PSYC 3573 Test 2

Which analogy is most suited for what psychologist Richard Shweder called "experience-near constructs" within the field of cross-cultural psychology?

"seeing the world through different lenses"

Which of the following are true statements regarding Freud's lasting views about dreams?

-Dreams are the result of primary process thinking. -Dreams are a way for unconscious thoughts to become conscious. -Dreams have meanings that are unique for every individual.

The following scenarios are all examples of psychic conflict. Match each scenario to the mental structure dynamics that it illustrates.

-The id won out over the ego.Ted, a compulsive gambler, gives in to temptation and gambles his savings away: Ted, a compulsive gambler, gives in to temptation and gambles his savings away. -The superego won out over the id.When Taina considers going to a much-anticipated party instead of studying, she feels guilty. Taina, therefore, decides to stay home and study for the test: When Taina considers going to a much-anticipated party instead of studying, she feels guilty. Taina, therefore, decides to stay home and study for the test. -The id won out over the superego.A moralistic church official ends up soliciting prostitutes: A moralistic church official ends up soliciting prostitutes.

According to Jungian theory, which of the following describe either the animus or the anima?

Animus: -the lens by which women understand men -a woman's idealized conception of men -the root of women's masculine side Anima: -the lens by which men understand women -a man's idealized conception of women -the root of men's feminine side

Which of the following are ways in which most neo-Freudian theorists differ from Freud, according to the text?

Conscious processes are emphasized more by neo-Freudians. Sexuality is less emphasized by neo-Freudians. Neo-Freudians emphasize day-to-day interpersonal interactions, and both childhood and adult relationships as an important source of psychological difficulties.

Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.Ideas about the id pertain to __________ ; those about the ego pertain to __________ ; and those about the superego pertain to __________ .

Correct choicethe irrational part of the mind; the rational part of the mind; the moral part of the mind

Which of the following are explanations for why genome-wide association studies are not frequently conducted?

Correct: -They are extremely time-consuming and expensive. -So many analyses are performed that many and maybe nearly all the results that arise will be due merely to chance.

Twin studies are useful in determining heritability because researchers can parse genetic influences from that of shared family environment. Which of the following are examples of shared family environment?

Correct: the neighborhood that the twins grow up in twins' parents twins' other siblings

What does it mean for a culture to think holistically?

It means that individuals explain events in context and seek to integrate divergent points of view.

Sort the following concepts or ideas related to object relations theory as associated with either Melanie Klein or D. W. Winnicott.

Klein: -How children "play pretend" with such objects as toys allows for the symbolic expressions of emotions. -The psyche of the baby (and the adult) is aware of and disturbed by contradictory feelings for particular objects and relationships. Winnicott: -People use a false self to please other people. -A niffle is an example of a transitional object.

Rogers believed that the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client become _______ by providing them with ________.

a fully functioning person; unconditional positive regard

Match each stage of psychosexual development to the corresponding age-related developmental stage.

adolescencegenital Correct label: genital infancyoral Correct label: oral childhoodphallic Correct label: phallic early childhoodanal Correct label: anal

Several studies have examined whether certain Big Five traits apply universally across cultures. As it stands, which of the following traits appear to be truly universal?

agreeableness conscientiousness extraversion

Choose the answer that best completes the passage.The field of behavioral genetics has changed dramatically in the past few years by moving into molecular biology. Most studies use the __________, which tries to determine whether differences in a __________ correlate with differences in a particular __________ across individuals.

association method; trait; gene

In line with Horney's theory, Gaspar developed the basic anxiety of being alone and helpless as a child. As an adult, Gaspar has most likely developed a neurotic need for which of the following?

being loved by everybody finding a partner who will solve all his problems being independent of everybody

Which of Freud's ideas is still part of modern psychoanalytic thought?

compromise formation is the ego's main job

Which of the following processes occur during primary processing thinking?

condensation symbolization

Match each area of the brain to the personality trait with which it is associated, according to DeYoung (2010). Labels may apply to more than one answer.

conscientiousness: middle frontal gyrus extraversion: medial orbito-frontal cortex neuroticism: medial temporal lobe, anterior cingulate agreeableness: superior temporal sulcus, posterior cingulate cortex

Match the type of thinking elicited by each scenario to the correct layer of Freud's topographic model of the mind.

consciousYour mom asks you how you are feeling. Correct label: Your mom asks you how you are feeling. unconsciousYou describe to your therapist a recurring dream about showing up to a final exam naked. Correct label: You describe to your therapist a recurring dream about showing up to a final exam naked. preconsciousA friend asks what you had for dinner last night. Correct label: A friend asks what you had for dinner last night.

