the brain.
electrical
Which muscle(s) of respiration is(are) innervated by the phrenic nerve?
diaphragm
Which of the following muscles is the prime mover for inhalation?
diaphragm
Because it is a freely moveable joint, a synovial joint is also called a ______ joint.
diarthrosis
Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________.
digestion
Motor, or __________, neurons carry signals away from the CNS and they lead to effectors (muscle and gland cells).
efferent
The motor division is also called the ______ division.
efferent
In a myofibril, the __________ filaments stabilize the thick filaments and prevent over-stretching.
elastic
In contrast to the action potential, the ______ potential causes the opening of ion channels, which results in the initial movement of sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane at the neuromuscular junction. If continued, this in turn can trigger an action potential at the neighboring sarcolemma.
end-plate
The __________ space is located between the vertebrae and the dural sheath around the spinal cord.
epidural
The connective tissue layer indicated by the arrow is the __________.
epineurium
The pineal gland is part of which larger region of the brain?
epithalamus
While sitting at your desk, you drop your pencil onto the floor. You bend over to pick up the pencil. In order to straighten up and continue your exam you must use which of the following muscles?
erector spinae
Which of the following is most likey to cause a rapid depolarization?
opening of sodium channels
Extending a joint beyond the zero position is always an abnormal movement.
false
The bundle between the arrows labeled A is a(n) __________ and contains several nerve fibers.
fascicle
The progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of the muscles is known as muscle __________.
fatigue
The acetabulum articulates with the __________.
femur
Some joints become synostoses by replacing __________ with __________.
fibers; bone
Which body region is controlled by the largest area of the motor cortex?
fingers
In a sensory pathway, the __________ order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits the signal to the spinal cord or brainstem.
first
In regard to the degree of movement allowed, most synovial joints are which of the following?
freely moveable
The chief functions of the __________ lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression.
frontal
The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the ______ lobe.
frontal
The plural form of ganglion is ______.
ganglia
The knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are found is called a(n) __________.
ganglion
Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of __________.
gastrointestinal motility
A __________ nerve fiber innervates widespread organs such as muscles, skin, glands, viscera, and blood vessels.
general
The cochlea contains receptors for which sense?
hearing
What is a synchondrosis held together by?
hyaline cartilage
The bone in the neck that does not articulate with any other bone is the __________ bone.
hyoid
Which bone is located in the neck and does not articulate with any other bone?
hyoid
Showing your palm to someone who is in front of you, as if to tell them "Stop," requires __________.
hyper-extension of the wrist
Resistance exercise will most likely cause muscle to __________.
hypertrophy
The __________ is an especially important center of autonomic control.
hypothalamus
The __________ region of the diencephalon forms the floor of the third ventricle and extends anteriorly to the optic chiasm.
hypothalamus
Outputs from the amygdala go to the ______ to influence heart rate and blood pressure.
hypothalamus and lower brainstem
Together the iliacus and the psoas major are called the __________ and share a common tendon to the femur.
iliopsoa
The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to __________.
increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber
The __________ colliculi are part of the auditory pathway and function to receive signals from the inner ear, relaying them to other parts of the brain.
inferior
The indicated muscle is the __________ muscle.
infraspinatus
The aponeurosis of the external oblique forms the ________ at its inferior margin.
inguinal ligament
The ______ ear consists of the cochlea and the vestibule which are organs important for the senses of hearing and balance.
inner
The vastus __________ is the muscle located deep to the rectus femoris.
intermedius
If a bee sting on the right thigh causes a quick involuntary reaction of the right arm, this would be an example of a(n) __________ reflex.
intersegmental
All spinal nerves except C1 pass through a(n) __________ foramen to emerge from the vertebral column.
intervertebral
Fibers from the cuneate fasciculus end on the ______ side of the medulla oblongata.
ipsilateral
The colored portion of the eye surrounding the pupil is called the __________.
iris
The type of muscle contraction in which there is a change in length, but no change in tension is called a(n) __________ contraction
isotonic
When a muscle relaxes, elastic recoil of the collagen helps to return the muscle to its resting __________.
length
Fibrous joints with shorter fibers between the bones are going to be ______ movable than fibrous joints with longer fibers.
less
A strip of tough collagenous tissue attaching a bone to another bone is called a __________.
ligament
The visual adjustment that is made when you go from a dark or dimly lit area to a brighter area is called __________ adaption.
light
The __________ system is the part of the brain involved with emotion and learning.
limbic
Where are the hippocampus and amygdala found?
limbic system
Regarding the length of fibers, the parasympathetic nervous system has ______ preganglionic fibers and ______ postganglionic fibers.
long, short
Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in __________.
longer aerobic respiration
The ______ is the tapered end of the spinal cord.
medullary cone
The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called __________ in children and __________ in adults.
rickets; osteomalacia
Moving peripherally from the spinal cord, the anterior and posterior __________ form the spinal nerve.
roots
Which of the following is not part of the pectoral girdle?
sacroiliac joint
The suture between the parietal bones is the ______ suture.
sagittal
A nerve containing both sensory and motor nerve fibers is called a(n) __________ nerve.
mixed
Spinal nerves are described as __________ nerves because they carry both afferent and efferent signals.
mixed
Aerobic respiration produces ______ ATP than glycolysis.
more
Muscle that are larger can generate ______ strength than those that are smaller.
more
Syndesmoses are ______ moveable than sutures or gomphoses.
more
There are __________ bones in a newborn compared with the average number in an adult.
more
What does the sliding filament theory describe?
muscle contraction
What does a tendon attach?
muscle to bone
What are the effectors of motor neurons?
muscles and glands
Which of the following groups of muscles has the most muscle spindles?
muscles of the hand
A genetic condition in which an abnormal form of the dystrophin protein is produced results in __________ dystrophy.
muscular
Which embryonic structure develops first?
neural plate
A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, this type of synapse is called a __________ junction.
neuromuscular
The ______ (the cell body of a neuron) gives rise to branch-like processes called ______, which are the primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons.
neurosoma, dendrites
The portion of a myofibril from one Z disc to the next is called a(n) __________.
sarcomere
During relaxation, calcium is actively pumped back into the __________ __________.
sarcoplasmic, reticulum
When a muscle is injured, cells called __________ cells can multiply and help repair the damage.
satellite
The acromion is an anatomical feature of the __________.
scapula
The glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the and the humerus.
scapula
In the spinothalamic tract, the ______ -order neurons decussate from the posterior horn of the spinal cord.
second
The __________ houses the pituitary gland (hypophysis) and is found in the __________.
sella turcica; sphenoid bone
The ______ ducts of the inner ear are specialized to detect rotational head movements (angular acceleration).
semicircular
The indicated muscle is the __________ muscle.
semimembranosus
A ______ nerve is a peripheral nerve carrying nerve signals to the CNS.
sensory
Afferent neurons are ______ neurons.
sensory
The somas of which neurons are found within the posterior root ganglion?
sensory
Which terms refers to the part of the PNS that carries signals from various receptors to the CNS?
sensory divison
The thighs of a chicken are composed mostly of ______ fibers.
slow-oxidative
Tonic contraction of __________ muscle plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure and in keeping the intestine partially contracted.
smooth
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of skeletal muscle to smooth muscle?
smooth muscle contracts and relaxes more slowly
During depolarization of a muscle cell or nerve cell, ion channels in the plasma membrane open allowing which ions to enter the cell?
sodium
When acetylcholine binds to its receptors on the motor end plate, an ion channel opens and ______ ions diffuse quickly into the muscle cell.
sodium
The motor division of the PNS is further subdivided into the ______ motor division that carries signals to the skeletal muscles and the ______ motor division (also known as the autonomic nervous system), which carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
somatic, visceral
The letter A indicates the _____.
somatosensory association area
A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called __________.
spatial summation
Vision is a ______ sense.
special
What structure passes through the foramen magnum?
spinal cord
A sharp, slender, or narrow process of a bone is called a ______.
spine
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers typically synapse with sympathetic chain ganglia unless they pass through, forming __________ nerves that instead enter collateral ganglia.
splanchnic
In a whiplash injury, the neck undergoes forced hyperextension then hyperflexion, injuring multiple muscles in the neck. Which of the following muscles would be injured during the hyperextension phase of the injury?
sternocleidomastoid
The manubrium is part of what bone?
sternum
When a muscle lengthens, the collagenous components protect the muscle because they resist which of the following?
stretching
Under the microscope, muscle that has alternating light and dark regions is said to be which of the following?
striated
In skeletal muscle, the term that describes the alternating light and dark bands is ___________.
striations
Skeletal muscle exhibits alternating light and dark bands called __________.
striations
Smooth muscle is named for the fact that it has no ______.
striations
The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the __________ space between the meninges.
subarachnoid
The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is called the __________ space.
subarachnoid
Name the term used to describe a groove in which is located a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel.
sulcus
There are two ways in which EPSPs can add up to produce enough activity to make a postsynaptic cell fire. They are temporal and spatial __________.
summation
The __________ colliculi play an important role in visual attention and visual tracking of moving objects.
superior
A soft callus forms during
the healing of a fracture
A soft callus forms during ___________.
the healing of a fracture
To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft.
synaptic vesicles
The joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum is a __________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by __________ joints.
synchondrosis; synovial
A __________ is a type of mobile fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by a band of long collagen fibers.
syndesmoses
The joint between the diaphyses of the radius and ulna is a __________.
syndesmosis
A bony, immovable joint is called a(n) __________.
synostosis
Which of the following is produced by embryonic bones fusing seamlessly into one adult bone?
synostosis
A lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the bones is found in __________ joints.
synovial
The inner layer of a joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid is called the __________ membrane.
synovial
The ______ process of the zygomatic bone forms part of the zygomatic arch.
temporal
The primary auditory cortex is located in the superior region of the __________ lobe and the nearby insula.
temporal
What produces incomplete tetanus?
temporal summation
A __________ reflex occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon.
tendon
A strip or sheet of tough collagenous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone is called a __________.
tendon
Which structure attaches a muscle to bone and helps stabilize a synovial joint?
tendon
Which reflex shows the least synaptic delay?
tendon reflex
The muscle indicated in the figure is the __________ major.
teres
The fibrous strand-like structure indicated by the letter A in the figure is the __________ filum.
terminal
Male and female pelves differ in all of the following features except __________.
the female sacrum is longer
The external occipital protuberance is an attachment site for the ______.
nuchal ligament
The ______ lobe contains the primary visual center of the brain.
occipital
The primary visual cortex is located in the posterior region of the __________ lobe.
occipital
Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?
occipital
The third-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract runs from the ______ to the thalamus.
pons
The ______ roots are the spinal nerve roots that carry sensory nerve signals.
posterior
The branch of the spinal nerve that is indicated by the arrow is the __________ ramus.
posterior
Which type of neurons make up the adrenal medulla?
postganglionic sympathetic
In the sympathetic division of the ANS the ______ nerve fibers are long while the ______ fibers are short.
postganglionic, preganglionic
At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron.
postsynaptic
In a chemical synapse, synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter are docked at release sites on the membrane of the presynaptic neuron, while neurotransmitter receptors are found on the membrane of the __________ neuron.
postsynaptic
During repolarization, ______ ions diffuse out of the cell, changing the membrane potential back to a negative value.
potassium
The accumulation of __________ ions during short duration exercise lowers the membrane potential of the muscle and makes it less excitable.
potassium
The bending of a tip link protein leads to depolarization of the hair cell by allowing __________ ions to diffuse across the membrane into the cell.
potassium
The sarcolemma of a resting muscle fiber is most permeable to __________.
potassium.
