Human Anatomy Chapter 1- Body Organization and Terminology

Organs are?

"functional centers" that are responsible for an activity e.g Brain- control center of the CNS responsible for behavior Heart- pumping blood

7. Functional morphology

- Explores functional properties of body structures and assesses efficiency of design -studying how things function e.g. human, cat, whale, and bat all have same bones the humerus, ulna, radius, but structure of the bones has changed which changed function.

An example of how structure determines function

- Gallbladder (structure) digests lipids (function) - Humans cannot fly (function) because we do not have the anatomy (structure)

Anatomical position

- In anatomical position the human body is erect with feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward (toward observer) and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward.

Why is anatomical position important?

- It provides universal communication, by creating a base line so that everyone is referring to a particular position. - anatomical position always refers to the patient's perspective

6. Radiographic anatomy

- Study of internal structures visualized by X ray studies and other imaging techniques

Visceral organs

- an internal organ of an animal

2. Ventral body cavity

- is subdivded into the following cavities: 1. Thoracic cavity- houses the heart and lungs. separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm -2 Pleural cavities- each contain a lung which lie on either side of the heart - Mediastinum- contains all of the thoracic organs except the lungs. heart, aorta, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, nerves 2. Abdominopelvic cavity- although there is no further physical separation of the ventral cavity we can describe the cavity in terms of - superior Abdominal cavity (stomach, intestine, liver etc digestive system) -inferior Pelvic cavity (reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum)

Regional terminology

- names of specific body areas

1. Dorsal body cavity

- protects the nervous system and can be subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vetebral (spinal) which are continuous with each other 1. Cranial cavity- the brain is enclosed within the skull 2. Vetebral cavity- runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord

Appendicular region

1. Upper limb - acromial- tip of shoulder - brachial- arm - antecubital- opposite of elbow (inside) - olecranal- elbow outside) -antebrachial (forearm) - carpal (wrist) 2. Manus (hand) -Pollex (thumb) -Metacarpal (back of hand) -Palmar (palm) -Digital (first finger) 3. Lower Limb -Coxal- hip -Femoral- thigh -patellar- knee cap -popliteal- back of knee cap -crural- leg -sural- calf - fibular or peroneal- under calf 4. Pedal (foot) -tarsal- ankle -calcaneal- part that sticks out on foot -metatarsal- under phalanges -digital- pinky toe -plantar- back of foot -hallux- big toe

Cellular level- How many cells make up the human body?

100 trillion

4. Organ level

A discrete structure made up of more than one tissue - most organs contain all 4 tissues

3. Tissue level

A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a common function - cells come together to create tissue

2. Systemic anatomy

All organs with related functions studied together e.g. muscular, endocrine, nervous system etc. -this class focuses mainly on systemic anatomy

Parasagittal plane

All other Sagittal planes

1. Regional anatomy

All structures in a single body region e.g. podiatrist studies just the foot region

Anterior

Anterior/ ventral - toward or at the front of the body

1. Chemical level

Atoms are building blocks of matter - Atoms combine to form molecules (small and large)

Lateral

Away for the midline of the body The arms are lateral to the chest

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

2. Cellular level

Cells and their functional subunits (organelles) (small cells) - cells are the smallest living thing in the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment The elbow is proximal to the wrist

Coronal

Coronal/frontal plane - lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Oblique section

Cuts made diagonally

Deep

Deep/ internal Away from the body surface The lungs are deep to the skin

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment The wrist is distal to the elbow

Structure determines?

Function

Inferior

Inferior/ caudal - Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body

Chemical level- what are macromolecules and what are the 4 classes of macromolecules?

Macromolecules are the building blocks of the structures at the cellular level 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Midsagittal plane

Midsagittal/ median plane - divides the body into equal parts

Are macromolecules alive?

No. they do not have cells, but they create cells

Is fire alive?

No. they do not have cells. In order to be living, it needs to have at least one cell.

5. Organ system

Organs working together for a common purpose

Posterior

Posterior/ dorsal - toward or at the back of the body The heart is posterior to the breastbone

11. Reproductive System

Primary Function 1. Produces offspring Major Organs 1. Testies 2. Penis 3. Epididymis 4. Prostate gland 5. Vagina 6. Uterus 7. Clitoris 8. Ovaries

6. Endocrine System

Primary Function 1. Regulation of other organs via hormones - Slow and Long Major Organs: 1. Pituitary gland 2. Thyroid gland 3. Pancreas (endocrine- releases insulin, exocrine- digestive juices) 4. Ovaries/Testes

9. Digestive System

Primary Function: 1. Breaks down food 2. Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Major Organs: 1. Teeth 2. Tongue 3. Pharynx 4. Esophagus 5. Stomach 6. Liver 7. Small/Large intestine 8. Gallbladder 9. Pancreas

10. Urinary System

Primary Function: 1. Filters blood 2. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes (Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine) the biproduct would be urine Major Organs: 1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary Bladder 4. Urethra

2. Respiratory system

Primary Function: 1. Gas exchange- in oxygen out carbon dioxide 2. Keeps blood supplied with oxygen 3. Removes carbon dioxide Major Organs: 1. Lungs 2. Bronchi 3. Alvioli 4. Trachea 5. Larynx 6. Nasal cavities

8. Lymphatic System

Primary Function: 1. Internal protection 2. Cleanses the blood 3. Involved in immunity Major Organs: 1. Spleen 2. Thymus 3. Lymph nodes

4. Muscular System

Primary Function: 1. Produces movement 2. Maintains posture (some muscles are voluntary and involuntary) Major Organs: 1. Muscles and associated tendons

