Human Development Exam 3
Which of the following is a similarity in the reasoning of Jean Piaget and information-processing psychologists?
Adults especially increase their knowledge in a specific area.
Compared to middle age, which of the following BEST describes late middle age for many?
Losses may begin to outnumber gains
The pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities of their own interest is called:
leisure.
Researchers have primarily used _____ studies to assess stability and change across the life span.
longitudinal
Which of the following is another name for romantic love?
Passionate love
Which of the following is a major difference between Levinson's and Valliant's view on midlife?
Valliant maintains that only a minority of adults experience midlife as a crisis.
____ refers to ability to understand ideas expressed in words.
Verbal comprehension
_____ refers to the ability to encode and recall meaningful language units, such as a list of words.
Verbal memory
When women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in:
a tend and befriend pattern.
A relationship marked by intimacy and commitment but low or lacking in passion is called _____, a pattern often found among couples who have been married for many years.
affectionate love
Securely attached adults:
are less likely than others to have one-night stands.
Mini wants to know what activities would be most conducive to creative thinking. Based on what people reported in Csikszentmihalyi's research, you would suggest that Mini would be at her creative best during activities that:
are semiautomatic
Identify a possible reason for the changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence of different age groups in John Horn's cross-sectional study.
cohort effects
Guillermo has taught his apprentices all the specialized techniques he has developed over the years as a carpenter. According to Erikson, he has achieved _____ generativity.
work
Which of the following statements about working while in college is TRUE?
working more hours results in a decline in grades
According to Levinson, which of the following is a major task that needs to be mastered in early adulthood?
Exploring the possibilities for adult living
Which of the following is one of the Big Five factors of personality?
Extraversion
According to John Horn, _____ steadily declines from middle adulthood onward.
fluid intelligence
According to Jean Piaget, at approximately 11 to 15 years of age, adolescents enter the _____ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Some developmentalists theorize that it is not until adulthood that many individuals consolidate their _____ thinking.
formal operational
George Vaillant concludes that the _____ are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years.
forties
Jacqueline nurtures and guides her children. According to Erikson, she has achieved _____ generativity.
parental
According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, _____ involves physical and sexual attraction to another.
passion
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, consummate love is characterized by:
passion, intimacy, and commitment
In a large scale study that examined stability and change in personality traits, participants in the study were better at estimating changes in their own personality from the:
past
The Seattle Longitudinal Study concluded that middle age is a time of:
peak performance for verbal ability
A recent study found that managing different job demands was associated with:
poor health.
Some theorists have pieced together cognitive changes in young adults and proposed a new stage of cognitive development termed:
postformal thought
All of the following are key features identified by Jeffrey Arnett as characterizing emerging adulthood EXCEPT:
stability
_____ percent of the men Levinson interviewed found the midlife transition tumultuous and psychologically painful, as many aspects of their lives came into question. Correct!
70 to 80
Penelope is describing her marriage of 15 years: "My husband and I were eating breakfast the other day. Neither of us was talking, both of us were just reading and thinking our own thoughts. But it was a very comfortable, companionable silence, and I love it!" What aspect of their relationship does this illustrate?
Affectionate love
Which of the following is a consistent finding regarding age identity?
As adults become older their age identity is younger than their chronological age.
Which of the following appears during infancy and plays an important part in socioemotional development?
Attachment
Identify the Big Five personality factor that classifies a person as either organized or disorganized.
Conscientiousness
According to Robert J. Sternberg, which of the following is the strongest and fullest form of love?
Consummate love
Identify the major task that must be mastered in early adulthood, according to Levinson.
Developing a stable life structure
What is the consistent finding regarding age identity of 60- to 75-year-olds?
Half of them viewed themselves as being middle-aged.
Which of the following is TRUE about Austrian psychiatrist Viktor Frankl?
He argued that examining the finiteness of our existence and the certainty of death adds meaning to life.
_____ refers to the ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and use this understanding to solve other instances of the problem.
Inductive reasoning
Which of the following is a characteristic of postformal thought?
It is provisional
Which of the following statements about romantic love is TRUE?
Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.
Which of the following is TRUE about the Seattle Longitudinal Study?
New waves of participants are added periodically.
Which of the following is one of the outcomes of the restructuring, downsizing, and outsourcing resulting from globalization?
Offering incentives to middle-aged employees to retire early
Identify the Big Five personality factor that describes whether a person is independent or conforming.
Openness to experience
Which of the following statements about late midlife is FALSE?
People in late midlife are less likely to experience their last child leaving home than people in early midlife.
_____ love has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship.
Romantic
_____ love is also called eros.
Romantic
Which of the following is TRUE about research by Schaie and Salthouse?
Salthouse agrees with Schaie that cognitive functioning involving accumulated knowledge, such as vocabulary and general information, does not show early age-related decline but rather continues to increase at least until 60 years of age.
This concept, recently described by Phyllis Moen, reflects ingrained cultural beliefs that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will produce a path to status, security, and happiness.
The career mystique
Which of the following statements about creativity is TRUE?
The decline in creativity in the fifties and later is not as great as is commonly thought.