The voltage measured across the muscle cell at rest is about -90mV and is called the resting membrane __________.
potential
The ______ cortex is the seat of judgment, intent, and control over the expression of our emotions.
prefrontal
The ______ is where a person decides the appropriate ways to show feelings.
prefrontal cortex
At a synapse, the neuron that releases neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron.
presynaptic
Drugs called calcium channel blockers may be used to lower blood pressure by causing arteries to vasodilate. How do you suppose these drugs work?
prevent calcium from entering smooth muscle, thus allowing the muscle to relax
The letter A indicates the _____ on this diagram?
primary motor area
The three bones that make up the coxal bone are the ilium, ischium, and
pubic
The __________ is the opening within the iris of the eye.
pupil
In a patellar reflex, the effector is the ______ muscle group of the thigh.
quadriceps
When excitation of a muscle fiber stops, the SR ______.
reabsorbs calcium
As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must __________.
recruit more muscle fibers
Slow-twitch fibers are also known as ______ fibers.
red
A __________ is a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus.
reflex
The refractory period in which it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus is the ______ refractory period.
relative
When acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles, the skeletal muscle __________.
relaxes
From excitation through contraction, the SR ______.
releases and reabsorbs calcium
When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV toward 0 mV, the cell is __________.
repolarizing
At rest, K+ diffuses out of the cell through leak channels, resulting in a slight local accumulation of positive charge on the outside of the membrane (due to excess K+) and a slight local accumulation of negative charge on the inside of the membrane (due to decreased K+). This describes the basis of the __________ membrane potential.
resting
Neurons that have multiple dendrites but no axons, and which do not produce action potentials, are called ______ neurons.
anaxonic
The ______ median fissure is a longitudinal groove on the ventral surface of the spinal cord.
anterior
The __________ horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons.
anterior
The branch of the spinal nerve indicated by the arrow is the __________ ramus.
anterior
The structure indicated by the arrow is the __________ root.
anterior
The __________ does not belong to the femur.
anterior border
Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is called __________.
atrophy
The __________ tube is a flattened tube which, when opened by actions such as yawning or swallowing, equalizes pressure in the tympanic cavity.
auditory
The __________ nervous system controls the activity of glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
autonomic
Cardiac muscle tissue is autorhythmic but the ______ can increase or decrease the heart rate and contraction strength. Multiple choice question.
autonomic nervous system
Cardiac muscle cells are considered __________ because they contract rhythmically and independently.
autorhythmic
The second cervical vertebra is called the ______.
axis
Within a synapse, a neuron ends in a swelling called a(n) __________ terminal.
axon
A(n) __________ is a sac of fluid associated with a synovial joint.
bursa
The muscles that laterally rotate and depress the scapula, as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders, are the __________.
trapezius and serratus anterior.
Infoldings of the sarcolemma, called transverse tubules, are associated with two terminal cisternae, forming a unit called a __________.
triad
The concave surface of the ulna that wraps around the trochlea of the humerus is the __________ notch.
trochlear
The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is __________.
troponin
The number of neurons in a descending pathway is __________.
two
What is the anatomical name for the eardrum?
tympanic membrane
The __________ body is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.
vitreous
Because skeletal muscle is under the conscious control it is said to be ______.
voluntary
Fast-twitch fibers are also known as ______ fibers.
white
In the brain, the cortex and nuclei make up the gray matter, and tracts make up the __________ matter.
white
Michael Jordan was arguably the best player in professional basketball history. Scientifically, one would expect him to have highly developed __________ fibers.
white
The _________ communicating ramus contains myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that extend from the spinal nerve to the nearest sympathetic ganglion.
white
The __________ communicating ramus contains myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that extend from the spinal nerve to the nearest sympathetic ganglion.
white
Which structures mediate auditory reflexes, such as the tendency to jump when startled by a sudden noise?
Inferior colliculi
Which are functions of the vitreous body?
Maintains intraocular pressure Keeps retina smooth
What are the names of the auditory ossicles?
Malleus Stapes Incus
The mandibular condyle articulates with which part of the temporal bone?
Mandibular fossa
The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the __________.
Marrow Cavity
Which reflex is mediated by the brain?
Stretch
How can the stretching of smooth muscle lead to smooth muscle contraction?
Stretching causes the opening of mechanically gated calcium ion channels in the sarcolemma.
Which midbrain structures mediate visual reflexes?
Superior colliculi
How much CSF does the brain produce per day?
500 mL
Which arrow is pointing to the lateral ventricle?
A
Which letter indicates the olfactory bulb?
A
Which tract is also called a pyramidal tract?
Corticospinal
Medial and lateral condyles of the femur are involved in the hip joint.
False
Which structure is indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure?
Medullary cone
Which anatomical term refers to the paired white-matter structures on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata that contain descending motor fibers?
Medullary pyramids
Which term is used to refer to a cell membrane across which there is a separation of electrical charge, so that one side is more positive and the other side is more negative?
Polarized
Which viral disease results in the destruction of motor neurons?
Poliomyelitis
After a stroke, a patient complains about lack of sensitivity in her right hand. The stroke most likely affected which part of the brain?
Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe
Which ramus of a spinal nerve innervates the local muscles, joints, and skin of the back?
Posterior
The joint capsule of the knee encloses which aspects of the knee joint?
Posterior and lateral
Which ligament is attached at the posterior surface of the tibia?
Posterior cruciate
Which knee ligament prevents posterior movement of the tibia?
Posterior cruciate ligament
Which branch of the spinal nerve is indicated by the arrow?
Posterior ramus
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
Posterior root
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
Posterior root ganglion
Which nerve fibers secrete norepinephrine?
Postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division
Neural integration is based on the combining together of which of the following?
Postsynaptic potentials
Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons?
Potassium
Which of the following ions has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential?
Potassium
What causes hyperpolarization of a neuronal membrane?
Potassium leave the cell
An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy?
Potential energy
Synapses in a certain pathway can be modified to allow signals to travel more easily across "trained" synapses. Which term refers to the process of making transmission easier?
Potentiation
Which stage of contraction occurs when the myosin releases ADP and flexes, pulling the thin filament toward the M line?
Power stroke
How is the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) functionally classified?
Predominantly Sensory
How is the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) classified?
Predominantly motor
Emotional feelings result from interaction between areas of which of the following?
Prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and amygdala
How is the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) classified?
Sensory
Which pathways are made up of three neurons?
Sensory
The first cervical spinal nerve emerges between which two structures?
Skull and vertebra C1
Which term refers to a temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated?
Sleep
In recruitment, which motor units are activated first?
Smaller, less powerful motor units
Which sensory modalities depend on the activation of chemoreceptors?
Smell Taste
Excitation can be non-electrical in what type of muscle tissue?
Smooth
The presence of material in the stomach and urinary bladder stretches the wall, stimulating what type of muscle contraction?
Smooth
Which muscle tissue frequently exhibits tetanus and is resistant to fatigue?
Smooth
Which muscle tissue is capable of mitosis and hyperplasia?
Smooth
Which tissue makes up the piloerector muscle of a hair follicle?
Smooth muscle
How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscle can be excited in a multitude of ways while skeletal muscle is excited by a neuron.
Which describe smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle has no T-tubules. Smooth muscle is uninucleate. Smooth muscle has little SR.
What does contraction of a muscle do to a tendon organ?
Stimulate it
Which best describes an electrical current?
The movement of charged particles like ions
Which of the following is true concerning isotonic concentric contraction?
The muscle shortens, but tension remains constant
What types of stimuli activate nociceptors?
Tissue damage, potentially damaging stimuli
What is the function of the middle ear?
Transmit sound waves to the inner ear
What is the primary function of the outer ear?
Transmitting sound vibrations to the tympanic membrane
The deepest muscle of the abdominal wall is the __________.
Transverse abdominal
What separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?
Transverse cerebral fissure
Which foramen provides passage for the vertebral arteries?
Transverse foramen
Which muscle is classified as both a neck extensor and a posterior shoulder muscle?
Trapezius
Which muscle is indicated in the figure?
Trapezius
A skeletal muscle generates the greatest tension when it is __________.
partially stretched before being stimulated
A newborn passes through the__________ of its mother during birth.
pelvic outlet
Within the nasal septum, the plate is part of the ethmoid bone.
perpindicular
The __________ mater is the meningeal layer that is closely associated with the contours of the spinal cord.
pia
Synapses are not fixed for life. In response to experience, they can be modified to make transmission easier or harder. The ability of synapses to change is called synaptic __________.
plasticity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?
plasticity
"Somatosensory" does not refer to sensory signals from __________.
the viscera
What do neurons and muscle cells have in common?
their membranes undergo voltage changes when stimulated
A __________ is a receptor that responds to temperature (heat and cold).
thermoreceptors
During contraction, the cocked myosin head binds to an exposed active site on the actin protein of the __________ filament to form a cross-bridge.
thin
In the CNS, bundles of axons that make up white matter are called ______.
tracts
Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, connect regions within the same cerebral hemisphere?
Association
Which is most likely to be the threshold potential for a neuron?
-55
Which is most likely to be the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
-70 mV
Which numerical value is most likely to be the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
-70 mV
The total supply of ATP and creatine phosphate in a muscle is enough to power contraction for about ______.
1 minute
How many spinal nerves are there in order from superior to inferior?
1. 8 cervical 2. 12 Thoracic 3. 5 Lumbar 4. 5 sacral 5. 1 coccygeal
Put the components of the visual projection pathway in order starting with the retina and ending with the brain.
1. Bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina 2. Hemidecussation in optic chiasm 3. Optic tracts 4. Latera; geniculate nucleus of thalamus 5. Optic radiations 6. Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
Put the components of the brainstem in order from the most rostral at the top to the most caudal.
1. Diencephalon 2. Midbrain 3. Pons 4. Medulla Oblongata
List the meningeal layers from most superficial to deep.
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater
Place the meninges in order from superficial to deep.
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater
The nervous system plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. List, in order, the basic steps that describe how the nervous system carries out this task.
1. Information recieved by sensory receptors is transmitted to the CNS. 2. Information is processed and an appropriate response is determined. 3. A command is issued to effectors such as muscle or glands.
Arrange the following structures in order of how the CSF flows through the brain. The most superior structure should be listed first, and the most inferior structure should be listed last.
1. Lateral ventricle 2. Interventricular foramina 3. Third ventricle 4. Cerebral aqueduct 5. Fourth ventricle
Arrange the following structures in order of how the CSF flows through the brain. The most superior structure should be listed first, and the most inferior structure should be listed last. Instructions
1. Lateral ventricle 2. Interventricular foramina 3. Third ventricle 4. Cerebral aqueduct 5. Fourth ventricle
Place these events into the order in which they occur during a single action potential.
