Human behavior in organization chapter 4
Hygiene Factor
Extrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as pat and job security.
Motivation factor
Intrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as achievement and recognition.
Relatedness needs
Involving the need to relate to others.
Environment
Materials,resources, equipment, and information required to do the job.
Physiological needs
Most basic needs in hierarchy. Needs for food, and air
Human resource approach
Motivation assumes that people want to contribute and are able to make genuine contribution.
Human relations approach
Motivation suggests that favorable employee attributes result in motivation to work hard.
Existence
Necessary for basic human survival
Need for affiliation
Need for human companionship
Social learning
Occurs when people observe the behaviors of others, recognize their consequences, and alter their own behavior as a result.
Security needs
Offer safety and security.
Avoidance or negative reinforcement
Opportunity to avoid or escape from an unpleasant circumstance after exhibiting behavior.
Effort-to-performance expectancy
Person's perception of the probability that effort will lead to performance.
Ability
To do job effectively.
Punishment
Unpleasant or aversive consequence that results from behavior.
Variable ratio reinforcement
Varied the number of behavior between reinforcement.
Variable interval reinforcement
Varies the amount of time between reinforcement.
Growth needs
Analogous to maslow's needs for self esteem and self actualization.
Need
Anything an individual requires or wants.
Outcome
Anything that results from performing a particular behavior.
Organizational behavior modification or OB mod
Application of reinforcement theory to people in organizational settings.
Need for achievement
Associated with "David McClelland" Desire to accomplish a task or goal more effectively than was done in the past year.
Need-based theories of motivation
Assume that beed deficiencies cause behavior.
Scientific management
Assumes that employees are motivated by money.
Reinforcement theory
Based in the idea that behavior is a function of its consequence.
Continuous reinforcement
Behavior is rewarded every time it occurs.
Equity
Belief that we are being treated fairly in relation to others.
Inequity
Belief that we are being treated unfairly in relation to others.
Reinforcement
Consequences of behavior
Frederick Taylor
Developed a method called scientific management.
Erg theory
"Clayton Alderfer" Describe existence,relatedness and growth needs
Dual structure theory (two factor theory)
"Fredrick Herzberg" identifies motivation factors which affect satisfaction and hygiene factors, which determine dissatisfaction.
Expectancy theory
"Victor vroom" suggests that people are motivated by how much they wand something and the likelihood they perceive of getting it.
Performance-to-outcome expectancy
Individual's perception of the probability that performance will lead to certain outcome.
Extinction
Decreases the frequency of behavior by eliminating a reward or desirable consequence that follows that behavior.
Valence
Degree pf attractiveness or unattractiveness a particular outcome has for a person.
Need for power
Desire ti control the resources in one's environment.
Process-based perspectives on motivation
Focus on how people behave in their efforts to satisfy their needs.
Equity theory
Focuses on people's desire to be treated with what they perceive as equity and to avoid perceived inequality.
Self-actualization
His/her full potential and becoming all that he or she can be.
Schedule of reinforcement
Indicate when or how often managers should reinforce certain behavior.
Belongingness needs
Primarily social
Fixed-ration reinforcement
Provides reinforcement after a fixed number of behavior.
Fixed-interval reinforcement
Provides reinforcement on a fixes time schedule
Learning
Relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential resulting from direct or indirect experience.
Positive reinforcement
Reward or other desirable consequence that a person receives after exhibiting behavior.
Esteem needs
Self Image and self respect
Motivation
Set of forces that causes people to engage in one behavior rather than some alternative behavior.
Classical conditioning
Simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditional stimulus.