What term describes an individual's particular experience of the world?

construal

Which of the following are indicated by a heritability statistic?

correct: how much variability in a trait is due to nonshared environmental factors whether the influence of certain conditions, such as having an intellectual disability, is environmental whether genetic factors play some role in shaping individual differences

Which of the following parts of the brain and body are responsible for releasing hormones into the bloodstream?

correct: hypothalamus adrenal cortex gonads

Which of the following personality traits are considered to have a biological basis in the amygdala, according to DeYoung (2010)?

correct: extraversion emotional stability

Identify each of the following as an example of either emics or etics.

emic: yuan amae epic: duty obligation

Which of the following are parapraxes, according to Freudian theory?

forgetting slips of the tongue

According to the text, evaluating psychoanalysis involves focusing on ______ rather than on ______

general themes; specific theoretical positions.

Match each stage of psychosexual development to the corresponding psychological theme.

learning and cognitive developmentlatency Correct label: latency self-controlanal Correct label: anal gender identity and sexualityphallic Correct label: phallic creation and enhancement of lifegenital Correct label: genital dependencyoral Correct label: oral

According to Sartre, what characteristic is necessary for facing your own mortality and the apparent meaninglessness of life, and for seeking purpose for your existence nonetheless?

optimistic toughness

Growing up, Jarrod always felt that no one ever took him seriously because he was much shorter than everyone else. Now, as an adult, he tries to dominate all situations and assert his opinion whenever he can. According to Adler, what would describe Jarrod's behavior?

organ inferiority

Match each stage of psychosexual development to the appropriate adult character type.

over- or undersexualizedphallic Correct label: phallic maturegenital Correct label: genital obedient and obsessed with order, or anti-authority and chaoticanal Correct label: anal dependent or overly independentoral Correct label: oral

According to Freud, an important task while developing through the psychosexual stages is building basic psychological structures of the mind. Specifically, the superego develops during the _______ stage of psychosexual development, the id develops during the _____ stage, and the ego develops during the _____

phallic, oral, anal

Modern psychoanalytic theory deviates from Freudian theory because modern psychoanalytic theory focuses less on sex drive and more on conscious thinkingand it recognizes psychological growth during the entire life span and not just during childhood.

sex drive, conscious thinking, the entire lifespan, childhood

Which of the following concepts are associated with Adler?

style of life organ inferiority masculine protest

Match each term relating to the Eastern alternative of existentialism to the correct definition.

the Buddhist alternative to existential anguish, forlornness, and despairnirvana Correct label: nirvana the idea that all things are in flux and impermanentanicca Correct label: anicca the idea that an independent singular self is simply an illusionanatta Correct label: anatta

What is a major difference between Erikson's theory of personality development and Freud's theory?

the role and pervasiveness of conscious conflict

According to psychoanalytic theory, the _____ occurs during the ___ stage of psychosexual development, when young boys fall in love with their mothers and fear their fathers' jealous retaliation.

Oedipal crisis; phallic

Match each neo-Freudian psychologist to their central theoretical viewpoint.

People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.Melanie Klein Correct label: Melanie Klein Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.Carl Jung Correct label: Carl Jung People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as children.Alfred Adler Correct label: Alfred Adler Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.Karen Horney Correct label: Karen Horney People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.Erik Erikson Correct label: Erik Erikson

Which statement regarding gene-environment interactions is false?

The environment has a slight advantage over genes.

Which of the following is not a reason why heritability coefficients are useful?

They indicate whether severe mental illness runs in certain families.