1. Local potential depolarizes membrane 2. Threshold is reached 3. Depolaization spike 4. Repolarization 5. Hyperpolarization
Starting with a signal reaching the distal end of the presynaptic axon, indicate the correct order of events that occur during transmission at a cholinergic excitatory synapse.
1. Opening of calcium gates in synaptic knob as nerve signal arrives 2. Exocytosis of ACh; diffusion across synaptic cleft 3. Binding of ACh to receptors on post synaptic neuron 4. Opening of sodium gates on post-synaptic membrane allowing influx of sodium 5. Depolarization of postsynaptic plasma membrane
Place the components of a visceral reflex arc in order.
1. Receptor 2. Afferent neuron 3. Interneuron 4. Efferent neurons 5. Effector
Place the steps of muscle relaxation in order.
1. The nerve signal ceases 2. AChE breaks ACh down 3. Active transport pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum begin to pump calcium back into the cisternae. 4. Calcium releases from troponin 5. Tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites
List in chronological order the stages of regeneration of a nerve fiber.
1. degeneration of axon and myelin distal to injury 2. swelling of soma; dispersal of Nissl bodies 3. sprouting of axon growth processes 4. growth process enters regeneration tube 5. reestablishment of synaptic contact
What is the approximate ratio of glial cells to neurons?
10:1
Alzheimer disease affects about ______ of the US population over the age of 65.
11%
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
The typical vertebral column has ______ thoracic vertebrae.
12
One hand of an adult has __________ bones.
27
How many divisions does the trigeminal nerve have?
3
Most human color vision is based upon comparing signals generated by how many types of cones?
3
Aerobic respiration produces a net yield of approximately __________ ATPs per glucose.
32
Which type of cell plays a role in the establishment of the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocyte
The cerebral cortex constitutes about ______ of the mass of the brain.
40%
How many branches does the facial nerve have?
5
How many lobes are found in each of the cerebral hemispheres?
5
What is the typical number of lumbar vertebrae?
5
The typical vertebral column has __________cervical vertebrae.
7
Indicate the correct number of vertebrae in each region of an average, normal human vertebral column.
7 - Cervical 12 - Thoracic 5 - Lumbar 5 fused vertebrae -sacral 4 tiny, fused vertebrae - coccygeal
How many muscle fibers are generally found within a muscle spindle?
7 to 8
Association areas constitute about ______ of all brain tissue.
75%
How many spinal nerves are in each region of the spinal cord in order from superior to inferior?
8,12,5,5,1
Identify the association tracts.
A
What letter is the preganglionic nerve fiber labeled in the figure?
A
Within a sarcomere, the overlap of actin and myosin produce the __________ bands.
A
Match the regions of the sternum identified in the figure with their names.
A - Manubrium B - Body C - Xiphoid Process
Indicate the statements that accurately describe muscarinic receptors.
ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an excitatory effect on some cells. ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an inhibitory effect on some cells. All cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and gland cells have muscarinic receptors.
Which nerve innervates muscles that move the eyeball laterally?
Abducens (VI)
What is the action of the indicated muscle?
Abduct and medially rotate thigh
What is moving a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body called?
Abduction
What is the action of the gluteus minimus?
Abducts and medially rotates thigh
The tensor fasciae latae has several actions. Select two of them from the list below.
Abducts femur Extends knee
Choose the actions of the gluteus maximus from the list below.
Abducts thigh Extends thigh at the hip
The visceral motor division of the PNS is also called the autonomic division. Which of the following are functions of this division?
Accelerating or decreasing heartbeat Controlling gland secretion Stimulating smooth muscle
Which nerve sends motor signals for swallowing, and moving the head, neck, and shoulders?
Accessory
What neurotransmitters do the neurons of the autonomic nervous system secrete?
Acetycholine and norepinephrine
A cholinergic synapse uses which of the following as its neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?
Acetylcholine
Select the four categories of neurotransmitters based on chemical composition.
Acetylcholine Amino acids Neuropeptides Monoamines
Which term describes all neurons that carry signals towards the CNS?
Afferent
Which are found in synovial fluid?
Albumin and hyaluronic acid
Match the type of depression with its definition.
Alveolus - A pit or socket Fossa - A shallow, broad, or elongated basin Fovea - A small pit Sulcus - A groove for a tendon, nerve or blood vessel
Which disease is associated with the anatomical findings shown in this picture: shrunken folds of cerebral tissue, neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques containing beta-amyloid protein?
Alzheimer disease
In which disease does sclerosis of the lateral spinal cord occur, with destruction of motor neurons?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its RMP?
An inflow of chloride
Shortening a muscle while it maintains constant tension is called __________.
An isotonic contraction
The glycogen-lactic acid system relies on which form of metabolism?
Anaerobic
What are the two most important pathways by which ATP is generated in muscle cells?
Anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration
Which ramus of a spinal nerve innervates the anterior and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk?
Anterior
What type of glial cell is indicated by the arrow labeled A?
Astrocytes
Which term refers to the bony ridge that can be palpated along the shin?
Anterior crest
Hyperextension at the knee is prevented by which ligament?
Anterior cruciate
What are the actions of the flexor carpi radialis?
Anterior flexion of the wrist Radial flexion of the wrist
What are the actions of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Anterior flexion of the wrist Ulnar flexion of the wrist
The iliopsoas belongs to which muscle group?
Anterior muscles of the hip
Which term refers to the inability to use or comprehend words?
Aphasia
What fluid is secreted by the ciliary body?
Aqueous humor
Which fluid is secreted by the ciliary body and fills the anterior cavity of the eye?
Aqueous humor
Which structures reabsorb CSF from the subarachnoid space?
Arachnoid granulations
Which meninx consists of several layers of squamous epithelial cells with a mesh of fibers in the adjoining space?
Arachnoid mater
Which term refers to the white matter located in the deeper aspects of the cerebellum exhibiting a branching fern-like pattern?
Arbor vitae
A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the __________.
Articular cartilage and epiphysial plate
Identify the two terms that describe a point where two bones meet.
Articulation Joint
What is the function of the Broca area?
Articulation of spoken words
Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry information up to the brain?
Ascending
Which is also known as the external acoustic meatus?
Auditory canal
Which is located in the middle ear?
Auditory ossicles
Infections of the throat may be transmitted to the middle ear via which of the following?
Auditory tube
Which structure connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear?
Auditory tube
The efferent pathway of which nervous system uses both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters?
Autonomic
Which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?
Autonomic
Which nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?
Autonomic
The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage comprise the _______ skeleton.
Axial
A nerve fiber refers to which part of a neuron?
Axon
Match the following terms with their description.
Axon Hillock - A mound located on one side of the soma from which the axon originates. Axoplasm - Cytoplasm of the axon Axolemma - Plasma membrane of the axon Axon Collateral - Branch that originates from an axon
Name the area of the neuron indicated by the arrow labeled A.
Axon collateral
The optic nerve (cranial nerve II) is indicated by which letter in this diagram?
B
Why does a filament stay in place when a single myosin head releases?
Because hundreds of other myosin heads are still attached
What are two receptors that bind norepinephrine?
Beta-adrenergic Alpha-adrenergic
Where is the epidural space around the spinal cord?
Between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath
Which hamstring muscle has a tendon that wraps laterally around the knee?
Biceps femoris
Which muscle is indicated?
Biceps femoris
Which of the following muscles attaches on the head of the fibula?
Biceps femoris
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, such as olfactory cells, certain neurons of the retina, and sensory neurons of the inner ear, are classified as which of the following?
Bipolar
What type of neuron is shown in the image?
Bipolar
How would you classify the fiber tracts passing through the medulla?
Both ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
Which term refers to the transformation of cis-retinal to trans-retinal after absorption of light?
Bleaching
The brain barrier system (BBS) consists of which of the following?
Blood-brain barrier Blood-CSF barrier
Which of the following is the weight bearing portion of the vertebra?
Body
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?
Brachioradialis
The cranial cavity encloses which of the following?
Brain
Identify the region of the CNS that has nuclei for regulating cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, gastrointestinal secretion, bladder control, and pupillary constriction/dilation.
Brainstem
What are the three major divisions of the brain?
Brainstem Cerebellum Cerebrum
Where is the reticular formation located?
Brainstem and spinal cord
Most motor fibers of cranial nerves begin in which of the following?
Brainstem nuclei
Which is not a step of skeletal muscle contraction?
Breakdown of creatine phosphate
Which region of cortex is responsible for the formation of spoken words?
Broca area
Nonfluent aphasia, due to a lesion in the __________, results in slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, or use of words that only approximate the correct word.
Broca area.
What is the white matter of the spinal cord?
Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter
What are the fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid found in areas where friction from tendons occurs called?
Bursae
What are the suprapatellar, prepatellar, and deep infrapatellar structures that cushion areas around the patella?
Bursae
Which letter indicates the diencephalon?
C
Which letter indicates the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve on this diagram?
C
Which letter indicates the oculomotor nerve on this diagram?
C
Which letter is on the medulla oblongata?
C
The first cervical spinal nerve emerges above vertebrae ______.
C1
Which of the molecules listed below can pass through the blood-brain barrier?
Caffeine Oxygen Glucose
A heavyset middle-aged insurance salesman, who doesn't exercise often, accepts his friend's invitation to a pickup basketball game. When attempting a jump shot, he falls to the ground in pain, grasping at the calf of his leg. There is an enormous bulge in his leg immediately below the popliteal fossa, and he is unable to plantar flex that foot. Most likely he has injured his __________ and the bulge is __________.
Calcaneal tendon; his triceps surae
During relaxation, active-transport pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum move which ion from the sarcoplasm into the cisternae?
Calcium
Stimulus frequency affects the sarcoplasmic concentration of which of the following?
Calcium
When a nerve signal arrives at a synaptic knob, which voltage-gated channels open in the knob?
Calcium
What is the immediate trigger for the contraction of smooth muscle?
Calcium ions
What happens to the sarcoplasmic reticulum when a skeletal myofiber is first stimulated?
Calcium is released into the sarcoplasm through gated channels
Which of the following occur during the relaxation phase of muscle contraction? Select all that apply.
Calcium levels in the sarcoplasm fall. Myosin releases the thin filaments. Muscle tension declines.
What must occur before tropomyosin can shift, revealing the active sites that allow myosin heads to bind to the actin filaments?
Calcium must bind to troponin.
In smooth muscle, which protein does calcium bind to?
Calmodulin
What regulatory protein is associated with the thick filament of smooth muscle and activates myosin light-chain kinase?
Calmodulin
The blood-brain barrier consists of tight junctions between which of the following?
Capillary endothelial cells
Which muscle tissue is rich in myoglobin, mitochondria, glycogen and uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively for its energy needs?
Cardiac
Which muscle type is resistant to fatigue, contracts with a regular rhythm, and functions 24 hours a day?
Cardiac
Which muscle type is striated, uninucleate, and branched?
Cardiac
The autonomic nervous system is important in the control of which two types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac Smooth
Which two types of muscle tissue can be autorhythmic?
Cardiac Smooth
Which types of muscle tissue are considered involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth
Which nucleus in the medulla oblongata regulates autonomic reflexes for controlling the rate and strength of the heartbeat?
