Human Anatomy Chapter 7
Hyaline
- articular cartilages - connects the ribs to the sternum - most abundant
Fibrocartilage
- between the vertebrae - meniscus in a knee joint - most effective at resisting compression
Appendicular
- bones of the limbs or think of appendages
Sharpey's fibers
- bundles of strong collagenous fibers connecting periosteum to the bone
Components of the bone matrix:
- calcium - collagen
Haversion System aka Osteon
- central canal & all the concentric lamellae surrounding it
Lacuna
- chambers
What differences between compact & spongy bone can be seen with the naked eye?
- compact bone= dense, strong - spongy bone= has beams
Epiphysis
- contains spongy bone in adults - on both ends of the long bone - filled with red bone marrow which produces erythrocytes= red blood cells
Short bones
- cube shaped - tarsals - carpals
Flat bones
- curved - two wafers of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone in between
Long bones
- femur - phalanges - much longer than they are wide
What is the function of periosteum?
- fibrous membrane covering attached by fibers; enter into bone allowing nerves, blood/lymphatic vessels to pass through
Endochondral Ossification
- formation of long bones - growth of the length of long bones - healing of bone fractures
Endosteum
- inner; major sub membranous sites of osteoclasts
Diaphysis
- made of compact bone - scientific term for bone shaft - contains the yellow marrow= mainly made up of adipose (fat) cells
Periosteum
- on the outside, or about; major sub membranous site of osteoblasts
Describe the functions of the skeletal system:
- protection= rib cage - lever system= to allow motion - storage= lipids (yellow marrow) & minerals (calcium) - blood cell production= red blood cells, platelets & most white blood cells arise in red marrow
Haversion Canal aka Central Canal
- runs parallel to the long axis of the bone & carries blood vessels, nerves, & lymphatic vessels through the bony matrix -longitudinal canal carrying blood vessels, lymphatics & nerves
Lamellae
- space in between
Osteocyte
- star shaped cell - found cell in mature bone - can live as long as the human - have an average half life of 25 years - do not divide - some differentiate into active osteoblasts
Elastic
- supports the external ear - forms the walls of the voice box (larynx) - the epiglottis - most springy & flexible
Articulation
- the location at which two or more bones make contact - two things come together
Perforating aka Volkmann's canal
- these canals run at right angles to the shaft & complete the communication pathway between the bone interior & its external surface
Axial
- think of the "axis" of the earth - the bones that lie around the bodies center of gravity - torso, head, & neck
Baking removes _________ from bone. Soaking bone in acid removes ___________.
- water - calcium salts
True/False: Cartilage has a covering made of dense connective tissue called a periosteum.
...
The steps in the process of endochondral ossification:
1.) Formation of the periosteum- periosteum contain layer of undifferentiated cells which later become osteoblasts 2.) Formation of bone collar- osteoblasts secrete osteoid (unmineralized bone matrix) against the shaft of the cartilage 3.) Calcification of matrix: chondrocytes primary center of ossification begin to grow; stop secreting collagen & begin secreting an enzyme essential for mineral desposition; calcification occurs & osteoblast cells use calcified atria as scaffold & begin to secrete osteoid- forms bone trabecula 4.) Osteoclasts- formed from macrophages , break down spongy bone to for the medullary (bone marrow) cavity
List the 4 cell types found in bones & describe their functions:
1.) Osteoblasts- lay down bone & matrix becomes calcified 2.) Osteoclasts- break down bone, release calcium 3.) Chondrocytes- the only cells found in healthy cartilage, they produce & maintain cartilaginous matrix 4.) Osteocyte- (lacuna) star shaped cell that is the most commonly found cell in mature bone, & can live as long as the organism itself, they don't divide, & some of them differentiate into active osteoblasts
__________ bone looks smooth & homogenous.
Compact
Classification of flat bone:
Compact= smooth & homogenous Spongy (cancellous)= contains trabeculae (bars) or beams in spongy bone
True/False: Embryonic skeletons consist primarily of elastic cartilage, which is gradually replaced by bone during development & growth.
False
__________ bones are generally thin & have a layer of spongy bone in between 2 layers of compact bone.
Flat
The femur is an example of ________ bone.
Long
The 4 major anatomical classification of bones are long, short, flat, & irregular bones. Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?
Long bones
Sinus
air-filled cavity
Ramus
armlike projection
The _________ skeleton consists of bones that surround the bodies center of gravity.
axial
Meatus
canal-like structure
Name the important organic bones components:
collagen fibers & oseteocytes
Medullary cavity
contains fat in adult bones
The shaft of a long bone is known as _________
diaphysis
The type of cartilage that has the greatest strength & is found in the knee joint is intervertebral discs is:
fibrocartilage
What is the function of the organs matrix in the bone?
flexibility & strength
Calcium salts form the bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of calcium salts?
give the bone hardness & compressional strength
Epiphyseal Line
growth plate remnant
Matrix
inorganic salts deposited in organic ground substance
Tuberosity
large rounded projection
Trochanter
large, irregularly shaped projection
Concentric lamellae
layers of bony matrix around a central canal
Caliculi
minute canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon
Fissure
narrow opening
Crest
narrow ridge of bone
The structural unit of compact bone is ________
osteon.
All of the following are functions of the skeleton except: - attachment for muscles - site of red blood cell formation - production of melanin - storage of lipids
production of melanin is not a function!
Process
projection or prominence
Epicondyle
rained area on or above a condyle
Foramen
round or gal opening through a bone
Condyle
rounded, convex projection
Fossa
shallow depression
Spine
sharp, slender process
Epiphysis & Spongy
site of blood cell formation
Lacunae
site of osteocytes
Tubercle
small rounded projection
Facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Head
structure supported on neck