Human behavior in organization chapter 4

Hygiene Factor

Extrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as pat and job security.

Motivation factor

Intrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as achievement and recognition.

Relatedness needs

Involving the need to relate to others.

Environment

Materials,resources, equipment, and information required to do the job.

Physiological needs

Most basic needs in hierarchy. Needs for food, and air

Human resource approach

Motivation assumes that people want to contribute and are able to make genuine contribution.

Human relations approach

Motivation suggests that favorable employee attributes result in motivation to work hard.

Existence

Necessary for basic human survival

Need for affiliation

Need for human companionship

Social learning

Occurs when people observe the behaviors of others, recognize their consequences, and alter their own behavior as a result.

Security needs

Offer safety and security.

Avoidance or negative reinforcement

Opportunity to avoid or escape from an unpleasant circumstance after exhibiting behavior.

Effort-to-performance expectancy

Person's perception of the probability that effort will lead to performance.

Ability

To do job effectively.

Punishment

Unpleasant or aversive consequence that results from behavior.

Variable ratio reinforcement

Varied the number of behavior between reinforcement.

Variable interval reinforcement

Varies the amount of time between reinforcement.

Growth needs

Analogous to maslow's needs for self esteem and self actualization.

Need

Anything an individual requires or wants.

Outcome

Anything that results from performing a particular behavior.

Organizational behavior modification or OB mod

Application of reinforcement theory to people in organizational settings.

Need for achievement

Associated with "David McClelland" Desire to accomplish a task or goal more effectively than was done in the past year.

Need-based theories of motivation

Assume that beed deficiencies cause behavior.

Scientific management

Assumes that employees are motivated by money.

Reinforcement theory

Based in the idea that behavior is a function of its consequence.

Continuous reinforcement

Behavior is rewarded every time it occurs.

Equity

Belief that we are being treated fairly in relation to others.

Inequity

Belief that we are being treated unfairly in relation to others.

Reinforcement

Consequences of behavior

Frederick Taylor

Developed a method called scientific management.

Erg theory

"Clayton Alderfer" Describe existence,relatedness and growth needs

Dual structure theory (two factor theory)

"Fredrick Herzberg" identifies motivation factors which affect satisfaction and hygiene factors, which determine dissatisfaction.

Expectancy theory

"Victor vroom" suggests that people are motivated by how much they wand something and the likelihood they perceive of getting it.

Performance-to-outcome expectancy

Individual's perception of the probability that performance will lead to certain outcome.

Extinction

Decreases the frequency of behavior by eliminating a reward or desirable consequence that follows that behavior.

Valence

Degree pf attractiveness or unattractiveness a particular outcome has for a person.

Need for power

Desire ti control the resources in one's environment.

Process-based perspectives on motivation

Focus on how people behave in their efforts to satisfy their needs.

Equity theory

Focuses on people's desire to be treated with what they perceive as equity and to avoid perceived inequality.

Self-actualization

His/her full potential and becoming all that he or she can be.

Schedule of reinforcement

Indicate when or how often managers should reinforce certain behavior.

Belongingness needs

Primarily social

Fixed-ration reinforcement

Provides reinforcement after a fixed number of behavior.

Fixed-interval reinforcement

Provides reinforcement on a fixes time schedule

Learning

Relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential resulting from direct or indirect experience.

Positive reinforcement

Reward or other desirable consequence that a person receives after exhibiting behavior.

Esteem needs

Self Image and self respect

Motivation

Set of forces that causes people to engage in one behavior rather than some alternative behavior.

Classical conditioning

Simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditional stimulus.