Cardiac center
Which statement explains why cardiac muscle is resistant to fatigue?
Cardiac muscle uses little anaerobic fermentation.
Sensory (afferent) neurons do which of the following?
Carry signals to spinal cord and brain
What holds the bone ends of an amphiarthrodial joint together?
Cartilage
Synchondroses and symphyses are types of what kind of joint?
Cartilaginous
The pubic symphysis is an example of which type of joint?
Cartilaginous
What is the tail-like bundle of nerves indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure called?
Cauda equina
Which are referred to as the "basal nuclei?"
Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
The axons of bipolar sensory neurons leave the spiral organ to form which nerve?
Cochlear
Which term refers to the range of mental processes by which knowledge is acquired and used?
Cognition
Which are examples of general (aka somatosensory or somatic) senses?
Cold Pressure Pain
Which genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one or more photopsins?
Color blindness
Which visual defect can be detected using this image?
Color blindness
If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber does not relax at all from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be __________. This can only be achieved in the laboratory.
Complete Tetanus
A muscle shortens as it maintains tension in a what type of contraction?
Concentric
Functions of the spinal cord include which of the following?
Conduction, locomotion, reflexes
Which fundamental physiological property of neurons allows them to send signals quickly over long distances?
Conductivity
Match each anatomical bone marking with its description.
Condyle - a rounded knob that articulates with another bone Facet - a smooth, flat, articular surface Head- the prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded
Which term refers to the smooth joint surfaces on the tibia that articulate with the femur?
Condyles
Which are the photoreceptors that are primarily responsible for photopic (day) and trichromatic (color) vision?
Cone
Which type of photoreceptor is primarily responsible for photopic (day) vision and trichromatic (color) vision?
Cone cell
In the patellar tendon reflex arc, the patellar ligament is stretched, which stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This reflex will cause the quadriceps femoris to __________ and the hamstrings to __________.
Contract; relax
What is the ability of muscle cells to shorten called?
Contractility
The "cocking" of the myosin head, hydrolysis of ATP and the power stroke occur during which phase of skeletal muscle contraction?
Contraction
In response to stretching, a muscle reflexively does which of the following?
Contracts
Since the corticospinal tracts decussate, they will innervate which muscles?
Contralateral
Which tract will have its origin and destination of opposite sides of the body?
Contralateral
In the spinoreticular tract, the second order neurons decussate to where?
Contralateral anterolateral system
The respiratory center of the brain receives input from other parts (i.e from receptors for blood chemistry in arteries and stretch receptors in the lungs) to set a pattern of breathing. This is an example of which type of circuit?
Converging
The circuit in which several input nerve fibers synapse with fewer postsynaptic neurons is what type of circuit?
Converging circuit
Which are the principal types of neural circuits?
Converging circuit Reverberating circuit Diverging circuit Parallel after-discharge circuit
Which is a scapular muscle that flexes and medially rotates the arm?
Coracobrachialis
Which process of the scapula is named for its resemblance to a crow's beak? It serves as an attachment for the biceps brachii muscle.
Coracoid
What is the proximal attachment of the coracobrachialis muscle?
Coracoid process of scapula
List the sutures surrounding the parietal bones.
Coronal Squamous Sagittal Lambdoid
Name the large, C-shaped structure that contains most of the commissural tracts of the brain.
Corpus callosum
Name the prominent C-shaped band of nerve tracts that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres to each other.
Corpus callosum
Which is the prominent C-shaped fiber tract that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
Corpus callosum
The gray matter of the cerebrum forms which of the following?
Cortex
Which parts of the brain control the sleep cycle?
Cortex, reticular formation, thalamus, and hypothalamus
The nerve fibers of which tract form ridges called pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla?
Corticospinal
Which tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements?
Corticospinal
Which arise from the base of the brain, exit the cranium through its foramina, and lead to muscles and sense organs in the head and neck?
Cranial nerves
During short bursts of intense activity, ATP for muscle contraction is supplied by which of the following?
Creatine phosphate
In which reflex does a contralateral extensor muscle contract?
Crossed extension
Which term refers to the flow of charged particles from one point to another?
Current
Identify the temporal lobe.
D
Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except __________.
DNA synthesis
Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry motor signals down from the brain?
Descending
Which are types of long-term memory?
Declarative Procedural
Which are characteristics of local potentials?
Decremental Graded
What factor accounts for the fact that the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa?
Decussation
Which is a prominent scapular muscle that can move the arm in many different ways?
Deltoid
What is the distal attachment of the deltoid?
Deltoid tuberosity
__________ are the processes of a neuron that usually receive signals from other neurons.
Dendrites
What is the epineurium composed of?
Dense irregular connective tissue
During which part of the action potential do most voltage-gated sodium channels open?
Depolarization
What is the change in membrane potential with the entry of sodium ions called?
Depolarization
Which term refers to the upward change in membrane potential during an action potential?
Depolarization
Which movement lowers a body part vertically in the frontal plane?
Depression
Stereoscopic vision provides for which of the following?
Depth perception
What is an area of skin innervated by a spinal nerve called?
Dermatome
Which are symptoms of Alzheimer disease?
Deterioration of personality Loss of the ability to talk or eat Memory loss Reduced attention span
Which factors influence the speed of nerve signal conduction?
Diameter of axon Presence of myelin
Which embryonic brain regions develop into the forebrain?
Diencephalon Telencephalon
Match the name of the brainstem component with the correct letter.
Diencephalon - A Medulla oblongata - D Midbrain - B Pons - C
An organ that receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers is said to have what?
Dual innervation
What is the order of the meninges from superficial to deep?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Which of the following structures does not contain CSF?
Dural sinus
Which term is used to describe motor neurons because they send signals away from the CNS and out to muscle and gland cells?
Efferent
Which are components of a visceral reflex arc?
Efferent neurons Smooth muscle Afferent neurons Receptor in the stomach
Which of the following is not a major joint category?
Elastic
Why are elastic elements important to muscle function?
Elastic elements provide the recoil that helps return the sarcomere to its resting length.
After contraction, what causes muscles to return to their resting length?
Elastic elements within the sarcomere
Which prevents muscle cells from becoming too slack?
Elasticity
What is a difference in electrical charge from one point to another called?
Electrical potential
Which are actions of the levator scapulae?
Elevates scapula Retracts scapula Laterally flexes neck
Which two organ systems are primarily responsible for coordinating the other bodily systems so as to maintain homeostasis?
Endocrine system Nervous system
What is the loose connective tissue surrounding an individual nerve fiber called?
Endoneurium
Which would cause postsynaptic stimulation to end?
Enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft Cessation of signals in the presynaptic nerve fiber Reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic knob Diffusion of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft into extracellular fluid
Which cell type if indicated by the arrow labeled A?
Ependymal
Which glial cell produces and helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
Pain during childbirth is often managed by injecting an anesthetic into which space?
Epidural
Which connective tissue layer surrounds the entire muscle?
Epimysium
A cord of nerve fiber bundles bound together by connective tissue
Epineurium
What is the dense irregular connective tissue layer enclosing an entire nerve called?
Epineurium
Which is composed of dense irregular connective tissue?
Epineurium
The thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult's epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the __________.
Epiphysial Line
Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland?
Epithalamus
Which movement straightens a joint, returning it to zero position?
Extension
Which muscle extends the wrist and fingers?
Extensor digitorum
The movement of an object or load results from the development of what kind of tension?
External
Electrical synapses are able to integrate information and make decisions more rapidly than chemical signals. True/False
False
Intramembranous ossification is common in children, whereas endochondral ossification is typical in young adults.
False
Destruction of the amygdala would mostly affect which of the following?
Expression of emotional feelings
What is the action of the quadriceps femoris?
Extend the knee
What is the action of the muscle indicated by A?
Extends fingers and wrist
What is the action of the vastus intermedius?
Extends the knee
Which property allows muscle cells to stretch to as much as three times their contracted length?
Extensibility
Which of the following is a prominent median projection on the occipital bone?
External occipital protuberance
Thin filaments are primarily composed of which protein?
F actin
Which of the following are found in thin filaments?
F actin Tropomyosin Troponin
"Cerebral lateralization" refers to the fact that one of the two cerebral hemispheres is dominant in each person. True/False
False
A lesion in the right side of the brainstem will usually cause a sensory or motor deficit on left side of the head. True/False
False
All neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect. True/False
False
All sensory input is processed in the thalamus before being relayed to the cerebrum. True/False
False
Ascending signals in the spinal cord travel via gray matter, while descending signals travel via white matter.
False
Association tracts are bundles of myelinated nerve fibers and glia which extend between the higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers.
False
Contraction of the rectus femoris results in flexion of the knee. True/False
False
Cool muscles contract more strongly than warm ones. True/False
False
Damaged nerve fibers in the CNS regenerate very fast whereas damaged nerve fibers in the PNS never regenerate. True/False
False
Which term refers to the spaces located between unfused cranial bones during early development?
Fontanelles
Where does the spinal cord arise from the medulla oblongata?
Foramen Magnum
The boundary between the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata corresponds to which of the following structures?
Foramen magnum
What structure marks the superior end of the spinal cord?
Foramen magnum
Where does optic nerve carry visual information?
From the eye to the brain
Planning, motivation, and social judgment are functions of the brain associated with which part of the cerebrum?
Frontal lobe
Which bones form the cranium?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid
In electrical synapses, electrical signals move quickly from cell to cell through which of the following?
Gap junctions
Which structures coordinate contraction in cardiac muscle cells?
Gap junctions
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A?
Gastrocnemius
Nerve signals carried from the midthoracic and lower parts of the body are carried by which ascending tract?
Gracile fasciculus
Where are the neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses found in the CNS?
Gray Matter
What is the proximal attachment of the indicated muscle?
Greater tubercle of humerus
What is the proximal attachment of the supraspinatus?
Greater tubercle of humerus
Which describe the conjunctiva?
Highly vascularized A thin transparent membrane A mucus membrane
Where does the organization of sensory and cognitive experiences into a unified long-term memory occur?
Hippocampus
Which is an area of the limbic system known as the "memory forming center?"
Hippocampus
Which affects the strength of a muscle twitch?
How stretched the muscle was before stimulation
Which muscle flexes the thigh at the hip when the trunk is fixed, and flexes the trunk at the hip when the thigh is fixed?
Iliopsoas
Which three bones make up the hip?
Ilium Ischium Pubic
Which type of memory is important as you read (e.g. remembering the previous words in a sentence)?
Immediate
Where are unmyelinated nerve fibers surrounded by Schwann cells?
In the PNS
In a synapse, where are synaptic vesicles located?
In the axon terminal
Where do upper motor neuron fibers usually terminate?
In the brainstem
Where is cardiac muscle found?
In the heart wall only
Where is Broca area usually located?
In the inferior part of the prefrontal cortex
Temporal summation leads to a state of fluttering contraction known as what?
Incomplete tetanus
Which of the following occurs during the fight-or-flight response?
Increased ATP production
In high-intensity short-duration exercise, what does muscle fatigue result from?
Increased potassium
Which stimulus causes a muscle to reflexively contract?
