Human Anatomy Chapter 7

Hyaline

- articular cartilages - connects the ribs to the sternum - most abundant

Fibrocartilage

- between the vertebrae - meniscus in a knee joint - most effective at resisting compression

Appendicular

- bones of the limbs or think of appendages

Sharpey's fibers

- bundles of strong collagenous fibers connecting periosteum to the bone

Components of the bone matrix:

- calcium - collagen

Haversion System aka Osteon

- central canal & all the concentric lamellae surrounding it

Lacuna

- chambers

What differences between compact & spongy bone can be seen with the naked eye?

- compact bone= dense, strong - spongy bone= has beams

Epiphysis

- contains spongy bone in adults - on both ends of the long bone - filled with red bone marrow which produces erythrocytes= red blood cells

Short bones

- cube shaped - tarsals - carpals

Flat bones

- curved - two wafers of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone in between

Long bones

- femur - phalanges - much longer than they are wide

What is the function of periosteum?

- fibrous membrane covering attached by fibers; enter into bone allowing nerves, blood/lymphatic vessels to pass through

Endochondral Ossification

- formation of long bones - growth of the length of long bones - healing of bone fractures

Endosteum

- inner; major sub membranous sites of osteoclasts

Diaphysis

- made of compact bone - scientific term for bone shaft - contains the yellow marrow= mainly made up of adipose (fat) cells

Periosteum

- on the outside, or about; major sub membranous site of osteoblasts

Describe the functions of the skeletal system:

- protection= rib cage - lever system= to allow motion - storage= lipids (yellow marrow) & minerals (calcium) - blood cell production= red blood cells, platelets & most white blood cells arise in red marrow

Haversion Canal aka Central Canal

- runs parallel to the long axis of the bone & carries blood vessels, nerves, & lymphatic vessels through the bony matrix -longitudinal canal carrying blood vessels, lymphatics & nerves

Lamellae

- space in between

Osteocyte

- star shaped cell - found cell in mature bone - can live as long as the human - have an average half life of 25 years - do not divide - some differentiate into active osteoblasts

Elastic

- supports the external ear - forms the walls of the voice box (larynx) - the epiglottis - most springy & flexible

Articulation

- the location at which two or more bones make contact - two things come together

Perforating aka Volkmann's canal

- these canals run at right angles to the shaft & complete the communication pathway between the bone interior & its external surface

Axial

- think of the "axis" of the earth - the bones that lie around the bodies center of gravity - torso, head, & neck

Baking removes _________ from bone. Soaking bone in acid removes ___________.

- water - calcium salts

True/False: Cartilage has a covering made of dense connective tissue called a periosteum.

...

The steps in the process of endochondral ossification:

1.) Formation of the periosteum- periosteum contain layer of undifferentiated cells which later become osteoblasts 2.) Formation of bone collar- osteoblasts secrete osteoid (unmineralized bone matrix) against the shaft of the cartilage 3.) Calcification of matrix: chondrocytes primary center of ossification begin to grow; stop secreting collagen & begin secreting an enzyme essential for mineral desposition; calcification occurs & osteoblast cells use calcified atria as scaffold & begin to secrete osteoid- forms bone trabecula 4.) Osteoclasts- formed from macrophages , break down spongy bone to for the medullary (bone marrow) cavity

List the 4 cell types found in bones & describe their functions:

1.) Osteoblasts- lay down bone & matrix becomes calcified 2.) Osteoclasts- break down bone, release calcium 3.) Chondrocytes- the only cells found in healthy cartilage, they produce & maintain cartilaginous matrix 4.) Osteocyte- (lacuna) star shaped cell that is the most commonly found cell in mature bone, & can live as long as the organism itself, they don't divide, & some of them differentiate into active osteoblasts

__________ bone looks smooth & homogenous.

Compact

Classification of flat bone:

Compact= smooth & homogenous Spongy (cancellous)= contains trabeculae (bars) or beams in spongy bone

True/False: Embryonic skeletons consist primarily of elastic cartilage, which is gradually replaced by bone during development & growth.

False

__________ bones are generally thin & have a layer of spongy bone in between 2 layers of compact bone.

Flat

The femur is an example of ________ bone.

Long

The 4 major anatomical classification of bones are long, short, flat, & irregular bones. Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?

Long bones

Sinus

air-filled cavity

Ramus

armlike projection

The _________ skeleton consists of bones that surround the bodies center of gravity.

axial

Meatus

canal-like structure

Name the important organic bones components:

collagen fibers & oseteocytes

Medullary cavity

contains fat in adult bones

The shaft of a long bone is known as _________

diaphysis

The type of cartilage that has the greatest strength & is found in the knee joint is intervertebral discs is:

fibrocartilage

What is the function of the organs matrix in the bone?

flexibility & strength

Calcium salts form the bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of calcium salts?

give the bone hardness & compressional strength

Epiphyseal Line

growth plate remnant

Matrix

inorganic salts deposited in organic ground substance

Tuberosity

large rounded projection

Trochanter

large, irregularly shaped projection

Concentric lamellae

layers of bony matrix around a central canal

Caliculi

minute canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon

Fissure

narrow opening

Crest

narrow ridge of bone

The structural unit of compact bone is ________

osteon.

All of the following are functions of the skeleton except: - attachment for muscles - site of red blood cell formation - production of melanin - storage of lipids

production of melanin is not a function!

Process

projection or prominence

Epicondyle

rained area on or above a condyle

Foramen

round or gal opening through a bone

Condyle

rounded, convex projection

Fossa

shallow depression

Spine

sharp, slender process

Epiphysis & Spongy

site of blood cell formation

Lacunae

site of osteocytes

Tubercle

small rounded projection

Facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Head

structure supported on neck