5. Nervous System

Primary Function: 1. Regulation of other organs via electrical signals -Fast and Short! Major Organs: 1. Brain 2. Spinal Cord 3. Nerves (cords leading from brain)

7. Cardiovascular System

Primary Function: 1. Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart (blood circulation) - oxygen -carbon dioxide - nutrients - wastes Major Organs: 1. Heart 2. Blood 3. Blood vessels

3. Skeletal system

Primary Function: 1. Structural support * 2. Protects and support body organs 3. Provide muscle attachment for movement 4. Stores minerals Major Organs: 1. Bones 2. Cartilage 3. Ligaments 4. Joints

1. Integumentary system

Primary function: (protection) 1. External protection 2. Protects deeper tissue from injury 3. Helps regulate body temperatures Major Organs: 1. Hair 2. Skin 3. nails 4. Sweat glands e.g when we get cold we shiver or get goosebumps, when our body is hot we sweat

4 quadrants of abdomen

RUQ RLQ LUQ LLQ

Sagittal plane

Runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts - midsagittal (median) plane - Parasagittal plane

3. Surface anatomy

Shapes and markings in the surface of the body e.g. phlebotomist

4. Embryology

Study of developmental changes of the body before birth e.g. conception till birth, gives rise to developmental anatomy

1. Microscopic anatomy and approaches

Study of structures that are so small that they can only be viewed by a microscope Approaches: 1. Histology 2. Cytology

Superficial

Superficial/ external Toward or at the surface of the body - the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Anatomical terminology- superior

Superior/ cranial - toward the head or upper part of the structure

The hierarchy of structural organization

The human body has many levels of structural complexity 1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system 6. Organismal level

2. Visceral serosa

The part of the membrane covering the external surface of the organs within the cavity

1. Parietal serosa

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls ( the body)

6. Organismal level

The result of all simpler levels working in unison. e.g. you, us

Physiology

The study of body function or processes - functions of anatomical structures -individual and cooperative functions

2. Cytology

The study of cells - cells are building blocks of life -cyte- cell

2. Gross anatomy and apporaches

The study of structures visible to the naked eye - stomach is still considered gross anatomy because you can see it with the naked eye Approaches: 1. Regional anatomy 2. Systemic anatomy 3. Surface anatomy

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body -what they are made of -where they are located -associated structures

1. Histology

The study of tissues

Serous membranes of the ventral body cavity

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with a thin, double- layered membrane called the serosa (serous membrane) - 2 layers - one continuous sac

Why is serous membrane important

These membranes produce a thin lubricating fluid that allows he visceral organs to slide over one another or to rub against the cavity wall without friction - they also compartmentalize the various organs so that infection of one organ is prevented from spreading to others

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body The heart is medial to the arm

3. Developmental anatomy

Traces structural changes occurring in body throughout the lifetime e.g. from birth to death

Transverse plane

Transverse plane/ cross section - runs horizontally- divides body into superior and inferior parts

Orbital cavity

houses the eyes and present them in an anterior position

Nasal cavity

located within and posterior to the nose

Oral cavity

the mouth

9 abdominopelvic regions

1. Umbilical region - centermost region 2. Epigastric region - superior to umbilical 3. Hypogastric (pubic) region - inferior to umbilical 4. Right and left iliac or inguinal regions - lateral to Hypogastric 5. Right and left lumbar regions - lateral to umbilical region 6. Right and left hypochondriac region - flank epigastric region laterally

5. Pathological anatomy

-Study of structural changes caused by disease. - A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic and molecular (DNA) examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (autopsy) e.g. polyps, meningitis, carcinomas

Directional terminology

-refers to the body in anatomical position -the terms right or left refer to the person or body being viewed NOT the observer

Axial region

-the axial region of the body has two large cavities that provide protection to the organs within them. 1. Dorsal (posterior) body cavity - back 2. Ventral (anterior) body cavity - front

Axial region

1. Cephalic - frontal - orbital - nasal - oral -mental -otic (ear) -occipital (back of head) 2. Cervical (neck) 3. Thoracic -sternal- sternum (middle) -axillary- armpit -mammary- breast 4. Abdominal -umbilical 5. Pelvic- under abdominal -inguinal (groin)- under pelvic 6. Pubic (genital)- under pelvic 7. Back (dorsal) -scapular- shoulder blade -verterbral- spinal cord right down middle -lumbar- area right about butt -sacral- area under lumbar -gluteal-butt -perineal- (between anus and external genitalia)

Tissue level- 4 types of tissue that make up all the organs in the human body?

1. Epithelial- covers body surface and lines the body cavities (external and internal) 2. Connective- always deep to epithelial, supports and protects the organs 3. Muscle- provides movement 4. Nervous- communicates by sending electrical impulses

Organ system- organ systems in the body

1. Integumentary system 2. Respiratory system 3. Skeletal system 4. Muscular system 5. Nervous system 6. Endocrine system 7. Cardiovascular system 8. Lymphatic system 9. Digestive system 10. Urinary system 11. Reproductive system

Branches of anatomy

1. Microscopic anatomy 2. Gross anatomy other: 3. Developmental anatomy 4. Embryology 5. Pathological anatomy 6. Radiographic anatomy 7. Functional morphology

Different types of serosa

1. Parietal serosa 2. Visceral serosa

Specific names of serous membranes

1. Peritoneum - the serosa lining the abdominal cavity covering it's organs 2. Pleura - the serosa lining the lungs 3. Pericardium - the serosa lining the heart