Increased stretch
Name the midbrain structures that receive signals from the inner ear and relay them to other parts of the brain.
Inferior colliculi
What is the result of a tendon reflex response?
Inhibition of the muscle
The retina is part of which tunic of the eyeball?
Inner
Which lobe is concerned with processing the sense of taste and integration of sensory input from visceral receptors?
Insula
__________ discs are the thickened notched ends of cardiac muscle cells which contain gap junctions.
Intercalated
In smooth muscle cells, what binds the dense bodies to the membrane?
Intermediate filaments
Which layer of the eyeball includes the retina?
Internal
The arrow labeled A is pointing to which type of neuron in this diagram?
Interneuron
Which type of neuron lies entirely within the CNS and carries out the integrative function of the nervous system?
Interneuron
List the three functional classes of neurons.
Interneurons Motor neurons Sensory neurons
Between the nodes of Ranvier are myelin-covered segments of axon encircled by Schwann cells. Which term refers to these segments?
Internodes
What is the function of the Wernicke area?
Interpreting written and spoken language
When lifting something heavy, which type of contraction occurs first?
Isometric
Which type of contraction maintains joint stability and posture?
Isometric
In what type of contraction does the internal tension build until it overcomes resistance and the muscle moves the load?
Isotonic
What happens when the retinal moiety of rhodopsin absorbs light?
It becomes all-trans retinal.
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?
It breaks down ACh, ending muscle stimulation.
Which describes a muscle spindle?
It contains 7 or 8 modified muscle fibers and a few nerve fibers enclosed in a fibrous capsule.
At rest, K+ diffuses out of the cell through leak channels in the plasma membrane. Why does K+ diffusion result in a negative membrane potential?
It creates a slight local accumulation of K+ on the outside of the membrane relative to the inside.
In PNS nerve fiber regeneration, how is a growing axon directed to its original destination?
It grows within a regeneration tube.
Which of the following is not true of a thoracic vertebra?
It has a pair of transverse foramina.
Which describes a preganglionic neuron in the ANS?
It has its cell body in the spinal cord or the brainstem and its axon terminates in a ganglion.
What effect does the parasympathetic division have on the adrenal medulla?
It has no effect on the adrenal medulla.
Which are true regarding the Na+-K+ pump?
It helps maintain the proper ion distribution across the membrane, compensating for ion leakage. It accounts for about 70% of the energy (ATP) required by the nervous system.
Which statements are true regarding the Na+-K+ pump?
It helps maintain the proper ion distribution across the membrane. It requires the use of ATP. It moves Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.
The accumulation of potassium during short-duration exercise has what effect on the membrane making the muscle fiber less excitable and contributing to fatigue?
It hyperpolarizes the membrane.
Which correctly describe axonal transport?
It involves transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma). It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport).
Which statement about the reticular formation is true?
It is a loose web of gray matter that runs through multiple levels of the brainstem.
Which statements about sleep are true?
It is characterized by inhibition of muscular activity. It occurs in circadian rhythms. It is characterized by a stereotyped posture.
How does the neural pathway of the flexor reflex compare with that of the tendon reflex?
It is more complex.
Which describes smooth muscle?
It is slow to contract and slow to relax.
Which of the following describes an alpha-adrenergic receptor?
It is usually excitatory and may use a calcium second messenger system.
Which describes a beta-adrenergic receptor? Select all that apply.
It is usually inhibitory. It inhibits smooth muscle of the bronchioles, enhancing airflow. It uses a cAMP second messenger system.
What is the function of the tympanic reflex?
It muffles the transfer of vibrations to the oval window in order to protect the hair cells of the inner ear from very loud noises.
Which describes locking the knees? Select all that apply.
It occurs at full extension. It permits a conservation of energy.
Which describes the autonomic nervous system?
It originates in the CNS and receives input from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the medulla oblongata.
Which describes locking the knees at full extension?
It permits a decreased expenditure of energy to stand erect.
A synovial joint cavity is enclosed by which of the following?
Joint capsule
Identify the opening indicated in the figure.
Jugular foreman
Which of the following contributes to the development of the resting membrane potential in neurons?
K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF.
In an adult, the spinal cord ends at which vertebra?
L1
List the components of the lacrimal apparatus.
Lacrimal ducts Lacrimal gland
Which cerebral hemisphere is usually specialized for spoken and written language and for the analytical reasoning used in math?
Left
Muscles that evert the foot will be found in which compartment of the leg?
Lateral
Which compartment of the leg contains the fibularis (peroneus) longus?
Lateral
The fibularis brevis is located in which muscle compartment?
Lateral compartment of the leg
Bending at the waist to either the left or right side is an example of which movement?
Lateral flexion
Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers located in the spinal cord?
Lateral gray horn
What is the action of the muscle indicated by A?
Lateral rotation of humerus
Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?
Lateral sulcus
Which ventricles are C-shaped structures located within each cerebral hemisphere?
Lateral ventricles
What is the action of the indicated muscle?
Laterally rotates humerus
The vitreous body, or humor, is a jelly-like substance located between what two structures of the eye?
Lens and retina
What are the skeletal attachments of the subscapularis?
Lesser tubercle of humerus Subscapular fossa of scapula
Which muscle elevates the scapula if the cervical vertebrae are fixed, and flexes the neck laterally if the scapula is fixed?
Levator scapulae
Which muscle is indicated in the picture?
Levator scapulae
Locking the knee causes what to be twisted and taut?
Ligaments
Which term refers to a slightly raised, elongated ridge?
Line
What ridge is located along the posterior margin of the femur?
Linea aspera
A myelin sheath is composed primarily of __________.
Lipids
The myelin sheath is composed mostly of which of the following?
Lipids
80% of the lactate produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvate by the __________.
Liver
Which term refers to decremental changes in electrical potential along a dendrite or the soma?
Local potentials
Which term refers to neurons whose axons project from the brainstem or the spinal cord to innervate the skeletal muscles?
Lower motor neurons
In a sarcomere, the thick filaments attach to the _________ line, found in the middle of the H band.
M
Which of the following terms refers to the two smooth, rounded surfaces at the distal end of the femur which help form the joint of the knee?
Medial and lateral condyles
Which tracts run through the pons?
Medial lemniscus Tectospinal tract
In order to lock the knee, which direction does the femur rotate?
Medially
The semitendinosus and semimembranosus have several actions. Choose three from the list below.
Medially rotate femur Flex knee Medially rotate tibia
What is the action of the subscapularis?
Medially rotate humerus
Which type of cone contains a photopsin that is maximally sensitive to wavelengths of light around 531 nm?
Medium-wavelength cones
The descending motor fibers in the corticospinal tracts cross in the pyramidal decussation, which is found in which brainstem region?
Medulla oblongata
Which is the most caudal part of the brainstem, immediately superior to the foramen magnum of the skull?
Medulla oblongata
Which section of the ear runs from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the oval window of the cochlea?
Middle ear
Which are usually found inside the cell body (or soma) of a mature neuron?
Mitochondria Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Based on the presence of both efferent and afferent fibers, spinal nerves are classified as which of the following?
Mixed
How is the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) classified?
Mixed
How is the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve functionally classified?
Mixed
How is the trigeminal nerve classified according to function?
Mixed
What type of nerve is the vagus nerve?
Mixed
Which neurons secrete acetylcholine?
Most preganglionic parasympathetic neurons Most preganglionic sympathetic neurons Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
How is the abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) classified?
Motor
How is the accessory (XI) nerve classified?
Motor
How is the hypoglossal (XII) nerve classified according to function?
Motor
How is the trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV) classified according to function?
Motor
The anterior root of a spinal nerve contain axons of which neurons?
Motor
The poliovirus destroys which neurons in the brainstem and anterior horn of the spinal cord?
Motor
Which division of the PNS carries signals from the CNS to glands and muscle cells?
Motor
Within the spinal cord, what type of information do the descending tracts carry?
Motor
How are cranial nerves traditionally classified according to function?
Motor, sensory or mixed
What creates electrical currents in neurons?
Movement of ions through channels
Proprioceptors respond to which type of stimuli?
Movements or changes in body position
Neurons are classified structurally according to the number of processes extending from the soma. Match each classification to its description.
Multipolar Neurons - One Axon; Multiple dendrites Bipolar Neurons - One axon; One dendrite Unipolar Neurons - A single process Anaxonic Neurons - No axon; multiple dendrites
Which type of receptor can either be inhibited or excited by the binding of acetylcholine?
Muscarinic
Which affect twitch strength?
Muscle fatigue Temperature of the muscle Stimulation frequency How stretched the muscle was just before it was stimulated
What do muscle spindles monitor?
Muscle length and body movements
Which is a type of stretch receptor embedded in skeletal muscle?
Muscle spindle
Which can be measured by attaching stimulating electrodes to a nerve-muscle preparation and a recording device?
Muscle strength
The partial contraction of a resting muscle is known as which of the following?
Muscle tone
Where do the first-order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract originate?
Muscles and tendons
The medulla oblongata develops from which of the following?
Myelencephalon
Which describes the axons of the white communicating ramus?
Myelinated Sympathetic Preganglionic
Which term refers to the outermost layer of myelin, containing the nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell?
Neurilemma
Name the scroll-like bones that project into the nasal cavity.
Nasal conchae
What is the distal most portion of the lacrimal apparatus from the lacrimal gland?
Nasolacrimal duct
Which term refers to the thick outermost coil of a Schwann cell?
Neurilemma
The pathway of neurons within a neural pool is called its what?
Neural circuit
This picture illustrates that when a stimulus strength (weight) and stretch increase at a sensory fiber, the firing frequency of the neurons increase. Which term refers to the conversion of stimulus information into a meaningful pattern of action potentials?
Neural coding
Within the first three weeks of embryonic development, the neural plate sinks and its edges thicken to form which of the following?
Neural groove
Which term describes the ability of neurons to process information, store and recall it, and make decisions?
Neural integration
Which alter synaptic transmission by adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters or by affecting the breakdown and/or removal of a neurotransmitter?
Neuromodulators
Sensory, association and motor are the three classes of what?
Neurons
Which cells have plasma membranes that undergo voltage changes in response to stimuli?
Neurons and muscle cells
Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen where?
Neurosoma
Which of the following is contained within gray matter?
Neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons
In the heart, what triggers the wave of electrical excitation that causes the heart to contract?
Pacemaker
______ receptors are cholinergic receptors that are found at the synapses of all autonomic ganglia, on cells of the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions.
Nicotinic
During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true?
No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.
Which type of receptor is involved in the sensation of pain?
Nociceptor
Which term refers to the gaps between segments of myelin along an axon?
Nodes of Ranvier
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly secreted by postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Norepinephrine
Which bone forms the back of the skull?
Occipital
Which lobe is at the rear of the head?
Occipital
Which of the following articulates with the vertebral column?
Occipital condyle
Where does the skull rest on the vertebral column?
Occipital condyles
Which lobes contain the visual association area?
Occipital, parietal, and temporal
When you rest your elbow on a table, which bony part of the ulna is on the table?
Olecranon
Which glial cell insulates nerve fibers from extracellular fluids and speeds up signal conduction in the brain?