Which of the following is one of the reasons why many middle-aged workers are delaying retirement plans?
The decline in defined-benefit pensions
Identify the way in which young adults think differently from adolescents.
The thinking of young adults is more reflective.
Which of the following statements about spirituality is TRUE?
Women have consistently shown a stronger interest in religion and spirituality than men have.
Mr. Chang works at a boring but tense job. Stress about his job keeps him up late on most nights. Mr. Chang is experiencing the stress of:
a daily hassle.
A longitudinal study found that at 25 years of age, _____ of the participants were fully financially independent of their family of origin.
a little more than half
In a longitudinal study of individuals from their early thirties through their late sixties/early seventies:
a significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.
According to the Big Five factors of personality, which of the following personality supertrait describes a person as either helpful or uncooperative?
agreeableness
One study found that _____ of the individuals 65 to 69 years of age considered themselves middle-aged.
almost half
Crystallized intelligence is:
an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills.
In his meeting with a counselor, Dalton revealed that he was uncomfortable being close to others. He finds it difficult to trust people completely and doesn't allow himself to depend completely on them. He gets nervous if someone tries to get too intimate with him. It seems likely that Dalton has a(n) _____ attachment style.
avoidant
_____ individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner.
avoidant
Abdiel has had three children. According to Erikson, he has achieved:
biological generativity
Ever since she graduated from college, Jane has been working long hours at her job as an accountant with a small company in the hope that her hard work will pay off and that she will achieve good career growth and economic stability. Jane obviously believes in what Phyllis Moen describes as the:
career mystique
The _____ has increasingly become a myth for many individuals in middle-income occupations as global outsourcing of jobs and the 2007-2009 recession have meant reduced job security for millions of Americans.
career mystique
_____ love is the type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person.
companionate
Carlise feels passionate about her husband, they often disclose their innermost thoughts to one another, and both are committed to the relationship. Which type of love describes their relationship?
consummate
John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood, _____ intelligence continues to increase.
crystallized
The number of full and part-time college students who are also working has _____ since 2008.
decreased
From about the ages of 28 to 33, a man goes through a transition period in which he must face the more serious question of:
determining his goals
Csikszentmihalyi points out that _____ capable of achieving flow.
everyone is
Bob worships his colleague Anne. He loves her from afar but there is no intimacy or closeness between them. Sternberg would characterize this as _____ love.
fatuous
If passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, Sternberg calls the relationship _____ love, as when one person worships another from a distance.
fatuous
In Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study, verbal memory peaked in the:
fifties
Saeko has commited herself to the continuation and improvement of society as a whole through her connection with their children and grandchildren. According to Erikson, she is:
generative
Identify the seventh stage of Erikson's life-span theory.
generatively versus stagnation
In developing countries, a significant marker of entry into adulthood is:
getting married.
In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is:
holding a permanent, full-time job
In terms of Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage, the achievement of generativity is linked to all of the following EXCEPT:
increased risk of dementia
In Sternberg's view, an affair or a fling in which there is little intimacy and even less commitment is an example of:
infatuation.
According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, _____ relates to the emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship.
intimacy
Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts are hallmarks of:
intimacy
In middle age, the role of work _____ in people's lives.
is very central
Which of the following is a benefit of working during college?
it can offset some of the costs of school
Many experts on middle adulthood describe the age period of 55 to 65 as:
late midlife
According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in _____ and then declines.
midlife
In non-industrialized countries, marriage, the marker for entry into adulthood, usually occurs _____ it occurs in the United States.
much earlier than
One study by Sharp & others revealed that _____ was related to superior cognitive functioning and IQ across the life span.
openness
Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college?
opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values
Fluid intelligence is the ability to:
reason abstractly
The early stages of love have more _____ love ingredients.
romantic
In terms of attachment, who fulfills the needs for young adults that parents did for their children?
romantic partners
On a questionnaire, Alicia described herself thus: "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me." Alicia seems to have a(n):
secure attachment style.
_____ adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships.
securely attached
_____ infants are defined as those who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
securely attached
In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for the adult?
self-confidence
Female friendships involve more _____ than male friendships.
self-disclosure
According to Ellen Berscheid, the most important ingredient of romantic love is:
sexual desire.
As he looks back over his life, Chris realizes that his work was not as important to him as he believed, and that he lost too much valuable time with his children. If he could do it over again, he would work less and spend more time with his children. According to Erikson, Chris is experiencing some degree of:
stagnation
According to Levinson, the _____ rests on how effectively the individual reduces the polarities and accepts each of them as an integral part of his being.
success of the midlife transition
In interviews with 12- to 22-year-olds about finding their purpose in life, William Damon found that:
the largest percentage had engaged in some potentially purposeful activities but still did not have a real commitment or any reasonable plans for reaching their goals.
For many individuals in developed countries, going from high school to college is an important aspect of:
the transition to adulthood.
Piaget stressed that young adults are more quantitatively advanced in their thinking than adolescents because:
they have more knowledge
A participant in a study was asked to memorize a list of words and then try to recall as many as possible. This exercise was designed to test her:
verbal memory