Oligodendrocyte
Which cells form myelin in the spinal cord?
Oligodendrocytes
Which type of glial cell is indicated by the arrow labeled A?
Oligodendrocytes
Where do lower motor neurons terminate?
On skeletal muscle
Where is the limbic system located in the brain?
On the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere
In an NMJ, after acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft, where does it bind to ligand-gated channels?
On the sarcolemma
Each muscle fiber is innervated by which of the following?
One motor neuron
GABA has an inhibitory effect on postsynaptic neurons because it does which of the following?
Opens chloride channels
Which cranial nerve transmits sensory information for vision?
Optic (II)
Where does hemidecussation occurs in the visual projection pathway?
Optic chiasm
Which area of the retina lacks photoreceptors and is therefore referred to as the "blind spot"?
Optic disc
Which membrane is found in the maculae of the saccule and utricle?
Otolithic
The sclera is part of which tunic of the eyeball?
Outer
The beginning of the inner ear is a membrane-covered opening called which of the following?
Oval window
Which is an opening between the middle ear and the vestibule of the inner ear?
Oval window
Contraction of the palmaris longus tenses which of the following?
Palmar aponeurosis
The tendon of which muscle goes over the flexor retinaculum, whereas the other tendons pass under it through the carpal tunnel?
Palmaris longus
The rectus abdominis is a __________ muscle, while the rectus femoris is a __________ muscle.
Parallel; bipennate
Which division of the ANS causes a decreased heart rate, vasodilation of visceral blood vessels, and vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS is referred to as the "rest and digest" division?
Parasympathetic
What is the alternative name for the craniosacral division of the ANS?
Parasympathetic division
Which division of the ANS causes pupillary constriction and contraction of the ciliary muscle for near vision?
Parasympathetic division
Which division of the ANS is associated with normal body maintenance?
Parasympathetic division
Most of the somatosensory association area is located in which lobe of the cerebrum?
Parietal
Which cerebral lobe is responsible for receiving and interpreting input from the general senses, as well as for some taste and visual processing?
Parietal
The visual association areas are located in which of the following lobes?
Parietal Temporal Occipital
Which bone helps form the coronal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures of the skull?
Parietal bone
Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
What are anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration?
Pathways to generate ATP
Which is a thick fleshy muscle in the mammary region?
Pectoralis major
Which muscle flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus?
Pectoralis major
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in this picture?
Pectoralis major
Which muscle is indicated?
Pectoralis minor
Which triangular muscle, located in the upper part of the chest, arises by three heads from ribs 3 to 5 and converges on the shoulder?
Pectoralis minor
Name the structure comprised of the two coxal bones and the sacrum.
Pelvic girdle
Muscles with which fascicle arrangement produce the strongest contractions?
Pennate
Which best describes the cribriform plate?
Perforated bone area that forms the roof of the nasal cavity
Which connective tissue layer is indicated by the arrow?
Perineurium
Within a nerve, each fascicle is wrapped in which layer?
Perineurium
Taken together, the sensory and motor subdivisions make up which of the following?
Peripheral Nervous System
Rods and cones are examples of which of the following?
Photoreceptor cells
Which layer of the meninges is the most delicate and is composed of one or two layers of squamous to cuboidal cells and delicate collagenous and elastic fibers?
Pia mater
Which meninx forms the terminal filum?
Pia mater
Which meninx is closely associated with the contours of the spinal cord?
Pia mater
What structure sits in the sella turcica?
Pituitary gland
What is the movement of toes downward, as when jumping or stepping on a gas pedal, called?
Plantar flexion
Which is an action of the gastrocnemius?
Plantar flexion
What is the action of the indicated (deep) muscle?
Plantar flexion of the foot
What is the action of the soleus?
Plantar flexion of the foot
What are the effects of the sympathetic division on the eye?
Pupillary dilation Relaxation of the ciliary muscle and lens for far vision
Which muscles are the effectors in a patellar reflex?
Quadriceps
The primary stabilizing structures of the knee include the tendons of which muscles?
Quadriceps and semimembranosus
The patellar retinacula are part of which muscle?
Quadriceps femoris
The vastus medialis is part of which of the following?
Quadriceps femoris
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?
Rectus femoris
What are muscles that contain mainly slow oxidative fibers called?
Red
Which activities are attributed to the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Reduced energy expenditure Waste elimination Digestion
Which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-fight" reaction?
Reduced urinary output
Which of the following is not a property of reflexes?
Reflexes do not require a stimulus.
As light passes through different mediums, its path will bend. What is this called?
Refraction
Which term refers to the bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different density?
Refraction
Which term refers to the period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be excited by a threshold stimulus?
Refractory period
What is the function of the cardiac center?
Regulate autonomic reflexes for controlling the strength of the heartbeat Regulate autonomic reflexes for controlling the rate of the heartbeat
During which phase of muscle contraction is calcium transported back into the cisternae and tropomyosin moves back to block the actin active sites?
Relaxation
Where do the second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate?
Reticular formation
Where does cranial nerve II originate?
Retina
What is moving a body part posteriorly in the transverse plane called?
Retraction
What is the action of the muscle group indicated in the figure?
Retracts scapula; fixes scapula
Which type of axonal transport involves movement up the axon toward the soma?
Retrograde
Immediate memory, which is the ability to hold something in mind for a few seconds, might be based on activity in which type of neural circuit?
Reverberating
Which muscles makes skeletal attachments on the spinous processes of vertebrae T2-T5 and the medial border of the scapula?
Rhomboid major
Which muscles are indicated in the picture?
Rhomboids
Transverse costal facets on vertebrae T1 through T10 are articulation points for which of the following?
Ribs
Which are types of photoreceptor cells?
Rods Cones
Which of these structures is closest to the spinal cord?
Rootlets
Moving peripherally from the spinal cord, which anterior and posterior structures form a spinal nerve?
Roots
In which movement does a bone spin on its longitudinal axis?
Rotation
Which type of stimulus will maximally activate the sensory receptors within the semicircular ducts?
Rotational motion
Name the two chambers of the vestibule.
Saccule Utricle
Which are nerve plexuses of the body?
Sacral Lumbar Brachial Cervical
From which regions of the CNS do the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system arise?
Sacral division of spinal cord Brainstem
Which regions of the CNS does the parasympathetic division of the ANS arise from?
Sacral spinal cord Brain
Identify the bones that comprise the pelvic girdle.
Sacrum Coxal bones
Indicate which of the following are regulated by autonomic nuclei in the brainstem.
Salivation Pupillary constriction Sweating Vasomotor control
Which term is used to describe signal conduction along a myelinated axon?
Saltatory
Within skeletal muscle cells, what extends from one Z disc to the next and constitutes one contractile unit?
Sarcomere
______ cells are glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that surround somas of neurons in the ganglia, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment of neurons.
Satellite
Match each glial cell type with its location and function.
Satellite Cells - In the PNS; surround somas of neurons in ganglia, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment of neurons Schwann cells - In the PNS; form neurilemma around all PNS fibers and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers. Ependymal cells - In the CNS; line cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secrete and circulate CSF Microglia - In the CNS; phagocytize microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue
Which neuroglial cell is found in the peripheral nervous system?
Satellite cell
Which cells help regenerate damaged skeletal muscle?
Satellite cells
Which cochlear chambers contain perilymph?
Scala vestibuli Scala tympani
Which type of glial cell aids in regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers by forming a regeneration tube to help reestablish the former connection?
Schwann cells
Which two types of neuroglia are found only in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
Which term refers to the posterior, white portion of the fibrous layer?
Sclera
In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus?
Second-order
Which are functions of astrocytes?
Secrete nerve growth factors Form blood-brain barrier Regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid Convert blood glucose to lactate for neurons to use for fuel
The release of a neurotransmitter is an example of which physiological property exhibited by a neuron?
Secretion
Which muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Semimembranosus
What is the name of the indicated muscle?
Semitendinosus
Which muscles flex the knee, medially rotate the tibia when the knee is flexed, and medially rotate the femur when the hip is extended?
Semitendinosus and semimembranosus
Which is true about a neuron with a large diameter, myelinated axon as compared to a neuron with a small diameter, unmyelinated axon?
Signal conduction will be faster
What type of smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urinary tract?
Single-unit
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are usually due to the entry of which type of ion?
Sodium
Why is sodium more concentrated in the ECF than in the ICF of most neurons?
Sodium is actively pumped out of the cell by transporter proteins.
The blood brain barrier is slightly permeable to which of the following?
Sodium, potassium, chloride, and urea
What is the name of the muscle indicated by the letter A?
Soleus
Which is a broad, flat, calf muscle located deep to the gastrocnemius?
Soleus
Which are names for the cell body of a neuron?
Soma Neurosoma
Unlike visceral fibers that innervate blood vessels, glands, and viscera, ______ nerve fibers innervate skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints.
Somatic
The sensory and motor divisions of the peripheral nervous system are further split into which two subdivisions?
Somatic and visceral
The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain the somas of which neurons?
Somatic motor
Which type of neuron controls a skeletal muscle cell?
Somatic motor neuron
Which nervous system transmits only excitatory signals to effector cells?
Somatic nervous system
Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex?
Somatic receptor -> afferent nerve fiber -> interneuron -> efferent nerve fiber ->skeletal muscle Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?
Which term refers to the point-for-point correspondence between an area of the body and a region of the brain?
Somatotopy
What effect does severing a sensory root that innervates a dermatome have?
Some sensation may remain.
The foramen magnum is a hole for the passage of which of the following?
Spinal cord
Which region of the CNS integrates the reflexes for micturition, defecation, erection and ejaculation?
Spinal cord
The cochlear nerve is formed by the axons of which of the following?
Spiral ganglion neurons
Tendons can serve which of the following functions? Select all that apply.
Stabilize a joint Attach muscle to bone
During which stage of sleep does one feel drowsy, begin to relax, and ECG waves transition from alpha waves to other types of waves?
Stage 1
The inner layer of the eye contains which of the following?
Start of optic nerve Retina
Which term refers to the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary?
Static equilibrium
Exteroceptors respond to which of the following?
Stimuli external to the body
What are the "hairs" on the hair cells of the spiral organ?
Stereocilia
Having two eyes with overlapping visual fields is necessary for which of the following?
Stereoscopic vision
What are the characteristics of a visceral reflex?
Stereotyped Automatic Unconscious
In which does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?
Subarachnoid space
Where does most of the CSF go after it leaves the fourth ventricle?
Subarachnoid space
Match the fossa of the scapula with its description.
Subscapular fossa - The broad anterior concave surface of the scapula Supraspinous fossa - The posterior indentation that lies superior to the spine of the scapula Infraspinous fossa - The broad surface that lies inferior to the spine of the scapula
Which muscle attaches on the subscapular fossa of the scapula and on the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
Subscapularis
Which muscle is located on the anterior surface of the scapula?
Subscapularis
Degeneration of the neurons in which of the following structures leads to the muscle tremors associated with Parkinson disease?
Substantia nigra
Parkinson disease is due to the progressive degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in which brain area?
Substantia nigra
Which term refers to the shallow grooves found on each of the cerebral hemispheres?
Sulci
Name the term used to describe a groove in which is located a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel.
Sulcus
This picture illustrates a phenomenon that occurs in the trigger zone when multiple postsynaptic potentials combine their effects on a cell to produce a response. What is it called?
Summation
In the spinal cord, where is the white matter in relation to the gray matter?
Superficial
What are the four anterior bursae of the knee?
Superficial infrapatellar Deep infrapatellar Prepatellar Suprapatellar
Where is the white matter in the spinal cord?
Superficial to the gray matter
Which nasal conchae has sensory cells of smell?
Superior
In which condition are stimuli are so frequent that the muscle cannot relax, and the muscle twitches fuse into a smooth prolonged contraction?
Tetanus
Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in which region of the brain?
Thalamus
To which structure is the arrow pointing?
Thalamus
Where do the third-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract run from the pons to?
Thalamus
Which structure is sometimes called the "gateway to the cerebral cortex?"
Thalamus
What does contralateral mean?
That two points are on opposite sides of the body.
What causes skeletal muscle cells to be striated?
The alternating light and dark regions of the sarcomeres
What does the length-tension relationship suggests about the generation of muscle tension?
The amount of tension generated during a contraction depends on the degree of stretch or shortening prior to contraction.
What is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?
The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs
Why does one continue to breathe heavy after rigorous physical activity has stopped?
The body requires more oxygen to restore levels of ATP and creatine phosphate.
The axial skeleton can be defined as which of the following?
The bones of the supporting central axis of the body
Stretch reflexes are mediated primarily by which of the following?
The brain
In muscle, what does the source of ATP depend upon?
The duration of exercise
Which of the following is not a reason that somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes?
The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.
What is excitation-contraction coupling?
The events that link the action potential of the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament contraction
A negative membrane potential indicates which of the following?
The inside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside.
What is the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord?
The longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord
What is threshold, as applied to muscle physiology?
The minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential
The "hamstring muscles" get their name from the "ham," more accurately known as the popliteal fossa. Based on where the hamstrings are located, what is the popliteal fossa?
The pit at the back of the knee
Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, what is excitation?
The process by which action potentials in a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in a muscle fiber
What is a power stroke during muscle contraction?
The ratcheting of a myosin head
n order for a peripheral nerve fiber to regenerate it must have which of the following?
The soma and at least some neurilemma intact
What is the subarachnoid space?
The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
The communicating rami connect the anterior rami to which of the following?
The sympathetic chain
Which of the following is predominately made up of myosin?
The thick filament
What does the latent period on a myogram indicate?
The time period between the stimulus and the twitch
In which situation would mechanically-regulated calcium gates in smooth muscle cells open?
The tissue is stretched
What is the purpose of the triad?
The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited.
What occurs when calcium binds to troponin?
The troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape and exposes the myosin binding sites (active sites).
Some neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on which of the following?
The type of receptors on the postsynaptic cell
Which three factors contribute the most to the formation of the negative resting membrane potential?
There is a higher concentration of K+ in the intracellular fluid as compared to the extracellular fluid. Open leak channels in the plasma membrane allow K+ to diffuse across the membrane, down its concentration gradient. Outward K+ diffusion causes positive and negative charges to accumulate on either side of the membrane where they attract each other.
What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common?
These are fibrous joints.
Why are gap junctions important?
They allow the cells to contract in a coordinated fashion.
Which is true of the light bands in skeletal muscle?
They are called I bands and are bisected by a Z disc.
Which statements are true regarding postsynaptic potentials?
They are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. They are caused by neurotransmitters. They include EPSPs and IPSPs.
How many neurons are typically found in an ascending pathway between the receptor and the brain?
Three
In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must depolarize up to a level called which of the following?
Threshold
Which is a superficial ligament located on the medial surface of the knee?
Tibial collateral ligament
Name the bony bump on the anterior surface of the tibia below the knee.
Tibial tuberosity
Which is an example of a general sense?
Touch
Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglion?
Touch
Which types of sensation depend on the activation of mechanoreceptors?
Touch Balance Hearing Vibration
Which are somesthetic senses?
Touch Pain Stretch Pressure
Which is the definition of the term "rostral"?
Toward the nose; toward the forehead; or higher (vertical)
What is a bundle of nerve fibers within the white matter of the spinal cord called?
Tract
The white matter of the brain consists of which of the following?
Tracts
Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone?
Transitional epithelium
Which cranial nerve functions to sense touch, pain, and temperature on the upper and lower face and to transmit motor impulses needed for chewing?
Trigeminal
Which cranial nerve is indicated in the figure?
Trigeminal nerve
Which cranial nerve pathway would be used to look cross-eyed at the tip of your nose?
Trochlear
Which nerve is indicated by the arrow in the picture of the base of the brain?
Trochlear
Which nerve controls eye movement?
Trochlear (IV)
When a muscle is at rest, what molecule blocks the active sites on the actin molecules?
Tropomyosin
What are two regulatory proteins found in a myofibril?
Tropomyosin Troponin
What happens when calcium ions bind to troponin?
Tropomyosin moves off the active site on actin
A brain wave is the electrical activity that results from voltage changes in the cells of the brain. True/False
True
Action potentials occur only where there are voltage-gated ion channels. True/False
True
As long as there is an electrical potential across a cell membrane, we say that the membrane is polarized. True/False
True
Basal nuclei play a role in the coordination of motor movements and posture. True/False
True
Which describes smooth muscle tissue?
Uninucleate, non-striated
Which type of neuron has one single process that branches like a T into a peripheral fiber and a central fiber?
Unipolar
Which lists the structural categories of neurons?
Unipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, and multipolar
Which nerve transmits sensory signals for hearing and equilibrium?
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
How does an action potential move deep into the muscle cell?
Via the T-tubules
Which is least likely to get through the blood-brain barrier?
Urea
______ fibers are nerve fibers that innervate blood vessels, glands, and internal organs.
Visceral
What are the components of the vestibular apparatus? Choose three answers from the list below.
Utricle Semicircular ducts Saccule
Your dentist gives you an injection of anesthetic in preparation for a filling. Which cranial nerve did they target?
V
Match the name of each cranial nerve to its designated number.
VII - Facial VIII - Vestibulocochlear IX - Glossopharyngeal X - Vagus XI - Accessory XII - Hypoglossal
Which cranial nerve plays a major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive and urinary functions?
Vagus
Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.
Vagus Facial Oculomotor Glossopharyngeal
What are the swellings along the length of a nerve fiber that innervates smooth muscle called?
Varicosities
The choroid, ciliary body, and iris belong to which of the three tunics of the eye?
Vascular
The ciliary body is part of which tunic of the eye?
Vascular
Which are effects of the sympathetic division on the circulatory system?
Vasoconstriction of visceral blood vessels Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin Increased heart rate Increased blood clotting
__________ tone describes the continual input from the sympathetic division to the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, resulting in a partial and constant tension.
Vasomotor
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A in the picture?
Vastus lateralis
Name the muscles that insert on the tibial tuberosity.
Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Rectus femoris
The pH of a solution is 3.76. What is the OH⁻ concentration in the solution?
Vertebral column
The conjunctiva are ______.
Very vascular
Together, the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts comprise which of the following?
Vestibular apparatus
The cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve come together to form which cranial nerve?
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Name the area of the brain that is responsible for interpreting the meaning of written and spoken language?
Wernicke area
Various types of aphasia may result when a patient has a stroke in which of these brain areas related to language?
Wernicke area Broca area
Looking up a new phone number and then dialing it from memory utilizes which type of memory?
Working memory
Which cranial nerves are classified as predominantly motor?
XI XII VI III IV
What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?
Yellow Bone Marrow
Which of the following marks the boundaries of a sarcomere?
Z discs
Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle?
a 22-year-old soccer player
Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury?
a fracture of vertebra L4
Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi is an example of __________ of the shoulder.
abduction
The refractory period in which no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential is the ______ refractory period.
absolute
Which cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?
accessory
A cholinergic synapse uses __________ as its neurotransmitter.
acetylcholine
At the synaptic knob of the motor neuron, calcium stimulates exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles to release the neurotransmitter ______ into the synapse.
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter ______ binds to cholinergic receptors.
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter used in a neuromuscular junction is ______.
acetylcholine
I bands are composed primarily of which protein?
actin
Which is found in thin filaments but is not a regulatory protein?
actin
The quick up-and-down voltage shift from negative to positive, created by the movement of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane, is called a(n) __________ potential.
action
The primary action of the muscle indicated by the letter A in the picture of thigh muscles is to __________ the thigh.
adduct
Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. To limit the amount of leaking through your hands, this action would most likely require __________.
adduction of fingers
The primary action of the muscle indicated by the letter A is to __________ the thigh.
adducts
Receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine are called __________ receptors
adrenergic
The neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds to ______ receptors.
adrenergic
When a muscle is at rest, most of its ATP is generated by ______ of fatty acids.
aerobic respiration
A(n) ______ fiber is a nerve fiber carrying nerve signals toward the central nervous system.
afferent
Another term for sensory division is ______ division.
afferent
Neurons that convey information to the CNS (indicated by the arrow labeled A) are called sensory neurons, or __________ neurons.
afferent
A mixed nerve consists of both __________ and ___________.
afferent and efferent fibers
A(n) __________ -adrenergic receptor is usually excitatory and uses a calcium second messenger system or inhibits cAMP.
alpha
Exhausted from studying all night, you briefly close your eyes and your mind starts to wander. Which brain waves would be most predominant in an EEG?
alpha
A tooth socket is known as a(n) _____.
alveolus
What is myosin ATPase?
an enzyme located in the myosin head that hydrolyzes ATP
What does a ligament connect?
bone to bone
Movement away from the neuron cell body toward an axon ending is called ______ transport.
anterograde
The __________ skeleton is colored green in this figure.
appendicular
The limb bones and their girdles comprise the ______ skeleton.
appendicular
Extensions of the arachnoid meninx that reabsorb CSF are called __________ granulations or villi.
arachnoid
The __________ mater is just below (deep to) the dura mater.
arachnoid
The middle layer of the meninges is the ______ mater.
arachnoid
The __________-adrenergic receptor is usually inhibitory and acts through a cAMP second-messenger system.
beta
The antagonist to the triceps brachii is the __________.
biceps brachii
A neuron with one axon and one dendrite is structurally classified as a __________ neuron.
bipolar
Gated channels in the sarcoplasmic membrane open to release which ions into the cytosol?
calcium
Walls of the heart consist of __________ muscle tissue.
cardiac
Which of the following has the largest mitochondria?
cardiac muscle
The __________ canal is the passage for the carotid artery.
carotid
Name the group of bones that form the wrist.
carpals
The __________ plexus is a spongy mass of blood capillaries that produces the cerebrospinal fluid inside the ventricles.
choroid
The __________ body is an extension of the choroid that supports the iris and lens of the eye.
ciliary
Which structure secretes the aqueous humor?
ciliary body
The bones that make up the pectoral girdle are the and the scapula.
clavicle
The most inferior region of the vertebral column is the ______ region.
coccygeal
The __________ is a very small triangular bone at the end of the vertebral column. It is made up of four or five small fused vertebrae.
coccyx
The anatomical name for tailbone is ______.
coccyx
The nervous system must interpret quantitative and qualitative information about its environment, thus it converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials. This process is called neural __________.
coding
Sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, learning, memory, imagination, and intuition are all examples of ______.
cognition
When a skeletal muscle lengthens, its __________ helps resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle.
collagen
The pectoralis minor attaches on the __________ process of the scapula.
coracoid
The __________ is the translucent anterior section of the fibrous layer (tunic) of the eye.
cornea
The anterior lip of the trochlear notch is formed by the __________ process.
coronoid
Association areas are regions of the cerebral __________ where sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, memory, imagination and intuition occur.
cortex
The gray matter of the cerebrum forms a surface layer called the __________ and deeper masses called __________ surrounded by white matter.
cortex; nuclei
The _________ tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements.
corticospinal
The __________ tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements.
corticospinal
The __________ tract is also called the pyramidal tract.
corticospinal
The nerve fibers of the __________ tract form ridges called pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla.
corticospinal
The signals that control your handwriting travel down the spinal cord in the _________ tracts.
corticospinal
The strips of hyaline cartilage that attach the ribs to the sternum are called the __________cartilages.
costal
The largest cavity in the skull that encloses the brain is the __________ cavity.
cranial
The midline crest in the ethmoid bone that provides an attachment for the dura mater is called the __________ galli.
crista
A reflex in which a contralateral extensor muscle is contracted is called a __________ extension reflex.
crossed
Because the nerve tracts of the spinal cord undergo __________, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa.
decussation
The indicated muscle is the __________ muscle.
deltoid
The rough spot on the lateral shaft of the humerus that serves as an attachment for the shoulder muscle is the __________ tuberosity.
deltoid
The processes that branch from the somas of most neurons are called ______.
dendrites
Where do most local potentials form in a neuron?
dendrites
The prominent process on the axis is the __________, also called the odontoid process.
dens
The type of circuit in which one input nerve fiber synapses with multiple postsynaptic neurons is a __________ circuit.
diverging
The structure indicated by the arrow is called the __________ root.
dorsal
Movement of the foot so that the toes are elevated off of the ground is called ________ .
dorsiflexion
The dural sheath around the spinal cord is formed from the __________ mater.
dura
The crista galli is an attachment site for the ______.
dura mater
From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order?
dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater.
Epidural anesthesia is introduced to the epidural space between the __________ to block pain signals during pregnancy.
dural sheath and vertebral bones
Two organ systems are dedicated to internal coordination, communication between the other systems, and maintaining the overall homeostasis of the body. They are the __________ system, which communicates by means of hormones, and the __________ system which sends quick electrical and chemical messages from cell to cell.
endocrine, nervous
The innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber is called the __________.
endomysium
External to the neurilemma of a nerve fiber is the layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fiber called a(n) __________.
endoneurium
Fatigue resistance is improved by ______ exercise which enhances the delivery and use of oxygen.
endurance
The __________ nervous system consists entirely of neurons embedded in the wall of the digestive tract and does not originate from the brain or spinal cord.
enteric
The widest points of the femur at the knee are the medial and lateral
epicondyle
The widest points of the femur at the knee are the medial and lateral __________.
epicondyle
All muscle types will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are _________.
excitable
The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is _________. The effect of somatic fibers on target cells is __________.
excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory
Notice the origin and insertion of this muscle. Its action will be to __________ the knee.
extend
The action for the muscle indicated by A is to __________ the knee.
extend
The action of the indicated muscle is to __________ the knee and to medially rotate the femur.
flex
The biceps brachii __________ the elbow. (Use an action word to complete the sentence.)
flexes
When you hold out your hands with the palms up, __________ your wrists will tip your palms toward you.
flexing
A flexor reflex involves contraction of __________ muscles and reciprocal inhibition of extensor muscles.
flexor
Carpal tunnel pressure is sometimes relieved by surgically excising part or all of which structure?
flexor retinaculum
A flexor reflex involves contraction of ______ muscles and reciprocal inhibition of ______ muscles.
flexor; extensor
How many ventricles are located in the brain?
four
The __________ cavity is a shallow socket of the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus.
glenoid
The glenohumeral joint is where the ______ of the scapula meets the humerus.
glenoid cavity
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is most permeable to which of the following?
glucose and oxygen
Muscle cells contain _________, a starch-like carbohydrate that provides energy during intense exercise.
glycogen
Unlike other joints, a __________ does not join two bones to one another.
gomphosis
Which of the following would be caused by a contraction of smooth muscle?
goose bumps
The nerve fibers of the gracile fasciculus terminate at the __________ nucleus of the medulla oblongata.
gracile
The muscle indicated by the letter A is the __________.
gracilis
The ______ communicating ramus carries unmyelinated sympathetic postganglionic fibers that exit the ganglion, enter a spinal nerve, and then travel to the target organ.
gray
What is the site of synaptic integration in the spinal cord?
gray matter
Preganglionic fibers run from the _________ to the __________.
gray matter; autonomic ganglia
The reticular formation is a web of __________ scattered throughout the __________.
gray matter; brainstem
A point where two bones meet is called a(n) _____________ .
joint
The smallest bones of the skull are the ______ bones.
lacrimal
On a myogram, the time between the stimulus and the twitch is known as the _____ period.
latent
Most of the muscles that evert the foot are found in the __________ compartment of the leg.
lateral
The indicated muscle is the __________ dorsi muscle.
latissimus
In descending pathways, the upper motor neurons synapse with ______ motor neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord.
lower
Neurons whose axons project from the spinal cord or the brainstem to innervate skeletal muscles are called __________ motor neurons.
lower
The ______ motor neurons (which are the motor neurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers) of the descending pathway innervate skeletal muscle.
lower
A vertebra with a thick stout body, and a blunt square spinous process is most likely from the __________ region of the vertebral column.
lumbar
The ______ enlargement is the area of spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the lower limbs and pelvis.
lumbosacral
The foramen __________ is a large hole where the spinal cord enters the cranium.
magnum
The opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord exits the cranial cavity is the foramen __________.
magnum
The lower jaw bone is called the ______.
mandible
The three regions of the sternum are the __________, the body, and the xiphoid process.
manibrium
The ________ attaches to the zygomatic arch and also to the angle of the mandible.
masseter
Another term for a canal through a bone is a(n) ______.
meatus
Intercalated discs contain ______ that prevent cardiac cells from pulling apart during contraction.
mechanical junctions
The ______ are a series of fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system.
meninges
The three-layer fibrous membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are collectively called the __________.
meninges
The two C-shaped cartilages found in the joint cavity of the knee are collectively called the ______.
menisci
Neuroglial cells that act as macrophages within the CNS are ______.
microglia
All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber constitute a __________ unit.
motor
The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain somas of somatic ______ neurons.
motor
Where does the end-plate potential occur?
motor end plate
The picture shows the most common structural type of neuron. It contains one axon and multiple dendrites, and it is classified as a(n) ______ neuron.
multipolar
The neurons indicated by a letter "A" are structurally classified as ______ neurons. The neurons indicated by a letter "B" are structurally classified as ______ neurons.
multipolar, bipolar
Muscle cells contain __________, a red pigment that stores oxygen needed for muscular activity.
myoglobin
The protein found in muscle cells that stores and then releases oxygen when needed is called __________.
myoglobin
A record of the timing and strength of a muscle's contraction is called a(n) __________.
myogram
In a myofibril, a thick filament is composed of pairs of __________ molecules intertwined together.
myosin
Which protein makes up the thick filaments of a myofibril?
myosin
The __________ bones form the bridge of the nose and support the cartilage that forms the lower portion.
nasal
The lacrimal apparatus drains tears into the ______.
nasal cavity
The __________ duct connects the lacrimal apparatus to the nasal cavity.
nasolacrimal
The ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located ______.
near or within the target organ
The ganglia of the sympathetic division are located ______.
near the spinal column
A __________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (fascicles) bound together by connective tissue.
nerve
A traveling wave of excitation is known as a(n) __________.
nerve signal
A __________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous __________.
nerve; axons
The __________ nerves (cranial nerve I) pass through the cribriform plate in the roof of the nasal cavity functioning in the sense of smell.
olfactory
The cribriform foramina of the cribriform plate are passageways for ______.
olfactory nerves
In the CNS, myelin is produced by glial cells called __________.
oligodendrocytes
Waking is induced by ______, which are neuropeptides secreted by the hypothalamus.
orexins
__________ is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions.
orgasm
The ______ membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion.
otolithic
The ______ hair cells of the spiral organ adjust the response of the cochlea to make the IHCs more responsive to certain pitches of sound.
outer
The __________ lobe starts at the central sulcus and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus.
parietal
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the __________ lobe.
parietal
Which cranial bones are paired?
parietal and temporal
The __________ association area is responsible for perceiving and attending to stimuli, and the __________ association area is responsible for identifying them.
parietal; temporal
A movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or downward is called __________.
pronation
The position and movements of body parts is detected by receptors called ______.
proprioceptors
The __________ function(s) in visual attention, such as to look and follow the flight of a butterfly.
superior colliculi
A movement that turns the palm forward or upward is called ______.
supination
The __________ can be easily palpated between the clavicles.
suprasternal notch
The __________ division of the ANS and the adrenal medulla develop from the same embryonic tissue.
sympathetic
The __________ division of the ANS stimulates the secretion of hormones by the adrenal medulla?
sympathetic
The division of the ANS that has general and widespread effects is the division.
sympathetic
The division of the ANS that has relatively short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers is the ______ division.
sympathetic
What are the two divisions of the visceral motor division?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Neural divergence is extensive in the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system, while in the ______ division, divergence is minimal.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Within the ANS, the effects of the ______ division are often general and widespread, while in the _______ division the effects are more specific and local.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
A neuromuscular junction is a type of ______.
synapse
The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to __________.
tetanus
The __________ is an oval-shaped structure in the diencephalon located at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres.
thalamus
What forms a cross-bridge?
the cocked head of the myosin bound to actin
Which of the following is true concerning isotonic eccentric contraction?
the muscle lengthens but tension remains constant
The axon terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which is received by receptors on the motor end plate. Which structure does this describe?
the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle
The five vertebral regions are the lumbar, cervical, coccygeal,__________ , and sacral.
thoracic
Which of the following is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in muscle?
to neutralize carbon dioxide buildup
Neurons with a single process extending from the soma, such as the neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord, are classified structurally as ______ neurons.
unipolar
An axon lacking a myelin sheath is said to be ______.
unmyelinated
Consider the two motor neurons that form descending pathways. The neurons called the __________ motor neurons have their somas in the cerebral cortex or brainstem.
upper
Which cranial nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
vagus nerve (X)
Long-term memories are held in ______.
various areas of the cortex
The muscle indicated by A is the _________ medialis.
vastus
Fluid-filled internal chambers of the brain are called __________.
ventricles
The dens projects into the ______.
vertebral foramen of the atlas
The most inferior portion of the sternum is the ______.
xiphoid process
Red bone marrow does not contain __________.
yellow bone marrow
Which process of the temporal bone extends anteriorly to form part of the zygomatic arch?
zygomatic
